UC-NRLF 


I 


325 


oi 


o 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1870,  by 
WILLIAM    H.   JORDAN, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Eastern 
District  of  Pennsylvania. 


T  H  E 


MORAVIAN   BOOK  ASSOCIATION, 


Instituted  1870, 


FOR   THE 


ISSUING  OF  DOCUMENTS  AND  PAPERS 


ILLUSTRATING    THE 


HISTORY  OF  THE  MORAVIAN  CHURCH 


MEMORIALS 


MORAVIAN    CHURCH 


EDITED    BY 


WILLIAM   C.  REICH  EL, 

MEMBER    OF   THE    MORAVIAN    HISTORICAL  SOCIETY,  AND   OF  THE    HISTORICAL   SOCIETY 
OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 


PRINTED  FOR    THE  ASSOCIATION. 
SOLD   BY  JOHN   PENINGTON   &   SON. 


PHILAD  ELPH I A : 

J.   B.   LIPPINCOTT   &    CO. 

1870. 


IT  is  proposed  by  the  Council  to  include  in  future  vol 
umes,  among  other  papers  of  historical  interest,  Sketches 
of  Nazareth  and  the  adjacent  settlements,  by  James  Henry, 
and  a  complete  Bibliotheca  Moraviensis,  by  the  Rev.  Ed 
mund  de  Schweinitz.  At  the  same  time  it  desires  it  to  be 
understood  that  it  is  not  answerable  for  any  opinions  or 
observations  that  may  appear  in  the  publications  of  the 
Association,  the  Editors  of  the  several  works  being  alone 
responsible  for  the  same. 

The  edition  of  these  Memorials  being  limited  and 
the  cost  thereby  enhanced,  the  Council  finds  it  neces 
sary  to  rigorously  .abstain,  frpjri  ^  incurring  all  additional 
expense,  such  as  thai  of-  psfesefttitioii  copies,  of  commis 
sion,  of  adve.rtjs;;%/d(e.;r'^d  hfcnfce 'too  it  would  hereby 
solicit  the  co-operation  of  all  subscribers  in  furthering  the 
interests  of  the  Association,  by  extending  its  membership 
among  their  friends  and  acquaintances. 

The  present  volume  has  unavoidably  exceeded  the  limits 
proposed  by  the  Council  in  its  Circular. 


THE 

MORAVIAN    BOOK   ASSOCIATION. 

Council. 

JAMES  HENRY,  ^ 

REV.  SYLVESTER  WOLLE,      L  Directors. 

REV.  WILLIAM  C.  REICHEL,  J 

RIGHT  REV.  HENRY  A.  SHULTZ, 

REV.  EDWARD  H.  REICHEL, 

REV.  LEWIS  F.  KAMPMAN, 

REV.  E.  A.  DE  SCHWEINITZ, 

REV.  A.  A.  REINKE, 

REV.  EDWARD  RONDTHALER, 

DR.  MAURICE  C.  JONES, 

GERHARD  WESSELS, 

JAMES  T.  BORHEK, 

GEORGE  K.  REED, 

PROF.  P.  A.  CREGAR, 

E.  A.  VOGLER, 

JACOB  BLICKENSDERFER, 

C.  M.  S.  LESLIE, 

NATHANIEL  S.  WOLLE. 

REV.  CHARLES  B.  SHULTZ,  Secretary. 

Treasurer  and  General  Agent, 

WILLIAM  H.  JORDAN. 
Address  No.  209  North  Third  Street,  Philadelphia. 


M73851 


REMEMBER  THE  DAYS  OF  OLD,  CONSIDER  THE 
YEARS  OF  MANY  GENERATIONS  :  ASK  THY  FATHER,  AND 
HE  WILL  SHEW  THEE;  THY  ELDERS,  AND  THEY  WILL 

TELL  THEE. — Deut.  XXXli.  7. 


INTRODUCTION. 


COMPARATIVELY  little  of  the  early  history  of  the  Mora 
vian  Church  in  this  country  has  been  given  to  the  American 
public.  A  translation  of  Loskiel's  Account  of  the  Indian 
Mission,*  Heckewelder's  Narrative, f  and  Heckewelder's 
History  of  Indian  Nations,  J  were  the  first  means  of  calling 
attention  to  the  character  and  extent  of  the  mission  among 
the  Aborigines  of  this  country,  to  prosecute  which  the 
Brethren  were  led  to  immigrate  to  the  English  Colonies  of 
North  America  in  the  first  half  of  the  last  century.  Con 
tributions  to  other  departments  of  Moravian  history,  which 
followed  after  a  long  interval,  were  a  Biography  of  the 
Missionary  Heckewelder,§  a  History  of  Nazareth  Hall,|| 
The  Moravians  in  North  Carolina,^  a  History  of  the 


*  Geschichte  der  Mission  der  evangelischen  Brilder  unter  den  In- 
dianern  in  Nordamerika,  clurch  Georg  Heinrich  Loskiel.  Barby: 
1789.  Translated  into  English  by  Christian  Ignatius  Latrobe.  Lon 
don  :  1794. 

f  Narrative  of  the  Missions  of  the  United  Brethren  among  the 
Delaware  ar.d  Mohegan  Indians,  by  Rev.  John  Heckewelder,  of 
Bethlehem,  Pa.  Philadelphia:  1820. 

J  An  Account  of  the  History,  Manners,  and  Customs  of  the  Indian 
Nations  who  once  inhabited  Pennsylvania  and  the  neighboring  States, 
by  Rev.  John  Heckewelder,  of  Bethlehem,  Pa.  Philadelphia:  1818. 

\  Life  of  John  Heckewelder,  by  the  Rev.  Edward  Rondthaler,  of 
Nazareth,  Pa.  Philadelphia:  1847. 

||  A  Historical  Sketch  of  Nazareth  Hall,  from  1755  to  I^55,by  Rev. 
Levin  T.  Reichel.  Philadelphia:  1855. 

1[  The  Moravians  in  North  Carolina,  an  Authentic  History,  by  Rev. 
Levin  T.  Reichel.  Salem,  N.  C:  1857. 

(Vii) 


vi  i  i  INTR  OD  UCTION. 

Seminary  for  Young  Ladies  at  Bethlehem,*  Sketches  of 
Moravian  Life  and  Character,  f  The  Moravians  in  New 
York  and  Connecticut, J  and  Nazareth  Hall  and  its  Re 
unions^  The  church  periodicals  also,  "The  United 
Brethren's  Missionary  Intelligencer,"  a  quarterly,  1822-49  ; 
"The  Moravian  Miscellany,"  a  monthly,  1850-55,  suc 
ceeded  by  "  The  Moravian,"  a  weekly,  1856,  consecutively, 
— all  conducted  in  English,  and  "Das  Briider  Blatt,"  a 
monthly,  1854-1861,  conducted  in  German  (the  latter 
especially  during  the  editorship  of  Rev.  Levin  T.  Reichel, 
who  can  justly  be  called  the  father  of  American  Moravian 
History),  have  offered  their  readers  numerous  papers  of  in 
terest,  illustrating  portions  of  this  widely-extended  field. 
The  same  can  be  said  of  "Die  Biene,"  a  weekly,  1846-1848; 
and  of  the  "Transactions  of  the  Moravian  Historical 
Society." 

A  desire  to  further  uncover  and  render  available  the 
mine  of  old-time  lore  which  the  Moravian  Church  pos 
sesses  in  her  Archives,  prompted  some  members  of  the 
Moravian  Historical  Society  to  associate  themselves  with 
others,  lovers  of  her  early  history,  for  the  purpose  of 
issuing  a  series  of  memorials,  treating  of  the  varied  activity 

*  A  History  of  the  Rise,  Progress,  and  Present  Condition  of  the 
Bethlehem  Female  Seminary,  with  a  Catalogue  of  its  Pupils,  by  Wil 
liam  C.  Reichel.  Philadelphia:  1858. 

f  Sketches  of  Moravian  Life  and  Character,  comprising  a  general 
View  of  the  History,  Life,  Character,  and  Religious  and  Educa 
tional  Institutions  of  the  Unitas  Fratrum,  by  James  Henry.  Phila 
delphia  :  1859. 

%  A  Memorial  of  the  Dedication  of  Monuments,  erected  by  the  Mo 
ravian  Historical  Society,  to  mark  the  sites  of  early  Missions  in  New 
York  and  Connecticut,  by  William  C.  Reichel.  Philadelphia:  1860. 

|  Historical  Sketch  of  Nazareth  Hall,  from  1755  to  l869>  ^z//z  an 
Account  of  the  Reunions  of  former  Pupils,  by  William  C.  Reichel. 
Philadelphia:  1869. 


INTR  OD  UCTION.  lx 

of  the  Moravian  pioneers  in  this  country,  as  missionaries, 
as  evangelists,  and  as  educators  of  youth,  of  their  religious 
and  social  organization,  of  the  life  they  led,  and  the  spirit 
by  which  they  were  actuated,  of  their  relation  to  each  other 
as  members  of  one  body  pervaded  by  a  common  purpose, 
and  of  the  relation  they  sustained  to  those  by  whom  they 
were  surrounded. 

Thus,  it  was  thought,  a  service  would  be  done  to  the 
cause  of  history  generally,  at  the  same  time  that  these 
memorials  (often  documentary,  and  if  not  so,  yet  drawn 
from  original  sources)  might  tend  to  throw  light  upon  or 
remove  misapprehensions,  entertained  by  members  of  the 
church  as  well  as  by  .others,  in  reference  to  important 
events  and  leading  characters  of  the  past. 

The  former  presumption  was  based  upon  the  fact,  that 
as  the  Brethren  labored  in  an  extensive  field,  operating  as 
evangelists  or  home-missionaries  in  nearly  all  the  English 
Colonies  along  the  Atlantic  sea-board,  and  were  required 
to  render  written  reports  of  their  journeys  and  daily  expe 
riences  to  the  heads  of  the  church  at  Bethlehem,  the  student 
of  the  Colonial  History  of  this  country  would  find  much  in 
such  memorials  that  would  bear  upon  his  favorite  depart 
ment  ;  the  latter,  upon  a  knowledge  of  the  disposition 
common  to  mankind,  to  forget  the  past  in  the  present, 
through  indifference  or  designedly. 

This  volume  of  Memorials  treats  largely  of  the  infancy 
of  the  Indian  Mission  ;  of  the  labors  of  apostolic  men,  such 
as  Christian  H.  Rauch,  J.  Martin  Mack,  and  Bernhard  A. 
Grube ;  principally,  however,  in  that  connection,  of  the 
part  taken  by  Count  Zinzendorf  in  promoting  the  move 
ment  that  his  followers  had  inaugurated,  for  the  conver 
sion  to  Christianity  of  one  portion  of  a  heathen  race. 
While  the  first  series  of  papers,  entitled  "  Zinzendorf  and 
the  Indians,"  contains  matters  of  history  that  are  now  pub 
lished  for  the  first  time,  recited  in  part  by  the  Count,  and 


x  INTRODUCTION. 

in  part  by  Martin  Mack,  their  value  is  much  enhanced  by 
bringing  the  reader  face  to  face,  as  it  were,  through  the 
medium  of  his  personal  narratives,  with  the  remarkable 
man  of  whom  they  so  largely  treat.  Here  he  is  heard  to 
speak  without  reserve,  giving  utterance  to  his  inmost  feel 
ings  with  the  unaffected  originality  of  expression  that  is 
the  mark  of  genius ;  at  times  seemingly  at  a  loss  for  lan 
guage  in  which  to  convey  the  exuberance  of  thought  that 
flows  like  an  impetuous  current  through  his  soul,  often  in 
paradoxes,  and  apparently  obscurely,  always,  however,  with 
marked  effect,  and  never  in  the  fear  of  man,  for  the. sake 
of  popular  applause,  or  actuated  by  the  dubious  policy  of 
compromising  truth  and  error.  His  views  of  the  origin  of 
the  Indian  race  are  highly  interesting,  and,  to  say  the  least, 
ingeniously  made  to  harmonize  with  prophecies  of  the  Old 
Testament  Scriptures.  Could  they  even  be  demonstrated 
to  be  altogether  fanciful,  there  is  so  much  of  the  charm  of 
poetry  thrown  about  them  that  the  reader,  we  believe, 
would  reluctantly  admit  their  fallacy.  Passing  over  the 
incidents  of  travel  that  are  woven  into  his  narratives  of 
journeys  to  Shecomeco  and  to  the  Susquehanna,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  leads  us  through  widely-distant  and 
remote  parts  of  the  country,  acquaints  us  with  life  among 
border  men,  among  civilized  Indians,  and  among  savages, 
with  the  mode  of  travel  prevalent  at  that  day  through  the 
wilderness,  whether  along  some  "  Warrior's  Path,"  or  some 
highway  cut  by  the  hands  of  adventurous  men  through 
forest  and  through  swamp,  beguiling  the  tediousness  of 
the  way  by  his  observations  on  men  and  manners,  on  prin 
ciples  and  doctrines  in  church  and  state,  which  are  always 
truthful,  though  often  expressed  with  a  striking  extrava 
gance  of  quaint  severity,  of  half-disguised  humor,  or  of  keen 
satire, — Martin  Mack  brings  us  to  the  journey's  end  among 
the  perfidious  Shawanese  of  Wyoming  Valley.  The  mis 
sionary's  recollection  of  what  transpired  here  cannot  fail 


INTRODUCTION.  xi 

to  correct  the  erroneous  accounts  that  have  been  repro 
duced  on  the  subject  of  Zinzendorf  s  memorable  sojourn 
at  Wyoming  until  they  have  passed  into  history.  Brief  as 
it  is,  Mack's  narrative  is  picturesque  and  full  of  character. 
The  plan  that  the  Count  matured,  on  his  return  from 
the  Indians,  for  the  further  prosecution  of  the  mission 
among  them,  is  neither  more  extended  in  its  limits,  nor 
more  precise  in  its  details,  than  were  others  he  conceived 
for  the  execution  of  the  church  elsewhere.  Most  valuable 
for  the  historian,  perhaps,  in  as  far  as  it  reveals  the  spirit 
of  the  man,  and  of  the  body  which  he  directed,  is  the 
Count's  Review  of  his  experiences  among  the  Indians.  It 
is  in  fact  an  exposition  of  the  principles  by  which  the 
Brethren  were  governed,  in  their  prosecution  of  the  work 
of  evangelizing  the  heathen,  to  which  they  believed  them 
selves  as  a  church  to  have  been  divinely  called ;  principles 
which  were  drawn  immediately  from  Christ's  teachings, 
which  sought  his  approval  and  his  glory,  rather  than  the 
approval  of,  and  glory  with,  men ;  and  to  adherence  to 
which  we  are  compelled  to  ascribe  the  remarkable  success 
that  crowned  their  unpretentious  efforts.  The  old  transla 
tion  of  this  paper  is  most  happily  done,  Zinzendorf's  pres 
ence  and  voice  only  being  felt  and  heard  throughout. 

Following  the  first  series  is  a  Register  of  the  Christian 
Indians  who  lie  buried  in  the  Old  Moravian  Grave-yard  at 
Bethlehem,  and  Annals  of  Early  Moravian  Settlement  in 
Georgia  and  Pennsylvania. 

The  Accounts  of  the  Brethren  at  Bethlehem  with  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Province,  it  was  thought,  might 
gratify  the  antiquary,  so  full  are  they  of  the  details  and 
commonplaces  of  life  in  a  generation  long  since  passed 
away.  At  the  same  time  they  illustrate  the  history  of  the 
Province  in  a  critical  period,  and  introduce  the  reader  to 
Spangenberg,  who  directed  the  affairs  of  the  Brethren  in 
America  for  almost  twenty  years.  To  show  that  he  was 


xii  INTR  OD  UCTION. 

another  representative  of  the  spirit  of  his  church,  an 
unassuming  Christian,  and  a  very  plain  man,  averse  to 
the  meretricious  ornamentations  of  the  simple  Gospel  of 
Christ,  strong  in  faith,  devoted  to  his  heavenly  Master, 
preaching  by  example  as  well  as  by  word,  of  marked  ability, 
although  no  genius,  as  was  his  fellow-worker  abroad, — 
several  of  his  letters  relevant  to  the  history  they  accompany 
have  been  presented  to  the  reader. 

The  Christian  Church,  in  all  ages,  has  drawn  from  the 
beauties  of  Art  to  embellish  her  houses  of  worship,  to  adorn 
her  ritual,  to  give  shape  to  her  religious  conceptions,  and 
to  enable  her  to  realize,  by  an  appeal  to  the  feelings 
through  the  senses,  what  she  apprehends  by  faith.  Paint 
ing,  Music,  and  Poetry  have  thus,  from  time  to  time,  been 
made  to  bring  her  right  royal  tribute,  until  her  treasure- 
house  is  heaped  with  the  choicest  offerings  of  genius,  as 
was  the  heathen  shrine  of  old  with  ingots  of  pure  gold, 
and  with  all  rare  and  precious  things.  The  Renewed 
Church  of  the  Brethren  also  delighted  to  use  Art  as  a 
handmaiden  to  Religion.  There  was  a  time  when  her 
chapels  were  hung  with  paintings  depicting  scenes  in 
the  life  of  the  Redeemer,  and  when  she  always  rose  on 
the  wings  of  devotion  amid  the  harmony  of  sweet  sounds. 
And  to  this  day  the  experiences  of  the  child  of  God  in 
the  life  hidden  in  Christ,  his  confession  to  weakness,  his 
renunciation  of  self  and  trust  in  the  merits  of  a  Saviour, 
his  communion  with  the  unseen  object  of  his  affections, 
his  longing  to  go  home  and  be  forever  with  the  Lord, 
and  his  apocalyptic  views  of  glory,  are  portrayed  in  her 
German  hymnology  in  the  measures  of  a  transcendingly 
beautiful  poesy,  than  which  none  move  the  soul  as  divinely, 
save  those  to  which  the  son  of  Jesse  struck  his  inspired 
harp. 

It  was  undeniably  the  spirit  of  the  gifted  Zinzendorf— 
which  was  a  spirit  glowing  with  ecstatic  love  and  fervor,  as 


INTRODUCTION.  xiii 

glows  the  sunset  sky  with  all  warm  colors  of  molten  things 
— that  in  this  way  embellished  the  usages  of  his  church, 
teaching  her  to  apprehend  the  All-beautiful  through  the 
beautiful  in  Art,  and  leaving  her  a  heritage  of  song  not 
unmeet  to  be  sung  by  the  redeemed  while  yet  in  the  body, 
just  without  the  golden  gate. 

The  figure  facing  the  title-page  of  this  volume  is  a  relic 
of  the  Zinzendorfian  period  of  the  Brethren's  Church.  It 
is  her  seal, — an  embodiment  of  the  cardinal  doctrine  of 
her  most  holy  faith,  and  symbolic  both  of  the  atonement 
made  for  the  remission  of  sin  by  the  sacrifice  of  the  spot 
less  Lamb  of  God,  and  of  its  acceptance  by  the  Father, 
when  Christ  burst  the  bonds  of  death,  and  rose  victorious 
from  the  grave. 

On  a  shield  sanguine  a  Paschal  Lamb  argent,  passant, 
carrying  a  cross  resurrection  argent,  from  which  is  suspended 
a  triumphal  banner  of  the  same.  Motto  :  Vicit  Agnus  noster, 
Eum  sequamur — " Our  Lamb  is  victorious,  let  us  follow  him" 

This  device,  in  its  full  significance,  is  suggestive  of  Re 
demption  from  the  dominion  of  sin  in  this  world,  through 
the  sufferings  and  death  of  the  Son  of  God,  and  of  its 
completion  in  glory  in  the  world  to  come.  It  blends  the 
prophetic,  the  historic,  and  the  apocalyptic,  pointing  to 
the  Lamb  without  blemish,  to  the  Paschal  Lamb,  to  the 
Lamb  of  God  that  taketh  away  the  sin  of  the  world,  to  the 
Lamb  slain  from  the  foundation  of  the  world,  and  to  the 
Lamb  that  shall  overcome,  being  Lord  of  lords  and  King 
of  kings. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  a  certificate  which  bears  the 
impress  in  wax  of  the  seal  here  reproduced.  It  is  a  simple 
pass,  but  nevertheless  of  historical  interest,  in  as  far  as  it 
produces  evidence  that  this  seal  was  appended  by  all  ser 
vants  of  the  church  whenever  they  acted  in  her  authority, 
that  it  was  not  used  exclusively  by  bishops,  and  hence  was 
not  an  episcopal  seal : 


xiv  INTR  OD  UCTION. 

[SEAL.]  "BETHLEHEM  IN  THE  FORKS  OF  DELAWARE, 

"  Aug.  22,  1746. 

"  These  are  to  certify  all  it  may  concern,  That  the  Bearer  hereof 
James  Burnside  our  Brother  and  Fellow-helper  in  the  Gospel,  goeth 
to  Maryland  to  see  some  Friends  there,  with  our  full  Consent  and 
hearty  Wishes  that  he  may  be  attended  with  many  Blessings. 

"  In  Testimony  whereof  we  have  hereunto  affixed  the  Seal  of  the 
Church,  the  Day  and  Year  aforesaid.  • 

"NATHANAEL   SEIDEL,    E."* 

Carried  away  by  their  adoration  of  Him  who  made  the 
Great  Atonement  by  going  like  a  lamb  to  the  slaughter, 
the  Brethren  of  the  first  half  of  the  last  century  never 
spake  or  sang  of  Christ  otherwise  than  the  Lamb,  styled 
their  church  a  Congregation  of  the  Lamb,  called  them 
selves  followers  of  the  precious  Lamb,  and  embellished  with 
its  device  their  publications,  their  church  service,  and  even 
the  tokens  of  affection  wrought  in  lowly  art  which  they  were 
wont  to  exchange  on  festal  occasions,  or  to  offer  to  each 
other  on  the  dawn  of  each  succeeding  year  of  their  earthly 
pilgrimage.  Of  this  there  is  an  evidence  existing  even 
at  the  present  day;  for,  after  the  lapse  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-four  years,  there  still  hovers  over  the  venerable 
house  of  prayer  at  Bethlehem,  in  which  Zinzendorf  first, 
and  after  him  Spangenberg  preached  or  sang  ceaselessly  of 
the  Lamb  of  God  that  taketh  away  the  sin  of  the  world, 
—the  Paschal  Lamb  passant,  with  the  banner  of  victory 
suspended  from  the  Cross  of  the  Resurrection. 


*  Nathaniel  Seidel,  born  1718,  was  at  this  time  in  Deacon's  orders. 
On  the  7th  of  February,  1746,  during  the  sessions  of  a  Synod  con 
vened  at  Bethlehem,  he  had  been  elected,  by  sixty-one  of  ninety-seven 
votes  cast,  head  of  the  Brethren  who  preached  the  gospel  as  itiner 
ants,  and  was  styled,  in  the  language  of  the  Church  prevalent  at  that 
day,  Elder  of  the  Pilgrims.  In  1748  he  was  ordained  a  Presbyter, 
and  in  1758  was  consecrated  a  Bishop. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Introduction vii 

1.  Count   Zinzendorf's    Observations    on   the    North   American 

Indians , 1 8 

2.  A  Narrative  of  his  Journey  among  the  Delawares 23 

3.  His    Narrative  of  a  Visitation    to    the    Mission    among    the 

Mohicans  of  New  York 45 

4.  His  Narrative  of  a  Journey  to  the  Susquehanna 62 

5.  Martin  Mack's  Narrative  of  Count  Zinzendorf's  Sojourn  among 

the  Shawanese  of  Wyoming 100 

6.  Count   Zinzendorf's    Review  of  his  Experience    among   the 

North  American  Indians 115 

7.  Count  Zinzendorf's  Plan  of  the  Moravian  Mission  among  the 

Indians 136 

8.  Names  and  Notices  of  the  Christian  Indians  who  lie  buried  in 

the  Moravian  Grave-yard  at  Bethlehem,  Pa 143 

9.  Annals  of  early  Moravian  Settlement  in  Georgia  and  Penn 

sylvania 155 

10.  The  Accounts  of  the  Moravian  Brethren  at  Bethlehem,  Pa., 

with  the    Commissioners  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania, 
during  the  Indian  War  of  1755  and  1756 189 


(xv) 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF 


AND 


THE  INDIANS. 

1742. 


(9) 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

AND 

THE    INDIANS. 


IN  the  preparation  of  the  following  papers,  the  editor  has 
consulted  — 

1.  Church  Diaries,  Church  Records,  Journals  and  Narra 
tives  of  missionaries,  Autobiographies  and  Memoirs,  and 
Letters  preserved  in  manuscript  in  the  Moravian  Archives 
at  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

2.  The  following  Moravian  publications,  viz.: 
Geschichte  der  Mission  der  Evangelischen  Briider  unter 

den  Indianern  in  Nordamerika,  durch  Georg  Heinrich 
Loskiel.  Barby,  1789. 

Leben  des  Herrn  Nicolaus  Ludwig,  Grafen  und  Herrn 
von  Zinzendorf  und  Pottendorf,  von  August  Gottlieb 
Spangenberg.  Barby,  1772. 

Leben  August  Gottlieb  Spangenbergs,  Bischofs  der  Evan 
gelischen  Briiderkirche,  von  Jeremias  Risler.  Barby,  1794. 

Nachrichten  aus  der  Briider-Gemeine.  Gnadau,  1819— 
1869. 

Das  Briider-Blatt,  redigirt  von  Levin  T.  Reichel.    1854- 


Biidingische  Sammlung,  einiger  in  die  Kirchen-Historie 
einschlagender  sonderlich  neuerer  Schrifften.  Biidingen, 
1744-1745. 


I2  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

Memoirs  of  James  Hutton,  by  Daniel  Benham.  London, 
1856. 

The  Moravians  in  North  Carolina,  by  Rev.  Levin  T. 
Reichel.  Salem,  N.  C.,  1857. 

Die  Biene,  ein  Volksblatt,  redigirt  von  Dr.  A.  L.  Hue- 
bener.  Bethlehem,  1846-1848. 

,  ,  rJCh,<e  ^Moravians  in  New  York  and  Connecticut.  A  me- 
hiotialjof  the  dedication  of  monuments  erected  by  the 
Moravian ',  Historical  Society,  to  mark  the  sites  of  the 
;anciciik  'missionary  stations  in  those  States.  New  York, 
1860. 

And  also — 

3.  Minutes  of  the  Provincial  Council  of  Pennsylvania. 
Published  by  the  State,  1852. 

Pennsylvania  Archives,  selected  and  arranged  by  Samuel 
Hazard.  Philadelphia,  1853. 

Otzinachsen,  a  History  of  the  West  Branch  Valley  of 
the  Susquehanna,  by  J.  F.  Meginness.  1857. 

A  History  of  the  Minnisink  Region  in  Orange  County, 
New  York,  by  Charles  E.  Stickney.  1867. 

The  Delaware  Water-Gap,  by  L.  W.  Brodhead.  Phila 
delphia,  1867. 

History  of  the  Lehigh  Valley,  by  M.  S.  Henry.  Easton, 
1860. 

Journal  of  Conrad  Weisser  to  Onondaga,  August  and 
September  of  1750.  Manuscript  in  possession  of  Penn 
sylvania  Historical  Society,  Philadelphia. 

Narrative  of  a  Journey  made  in  February,  March,  and 
April  of  1737,  by  Conrad  Weisser,  to  Onondaga.     Collec- 
•  tions  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.      May, 
1851. 

Nachrichten  von  den  vereinigten  Deutschen  Evangelisch- 
Lutherischen  Gemeinen  in  Nord-America,  absonderlich  in 
Pensylvanien.  Halle,  1745-1787. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  13 

Historical  Account  of  Bouquet's  Expedition  against  the 
Ohio  Indians.  Cincinnati,  1868. 

Documentary  History  of  New  York,  by  J.  O'Callaghan. 
Albany,  1850. 

Draft  of  sundry  Tracts  of  Land  surveyed  to  divers  Pur 
chasers  in  ye  Forks  of  Delaware  River,  in  Bucks  County. 
Drawn  1740,  by  Benjamin  Eastburn,  Surveyor-General. 

Map  of  the  improved  part  of  the  Province  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  humbly  dedicated  to  the  Hon.  Thomas  Penn  and 
Richard  Penn,  Esqs.,  true  and  absolute  Proprietaries  and 
Governors  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Counties 
of  New  Castle,  Kent,  and  Sussex,  on  Delaware,  by  Nicholas 
Scull.  Published  according  to  Act  of  Parliament,  January 

i,  1759- 

The  History  of  Northampton,  Lehigh,  Monroe,  Carbon, 
and  Schuylkill  Counties,  by  I.  Daniel  Rupp.  Harrisburg, 

1845- 

History  of  the  Counties  of  Berks  and  Lebanon,  by  I. 
Daniel  Rupp.  1844. 

History  of  Lancaster  County,  by  I.  Daniel  Rupp.     1845. 

Memoirs  of  Rev.  David  Brainerd,  Missionary  to  the  In 
dians,  chiefly  taken  from  his  own  Diary,  by  Rev.  Jonathan 
Edwards.  New  Haven,  1822. 

Historical  Collections  of  New  Jersey.     Newark,  1844. 

Select  Works  of  William  Penn.     London,  1771. 

History  of  Wyoming,  by  Charles  Miner.     Philadelphia, 

1845- 

Annals  of  Luzerne  County,  by  Stewart  Pearce.  Phila., 
1866. 

In  elucidating  the  narratives  herein  produced,  the  editor 
has  resorted  to  conjecture  only  in  the  matter  of  determin 
ing  routes,  when  such  were  imperfectly  indicated ;  which 
conjecture,  however,  was  ventured  cautiously,  and  never 


I4  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

except  in  the  light  of  relevant  information  drawn  from 
reliable  sources.  The  first  narrative  is  based  upon  Loskiel's 
account,  in  his  History  of  the  Indian  Mission. 

These  papers  treat  of  a  remarkable  man  and  of  a  re 
markable  people, — of  a  man  who,  early  in  life,  renounced 
the  prospects  of  worldly  distinction,  of  honors  and  of  fame, 
so  as  to  remove  every  impediment  in  the  way  of  devoting 
the  powers  of  his  gifted  soul  to  the  promotion  of  Christ's 
kingdom.  His  personal  endeavors  in  this  object  among 
the  despised  and  degraded  aborigines  of  our  country, 
although  viewed  by  many  at  the  time  as  the  fantastic  vaga 
ries  of  an  enthusiast,  exemplified  his  chivalric  love  of  the 
Saviour,  for  whom  he  boldly  entered  the  lists,  ever  approv 
ing  himself  a  true  red-cross  knight. 

It  was  for  this  man  to  take  part  in  one  of  the  historic 
movements  set  on  foot  in  behalf  of  ameliorating  the  condi 
tion  of  a  portion  of  that  race  whose  origin  is  shrouded  in 
mystery,  over  whom  a  destroying  angel  broods,  who  once 
lived  where  we  now  live,  but  who  are  gone, — save  a  remem 
brance  of  them  only  in  the  names  of  their  favorite  rivers 
and  streams,  and  valleys  and  hills,  that  fall  upon  the  ear 
like  the  echo  of  a  sound  that  is  past. 

Count  Zinzendorf  landed  at  New  York  on  the  2d  of  De 
cember,  1741.  On  the  loth  of  that  month  he  reached 
Philadelphia,*  in  which  city  he  designed  to  fix  his  abode 


*  Here  he  at  once  became  an  object  of  general  interest,  and  excited 
much  remark,  as  a  man  of  rank,  of  fortune,  and  of  education,  and  also 
as  the  recognized  head  of  the  Moravian  movement  lately  initiated  in 
the  Province.  In  both  characters,  he  was  brought  into  contact  with 
or  was  courted  by  prominent  men  of  the  day.  How  he  and  his 
mission  were  viewed  by  contemporaries  of  this  class  may  partly  be 
inferred  from  the  following  notices,  some  of  the  few  that  have  been 
preserved.  James  Logan,  in  a  letter  to  Governor  Clarke,  of  New 
York,  dated  March  30,  1742,  writes:  "I  must  not  omit  observing 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  15 

for  the  first  three  months  of  the  year  he  purposed  spending 
in  Pennsylvania.    Having  visited  the  Brethren's  settlement 


that  last  fall  there  came  over  a  German  Count  of  the  title  of  Zin- 
zendorf,  of  a  good  estate  as  well  as  family  and  education.  He  speaks 
Latin  and  French,  is  aged  I  suppose  between  forty  and  fifty  years, 
wears  his  own  hair,  and  is  in  all  other  respects  very  plain  as  making 
the  propagation  of  the  Gospel  his  whole  purpose  and  business.  In 
this  view  he  or  some  of  his  people  have  purchased  those  5000  acres 
which  one  Seward,  a  companion  of  Whitefield,  had  not  long  since 
bought,  about  50  miles  north  from  hence,  near  Delaware  River,  to 
erect  on  it,  as  they  gave  out,  a  college  or  school  for  the  instruction 
of  Negroes,  or  some  such  other  whimsical  business ;  but  the  purchaser 
dying  very  soon  after  his  return  to  England,  his  wise  executors  imme 
diately  turned  it  into  money  again,  and  now  another  order  of  religieux, 
and,  in  my  judgment,  a  much  better  sort  of  people,  is  in  possession  of 
it.  They  are  so  much  for  universal  charity  that  without  binding  them 
selves  to  any  form,  they  join  with  all  persuasions  that  profess  their  being 
inwardly  guided  by  the  Spirit  of  Christ, — Papists  or  Protestants,  as  far 
as  I  can  learn,  without  distinction ;  for  though  they  utterly  dislike  the 
fopperies  of  the  Romish  service, — the  adoration  of  saints,  images,  etc., 
—yet,  if  the  heart  be  right,  they  dispense  with  all  the  rest  as  the  exte 
riors  in  worship  of  a  more  indifferent  nature ;  and  hence,  in  a  conver 
sation  I  had  last  week  with  the  Count,  he  spoke  of  Cardinal  Noailles, 
Archbishop  of  Paris,  as  his  most  particular  and  intimate  friend." 

December  15,  1741. — "  Count  Zinzendorf  arrived  here  ye  beginning 
of  this  week,  and  will  probably  cause  large  quantities  of  land  to  be 
taken  up  by  ye  Moravians  in  this  Province.  He  does  not  propose  to 
stay  longer  than  ye  winter,  his  intention  by  this  voyage  being  only  to 
view  ye  country,  cause  some  houses  to  be  built,  and  some  lands  to  be 
taken  up  for  ye  use  of  his  Moravian  Brethren,  and  to  try  what  effect 
his  preaching  will  have." — Richard  Peters  to  Thomas  Penn. 

July  9,  1742. — "  I  find  you  will  do  much  better  with  Mr.  Spangen- 
berg  in  London  than  I  can  do  with  ye  Count  or  ye  Moravians  here. 
The  land  is  really  poor  land,  and  best  to  be  bought  by  those  who  have 
not  seen  it,  though  on  account  of  its  conveniency  ye  Moravians  must 
buy  it.  Ye  Count  says  ye  design  of  ye  Brethren  is  to  have  a  space  of 
land  of  two  miles  in  breadth  and  eight  in  length,  which  is  the  distance 


1 6  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

in  the  Forks  of  Delaware,  and  named  it  Bethlehem  (De 
cember  24),  he  made  a  circuit  of  the  German  neighbor 
hoods  which  lay  to  the  southwest,  as  far  as  Conestoga,  and 
returned  to  Germantown  on  the  3oth  of  December.  On 
the  following  day  he  appeared  for  the  first  time  in  an 
American  pulpit,  preaching  to  a  large  audience  in  the 
German  Reformed  Church  of  that  place. 

The  interval  between  this  date  and  the  2oth  of  June  was 
perhaps  the  period  of  his  most  varied  activity  during  his 
sojourn  in  Pennsylvania.  Few  men  could  have  accom 
plished  in  that  time  what  he  did.  Besides  conducting  the 
deliberations  of  seven  religious  convocations,  or  synods, 
in  which  the  most  antagonistic  elements  were  represented, 
he  preached  the  Gospel  statedly  in  the  Reformed  Church 
at  Germantown,  and  for  Lutherans  of  Philadelphia  in  their 
place  of  worship  on  Arch  Street,  traveled  through  the  rural 
districts  of  Bucks  and  Philadelphia,  supplying  destitute  and 
isolated  neighborhoods  with  the  means  of  grace  and  the 
means  of  education,  organized  churches,  wrote  multitudi 
nous  papers  and  essays,  some  theological,  others  contro 
versial  and  apologetical,  and  carried  on  a  large  correspond- 


between  Bethlehem  and  Nazareth,  in  order  to  have  a  continuation  from 
one  place  to  the  other;  and  on  this  space  of  two  miles  by  eight,  they 
propose  to  build  small  villages  for  ye  Brethren  to  live  in,  the  same  in 
number,  and  to  have  the  same  names  as  are  found  on  the  maps  of  the 
Holy  Land." — Richard  Peters  to  Thomas  Penn. 

November  21,  1742. — "  Conrad  Weisser  is  with  me  now,  and  desires 
me  to  acquaint  the  Proprietaries  that  ye  Count  Zinzendorf  and  the 
heads  of  ye  Moravians  will  come  under  the  strongest  engagements  to 
them,  that  in  case  ye  Moravians  may  be  permitted  to  have  ye  preference 
in  the  next  Indian  purchase  of  a  large  body  of  land  together,  they  will 
transport  above  ten  thousand  people  and  settle  them  there,  and  give 
the  Proprietaries  such  a  price  for  their  land  as  shall  be  generally  put 
on  lands  in  that  place." — Richard  Peters  to  Thomas  Penn. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  17 

ence  with  leading  Brethren  in  England  and  on  the  Conti 
nent.  In  the  interval  between  March  16  and  June  20  he 
resided  in  Germantown,  surrounded,  as  he  had  been  at 
Philadelphia,  by  a  corps  of  assistants,  chief  among  whom 
were  Bishop  Nitschmann,  Andrew  Eschenbach,  Gottlob 
Buttner,  Jno.  C.  Pyrlaeus,  J.  Wm.  Zander,  Anton  Seyffert, 
Johanna  S.  Molther,  and  Anna  Nitschmann. 

On  the  2oth  of  June  he  again  repaired  to  Bethlehem, 
and  having  organized  the  Brethren  there  into  a  congrega 
tion,  completed  arrangements  for  his  contemplated  visit  to 
Shecomeco,  and  for  his  tour  of  exploration  into  the  Indian 
country. 

It  is  with  these  movements  in  Zinzendorf  s  career  in 
North  America  that  the  following  papers  are  concerned. 


1 8  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 


ZINZENDORF'S  OBSERVATIONS 

CONCERNING   THE    SAVAGES    IN    CANADA. 1742. 

(Copy  of  an  Old  Translation  preserved  in  the  Archives  at  Bethlehem.} 


THE  Savages  in  Canada*  are  thought  to  be  partly  mixed 
Scythians,  and  partly  Jews  of  the  10  lost  Tribes, f  wch 
thro'  ye  great  Tartarian  wilderness  wandered  hither  by 


*  Zinzendorf  repeatedly  uses  this  name,  in  the  general  sense  in 
which  it  was  applied  by  Europeans  of  his  day,  to  designate  the  North 
ern  British  Colonies  in  North  America.  The  name  Florida  he  ex 
tends  to  the  Southern  Colonies. 

f  Zinzendorf  s  views  of  the  origin  of  the  Indians  accorded  with 
those  propounded  by  Eliot,  and  held  by  William  Perm. 

"  For  their  original,  I  am  ready  to  believe  them  of  the  Jewish  race ; 
I  mean  of  the  stock  of  the  Ten  Tribes,  and  that  for  the  following  reasons : 
First,  they  were  to  go  to  a  « land  riot  planted  or  known,"1  which,  to  be 
sure,  Asia  and  Africa  were,  if  not  Europe ;  and  He  that  intended  that 
extraordinary  judgment  upon  them  might  make  the  passage  not  uneasy 
to  them,  as  it  is  not  impossible  in  itself,  from  the  eastermost  parts  of 
Asia,  to  the  westermost  of  America.  In  the  next  place,  I  find  them 
of  like  countenance,  and  their  children  of  so  lively  resemblance,  that  a 
man  would  think  himself  in  Duke's-place  or  Berry-street,  in  London, 
when  he  seeth  them.  But  this  is  not  all:  they  agree  in  Rites;  they 
reckon  by  Moons  ;  they  offer  their  First  Fruits ;  they  have  a  kind  of 
Feast  of  Tabernacles;  they  are  said  to  lay  their  Altar  upon  Twelve 
Stones ;  their  Mourning  a  Year,  Customs  of  Women,  with  many  things 
that  do  not  now  occur." — Wm.  Penn  in  a  Letter  to  a  Friend,  dated, 
Phila.,  the  i6t/i  of  the  6th  month,  called  August,  1683. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  19 

way  of  hunting,  and  so  they  came  farther  and  farther  into 

ye  country. 

The  reason  why  they  make  this  conjecture  is — 

i .  Because  they  are  not  black  as  they  of  Florida,  Mexico, 

etc.,  but  they  are  white,  and  have  only  that  yellow  colour 

prophecy 'd  in  Deuterony.* 
.   2.  They  have  Jewish  customs. 

3.  They  call  their  enemiesf  and  strangers  Assaroni,  for  a 
remembrance  of  ye  Assyrians,  by  whom  their  fathers  were 
turned  out. 

4.  Achsa,  onas,  and  innumerable  other  words  are  pure 
Ebrew,   or  at  "least  so  far  as  ye  English,  Swedish,  Dutch, 
Norway  and  Danish  tongue  are  German. 

5.  Notwithstanding  they  have  many  wifes,J  their  families 
are  yet  so  small,  that  ye  5  Nations  are  altogether  hardly 
so  many,§  as  there  are  sometimes  in  a  large  village  in  our 


*  Deut.  xxviii.  22.  "  The  Lord  shall  smite  thee  with  mildew" 
Luther  translates,  "  Der  Herr  wird  clich  schlagen  mit  Gelbsucht" 

The  Hebrew  is  jlpT3,  tvith  yello  wness,  with  jaundice. 

The  Septuagint  renders  the  word  TT/  &xpa,zvith  ochrous  pallor t  with 
an  ochrous  tint. 

The  Vulgate,  rubigine — with  riist  color. 

j-  Quaere — The  Mobilian  or  Southern  Indians,  the  Catawbas,  the 
Cherokees,  the  Creeks,  etc.? 

J  "  Plurality  of  wives  is  not  in  vogue  here,  except  among  the  chiefs, 
who  take  three  or  four  to  themselves." — Description  of  New  Nether- 
land,  1671. 

$  Wentworth  Greenhalgh,  in  his  "  Observations  made  on  a  Journey 
from  Albany  to  ye  Indians  westward  in  1677,"  gives  the  following 
enumeration : 

"  The  Maquaes  pass  in  all  for  about  300  fighting  men.  The  Onon- 
dagos  are  said  to  be  about  350  fighting  men.  The  Senecques  are 
counted  to  be  in  all  about  1000  fighting  men.  The  Onyades  have 


20  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

country ;  wch  agreeth  a  great  deal  better  with  Deuterony : 
than  with  ye  nature  of  ye  barbarish  Nations,  who  com 
monly  multiply  themselves  in  many  thousands  far  be 
yond  ye  Europeans.  But  they  have  been  foretold  so.* 
Therefore  one  believes  that  some  100  years  ago,  five  or 
six  men  or  women  lost  themselves  hither,  each  of  whom  by 
and  by  became  a  Nation,  who,  because  of  ye  curse  resting 
on  them,  consumed  themselves  so,  that  none  of  them  sur 
passed  ye  number  of  2000  Persons, — yea,  some  of  them 
are  a  few  hundred. 

And  these  Nations  are  five.  The  French  call  them 
Irokois ;  but  they  call  themselves  Aquanuskwn,  or  ye  Cove 
nant  People. 

A.  i.  The  Maquas,  whose  language  is  ye  nearest  to 
ye  Ebrew  is  ye  chiefest  of  their  Nations  according  to  dig 
nity;  yet  in  Reuben'sf  way,  that  is  despised  because  of 
their  Levity  and  paid  off  with  ye  Title.  Yet  their  Language 
goes  throughout. 

2.  The  Onondagos  are  ye  chief  Nation  in  Reality;    ye 
JudahJ  amongst  their  Brethren. 

3.  The  Senekas  are  ye  most  in  number. 
These  three  Nations  are  called  ye  Fathers. 

a.  Many  of  ye  first  are  English  Presbyterians.  § 


about  200  fighting  men.  The  Caiougos  pass  for  about  300  fighting 
men." 

"  The  Six  Nations  of  Indians  including  the  River  and  Schaaghcoke 
Indians,  are  about  fifteen  hundred  fighting  men." — Governor  Clarke, 
of  New  York,  to  the  Commissioners  of  Indian  Affairs,  February,  1737. 

Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  in  1763,  estimates  the  fighting  men  of  the  Six 
Nation  Confederacy  and  their  tributaries  to  have  been  1950. 

*  Deut.  xxviii.  62.  "And  ye  shall  be  left  few  in  mtmber,  whereas 
ye  were  as  the  stars  of  heaven  for  multitude" 

•j-  Genesis,  xlix.  3,  4.  J  Genesis,  xlix.  8-12. 

\  Quaere — Does  the  Count  use  Presbyterian  in  the  ordinary  accepta 
tion  of  the  term  ?  "  The  conversion  and  civilization  of  the  American  In- 


AND    THE    INDIANS.  21 

b.  The  second  sort  remains  Heathens,  and  reason  in  a 
philosophical  manner  of  ye  nature  of  ye  gods  with  Cicero. 

c.  The  last  are  superstitious  Cross  and  Rosecranz  bear 
ers.* 

4.  The  Oneidas,  and 

5 .  Cayugers  are  their  Children.    They  must  respect  them, 
and  have  also  Children's  right. 

B.  The  Gibeonites,  or  water-bearers,  are  People  gathered 
on  ye  Rivers  as  ye  Gypsies,  and  a  good  part  of  ym  are 
Europeans. 

i.    Canistokas  . 


dians  engaged  the  attention  of  Europeans  at  an  early  date.  The  chris 
tianizing  of  the  Iroquois  especially,  became  the  object  of  the  Jesuits  of 
Canada  as  far  back  as  1642;  and  a  few  years  afterwards  Father  Isaac 
Jogues  laid  down  his  life  on  the  Mohawk  River,  for  the  Gospel.  The 
Dutch,  who  colonized  those  parts,  did  not  give  the  subject  much  con 
sideration.  In  1712,  Rev.  Samuel  Andrews  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to 
the  Mohawks  by  the  Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel,  and  a  church 
was  built  at  the  mouth  of  Scohary  Creek ;  but  he  soon  abandoned  the 
place,  and  was  the  last  as  well  as  the  first  that  resided  among  them. 
The  Society  afterwards  allowed  a  small  stipend  to  the  clergyman  at 
Albany,  to  act  as  missionary  to  the  Mohawks." — Memoir  of  the  Rev, 
John  Stuart,  D.D.,  the  last  Missionary  to  the  Mohawks. 

"  The  Mohocks,  who  have  long  lived  within  our  settlements,  though 
greatly  reduced  in  number,  are  still  the  acknowledged  Head  of  the 
Iroquois  Alliance.  They  have  less  intercourse  with  the  Indians  and 
more  with  us  than  formerly — besides  which  they  are  at  present  mem 
bers  of  the  ^trch  of  England :  most  of  them  read,  and  several  write 
very  well." — Sir  Wm.  Johnson  to  Arthitr  Lee,  Esq.  Johnson  Hall, 
February  28,  1771. 

*  The  Jesuit  Fathers,  Julien  Gamier  (1668-1683),  Jacques  Fremin 
(1668),  Pierre  Rafeix  (1679),  Jean  Purron  (1673-1679),  Jacques  De 
Heu  (1709),  were  the  first  missionaries  to  the  Senecas. 

f  In  1701,  Wm.  Penn  treated  with  the  Susquthanna  Minquays,  or 
Conestoga  Indians,  living  on  Conestoga  and  Pequea. 

"  The  Conestogas  were  formerly  a  part  of  the  Five  Nations  or  Min- 
goes,  and  speak  the  same  language  to  this  day.  They  actually  pay 


22  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

2.  Mahikans*  of  whom  our  congregation  consists  (vide 
I.  Cor.  chap.  i.). 

3.  Hurons  or  Delaware  Indians. 

These  must  call  ye  other  Uncles,  and  are  called  Cousins. 

C.  The  Floridans\  are  Confederates,  and 
The  Tuscaroras\  are  called  Brothers. 

D.  The  Captives  are   kept  well,  and  become   in   time 
Cousins. 

Concerning  ye  Enemies,  it  comes  in  my  mind  whether 
they  (except  ye  Europeans)  are  not  Scythians,  Idumeans, 
Arabians,  Gypsies,  etc.,  with  whom  they  continually  quar 
rel,  and  cannot  bear  ym  amongst  ym. 


tribute  to  the  Five  Nations,  and  either  from  natural  affection  or  fear, 
are  ever  under  their  influence  and  power." — Minutes  of  Provincial 
Council,  October,  1722. 

*  The  Mohicans  were  members  of  the  great  Algonquin  family,  and 
inhabited  the  country  now  embraced  in  Southwestern  New  England, 
and  that  portion  of  New  York  east  of  the  Hudson.  "  Higher  up  the 
Manhattans  or  Great  River,  lie  the  Makwaes  and  the  Mohicans,  who 
are  constantly  at  war  with  each  other." — Description  of  New  Nether- 
land,  1671. 

They  were  gradually  driven  eastward  across  the  hill  country  into  the 
valley  of  the  Housatonic,  by  their  implacable  enemies. 

f  Shawauese. 

|  At  the  settlement  of  North  Carolina,  the  Tuscaroras  had  their  seats 
on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Neuse  and  Tar  Rivers,  and  in  1708  still 
mustered  1200  warriors.  A  collision  with  the  whites  a  few  years  later, 
which  resulted  in  their  defeat,  broke  their  spirits,  and  was  the  cause 
of  their  suing  for  admission  into  the  Iroquois  Confederacy.  The  alli 
ance  was  formally  concluded  in  1722,  although  the  Tuscaroras  had 
emigrated  to  the  North  as  early  as  1712. 


AND    THE  INDIANS. 


ZINZENDORF  AMONG   THE   DELA WARES. 

JULY  24 AUGUST  2,    1742. 


AT  6  P.M.  of  the  24th  of  July,  Zinzendorf  set  out  on  his 
visitation  of  the  half-civilized  Delawares  still  living  in  the 
Forks,*  and  of  such  of  that  nation  who,  as  he  had  learned, 
were  residing  in  the  first  main  valley  north  of  the  Blue 
Mountain.  Thither  there  had  been  a  migration  from  New 
Jersey, — from  Crosswicksf  and  Cranberry,  from  the  Raritan 
and  the  Atlantic  coast, — not  ten  years  previous. 

This  is  to  be  inferred  from  remarks  made  by  the  Breth 
ren,  in  connection  with  their  records  of  Indian  baptisms; 
and  the  fact  that  many  of  the  Indians  whom  Zinzendorf 
met  there  spoke  English,  goes  to  prove  that  they  had  at 
one  time  lived  in  a  white  neighborhood.  Evidently  aware 
of  this,  he  had  provided  himself  with  an  interpreter  in  the 
person  of  Bro.  J.  William  Zander,  f  who  spoke  English,  a 


*  The  name  given  at  that  time  to  the  lands  lying  within  the  confluence 
of  the  Delaware  and  the  Lehigh,  running  back  indefinitely,  even  as  far 
as  the  Blue  Mountain.  The  Indian  name  for  the  latter  river  was  Le- 
chau-weki  ("the  fork  of  a  road"),  abbreviated  by  the  Germans  into 
Lecha,  and  corrupted  by  the  English  into  Lehigh.  As  an  Indian 
thoroughfare  crossed  the  Island  below  Bethlehem,  and  forked  off  into 
different  paths,  running  northward,  the  name  of"  Forks"  may  for  this 
reason  have  been  given  to  the  region  which  they  intersected. 

•}•  Corruption  of  Crossweeksung  (separation). 

J  John  William  Zander,  born  in  Quedlingburg,  came  to  America  in 
October  of  1741.  July,  1742,  married  Johanna  Magdalene,  daughter 


24  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

language  with  which   the    Count   himself    was   not   con 
versant. 

He  was  accompanied  as  far  as  Nazareth  (ten  miles  north 
of  Bethlehem)  by  David  and  Judith  Bruce,*  Peter  and 
Elizabeth  B6hler,f  Abraham  and  Judith  Meinung,  J  Fred- 


of  Peter  Mtiller,  of  Germantown.  Before  the  close  of  the  year,  was 
dispatched  to  Berbice  as  missionary  to  the  Indians  and  negroes. 

*  David  Bruce,  from  Edinburgh,  came  with  Count  Zinzendorf  to 
America,  in  the  autumn  of  1741.  July  10,  1742,  married  Judith, 
oldest  daughter  of  John  Stephen  Benezet,  merchant,  of  Philadelphia. 
Was  appointed  elder  of  the  English  congregation,  settled  tempo 
rarily  at  Nazareth.  Labored  in  the  ministry  in  destitute  English  neigh 
borhoods  in  the  then  County  of  Bucks.  In  January,  1749,  was  dis 
patched  to  the  Indian  Mission  at  Wechquadnach  (Indian  Pond),  in 
Northeast  Center,  Duchess  County,  New  York.  Here  he  deceased 
July  9,  of  that  year. 

f  Peter  Bohler,  born  December  31,  1712,  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
From  April,  1731,  to  Sept.  1737,  a  student  of  Divinity,  at  the  University 
of  Jena.  While  here,  an  intimacy  sprang  up  between  him  and  the 
Brethren,  which  resulted  in  his  joining  their  communion.  September, 
1737,  was  appointed  to  South  Carolina  to  missionate  among  the  negroes 
on  the  plantations  between  Purysburg  and  Savannah,  and  to  be  pastor 
of  the  Moravian  colonists  settled  in  and  near  the  latter  place.  Prepara 
tory  to  setting  out  for  America,  he  was  ordained.  On  the  abandonment 
of  the  colony  in  Georgia,  Bohler  led  the  Brethren  to  Pennsylvania. 
This  was  in  April  of  1 740.  Here  he  was  with  them  on  the  Whitefield 
tract  to  the  close  of  the  year.  Sailed  for  Europe,  January  29,  1741. 
Returned  to  America  in  June  of  1742,  with  the  first  colony  of  Brethren 
sent  to  Pennsylvania.  Appointed  pastor  of  the  English  congregation 
at  Nazareth,  and  on  its  transfer  to  Philadelphia,  went  thither.  In 
September,  accompanied  Zinzendorf  to  the  Susquehanna,  as  far  as 
Otstonwackin.  After  the  Count's  return  to  Europe,  Bohler  was  act 
ing-superintendent  of  the  Brethren's  church  in  America  until  Span- 


J  Abraham  and  Judith  Meinung  came  from  Europe  with  Zinzendorf. 
They  were  sent  to  St.  Thomas  in  1747.  Here  Bro.  Meinung  deceased. 
His  widow  returned  to  Bethlehem  in  July  of  1751. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  25 

eric  Martin,*  and  John  Hagen,f  beside  his  escort  proper, 
which  consisted  of  Anton  Seyffert,J  Andrew  Eschenbach,§ 
Jacob  Lischy,||  Henry  Muller,Tf  William  and  Johanna  Zan- 

genberg's  arrival  in  November  of  1744.  Sailed  for  Europe  in  April  of 
1745.  Between  this  date  and  May  of  1753,  Bohler  labored  in  the  con 
gregations  in  both  England  and  Germany, — having,  in  the  interval, 
been  consecrated  a  bishop.  In  September,  1753,  returned  to  America 
again  to  administer  the  affairs  of  his  church,  and  again  sailed  for  Eu 
rope  in  September  of  1755.  His  last  sojourn  in  America  was  between 
December,  1756,  and  May,  1764.  On  his  return  to  Europe,  took  a 
seat  in  the  Directory;  in  1766,  visited  England  and  Ireland;  in  1767, 
was  in  Holland,  and  in  1774,  in  England.  Deceased  in  London,  April 

27,  1775- 

*  Frederic  Martin,  missionary  among  the  negroes  on  St.  Thomas,  at 
this  time  on  a  visit  at  Bethlehem.  Deceased  February,  1750,  on  Santa 
Cruz. 

•j-  John  Hagen,  from  Brandenburg,  was,  in  April  of  1740,  sent  to 
Georgia  to  missionate  among  the  Cherokees  of  the  low  country.  (See 
his  letter,  Part  vii.  No.  15,  Biidingen  Sammlung.}  Came  to  Beth 
lehem  in  February  of  1742,  whither  he  was  accompanied  by  Abraham 
Biihninger  (Bininger),  from  Purysburg,  Beaufort  County,  South  Caro 
lina.  Labored  as  a  missionary  among  the  Delawares,  the  Susquehanna 
tribes,  and  the  Mohicans  of  New  York.  Deceased,  while  at  Shamokin, 
September  16,  1747. 

Abraham  Biihninger,  born  at  Bulach,  Canton  Zurich,  in  1720,  was 
the  ancestor  of  the  well-known  Bininger  family  of  New  York.  De 
ceased  in  Washington  County,  New  York,  March,  1811. 

J  Anton  Seyffert,  from  "  German-Bohemia,"  was  a  member  of  the 
first  colony  of  Brethren  sent  to  Georgia  in  the  spring  of  1735,  in  view 
of  establishing  a  mission  among  the  Creeks.  Accompanied  Bohler  and 
others  to  Pennsylvania  in  1740.  During  his  stay  in  America,  filled 
the  office  of  Elder.  Returned  to  Europe  in  April  of  1745. 

\  Andrew  Eschenbach  was  sent  to  Pennsylvania  in  the  autumn  of 
1740,  to  missionate  among  the  destitute  German  immigrants  scattered 
throughout  the  four  counties  of  the  Province. 

||  Jacob  Lischy,  from  Miihlhausen,  Switzerland,  was  a  member  of  the 


Henry  Miiller,  book-printer. 


26  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

der,  Peter  Miiller,*  and  an  Indian,  by  way  of  messenger 
and  interpreter.  His  daughter,  the  Countess  Benigna,f  was 
also  of  the  company.  The  first  named  brethren  and  sisters 
were  on  the  way  to  Nazareth,  in  order  to  complete  arrange 
ments  for  the  reception  of  the  English  colonists  who  had 
arrived  on  the  "  Catharine"  in  June,  and  who  had  just  been 
organized  into  a  congregation.  There  were  but  two  dwell 
ings  on  the  Nazareth  tract  at  that  time;  he  log-houses 
which  the  Brethren  employed  there  by  Whitefield  in  the 
erection  of  a  school  had  thrown  up  in  the  summer  and  fall 
of  1740.  Here  the  travelers  halted  a  day. 

On  the  morning  of  the  26th  the  cavalcade  set  out. 
Making  a  detour  a  few  miles  to  the  northeast,  they  crossed 
the  Lehietan,J  and  came  to  Moses  Tatemy's  reserve  (near 
Stockertown,  in  Forks  Township).  Tatemy  was  a  Delaware 
from  New  Jersey,  professed  Christianity,  and  was  farming 
in  a  small  way  on  a  grant  of  300  acres  given  him  by  the 
Proprietaries'  agents,  in  consideration  of  services  he  had 
rendered  as  interpreter  and  messenger  to  the  Indians.  He 
received  them  well,  was  communicative,  and,  in  course 
of  conversation,  gave  an  account  of  the  mode  of  sacrifice 


first  colony  of  Brethren  sent  to  Pennsylvania.  September  lyth,  1742, 
married  Mary,  second  daughter  of  John  Stephen  Benezet,  merchant,  of 
Philadelphia.  Labored  in  the  ministry.  In  1747,  withdrew  from  the 
Brethren.  Deceased  in  1781,  on  his  farm,  near  York,  on  the  Codorus, 
and  lies  buried  not  far  from  "Wolff's  Church." 

*  Peter  Miiller,  a  boy,  brother-in-law  of  J.  W.  Zander. 

|  Benigna,  H.  J.,  oldest  daughter  of  the  Count, — at  this  time  in  the 
seventeenth  year  of  her  age.  Returned  with  her  father  to  Europe  in 
January  of  1743. 

J  Now  the  Bushkill.  In  maps  of  that  day,  also  called  Tatemy's 
Creek  and  Lefevre's  Creek.  The  latter  name  was  given  the  stream 
for  John  Lefevre,  who  resided  near  Messinger's  tavern-stand,  six  miles 
above  Easton.  Lefevre  was  a  French  Huguenot.  His  ancestors  had 
immigrated  to  New  York  about  1689. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  27 

practiced  by  his  heathen  brethren,  which  afforded  Zander 
an  opportunity  of  speaking  to  him  of  the  great  sacrifice  of 
the  Lamb  of  God,  made  for  the  remission  of  sins. 

Following  the  Indian  path  that  led  past  Tatemy's  house 
north  into  the  Minnisinks,  or  upper  valley  of  the  Delaware, 
they  came  to  the  village  of  Clistowackin,  five  miles  above, 
on  Martin's  Creek,  near  the  three  churches,  in  Lower 
Mount  Bethel.  David  Brainerd,*  it  is  said,  preached  here 


*  David  Brainerd  labored  among  the  Indians  in  the  Forks  of  Dela 
ware  at  intervals  between  May  13,  1744,  and  February  24,  1746.  On 
the  first-mentioned  day  he  "  reached  a  settlement  of  Irish  and  Dutch 
people,  about  12  miles  above  the  Forks  of  Delaware"  (Quaere,  Hun- 
tersville,  or  Hunter's  Settlement,  along  Martin's  Creek,  in  Lower  Mt. 
Bethel,  settled  by  one  wing  of  the  Scotch-Irish,  who  came  into  this 
northern  part  of  Bucks  County  between  1728  and  1730?)  Near  here 
was  an  Indian  village  called  by  the  Delawares,  Sakhauwotung,  to 
whose  inhabitants  he  preached,  and  among  whom  he  resided.  "  The 
number  of  Indians  in  this  place  is  but  small ;  most  of  those  that  for 
merly  belonged  here  are  dispersed,  and  removed  to  places  farther  back 
in  the  country.  There  are  not  more  than  10  houses  hereabouts  that 
continue  to  be  inhabited.  When  I  first  began  to  preach  here,  the  num 
ber  of  my  hearers  was  very  small,  often  not  exceeding  20  or  25  per 
sons;  but  toward  the  latter  part  of  the  summer  their  number  increased, 
so  that  I  have  frequently  had  40  persons,  or  more,  at  once.  I  usually 
preached  in  the  King's  house." — Brainerd  to  Rev.  Ebenezer  Pember- 
ton,  Forks  of  Delaware,  November  5,  1744- 

"  July  24.  Rode  about  17  miles  westward,  over  a  hideous  mountain, 
to  a  number  of  Indians ;  got  together  about  thirty,  preached  to  them  in 
the  evening,  and  lodged  with  them."  In  the  letter  quoted  above,  he 
gives  the  distance  30  miles  westward,  and  calls  the  place  over  the 
hideous  mountain  Kauksesauchung.  (Quaere,  Poch-ko-poch-kung,  Po- 
copoco,  old  Captain  Harris's  town,  on  the  creek  of  that  name  ?)  In  De 
cember  of  1744,  Brainerd  built  himself  a  hut  at  Sakhauwoticng.  Here, 
on  Sunday,  July  21,  1745,  he  baptized  Moses  Fonda  Tatemy,  who  had 
been  acting  interpreter  for  him  since  his  arrival  among  the  Fork  In 
dians.  February  23,  1746,  he  preached  for  the  last  time  at  the  scene 


28  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

in  1744.  In  the  lodge  of  an  Indian  medicine-man  lay  his 
grandchild  sick  unto  death.  The  Count  prayed  in  be 
half  of  the  sufferer,  commending  him  to  the  keeping  of  his 
Creator  and  Redeemer,  and  Zander  spoke  to  the  Indian  of 
God's  purposes  in  Christ  for  the  salvation  of  all  men  from 
sin  and  eternal  death.  His  words  were  interpreted  by  the 
latter  to  the  villagers  who  had  assembled  about  the  lodge. 

Toward  evening  they  reached  a  second  village,  inhabited 
chiefly  by  Delawares.  Having  been  overtaken  by  a  shower, 
they  gladly  accepted  the  captain's  invitation  to  enter  his 
hut,  dry  their  clothes,  and  pass  the  night  with  him. 

On  the  morning  of  the  27th,  joined  by  a  German  trader, 
Remsberger  by  name,  they  rode  on,  and  crossed  the  Blue 


of  his  missionary  labors  in  Pennsylvania,  discoursing  on  the  words  of 
John,  vi.  35-37. 

"  Brainerd  had  a  station  at  what  is  now  known  as  'Allen's  Ferry] 
7  miles  below  the  Gap,  on  the  Delaware.  The  Indian  town  there  was 
called  Sakhatiwotung  ('  the  mouth  of  a  creek  where  one  resides1}.  There 
was  another  Indian  town,  called  Clistoivackin  (fine  land],  where  Brain 
erd  built  a  cottage,  and  lived  for  a  time.  It  was  situated  near  the  resi 
dence  of  Mr.  Baker,  15  miles  south  of  the  Gap." — Brodheatfs  Dela 
ware  Water- Gap. 

In  May  of  1747,  Bishop  Cammerhoff  wrote  to  Count  Zinzendorf  as 
follows :  "  It  appears  as  if  the  Lord  designed  to  bring  Mr.  David 
Brainerd's  Indians  into  connexion  with  us.  They  reside  not  far  from 
Raritan,  on  this  side  of  Brunswick  (Cranberry].  A  week  ago,  some 
five  visited  us,  and  attended  meetings.  Almost  all  of  our  Pachgatgoch 
Indians  were  awakened  by  his  preaching."  (This  was  during  Brain 
erd's  residence  at  Kaunaumeek,  twenty  miles  from  Stockbridge,  and 
fifteen  from  Kinderhook,  between  April  of  1743  and  April  of  1744.) 

David  Brainerd  deceased  at  Northampton,  October  9,  1747.  He 
was  succeeded  by  his  brother  John,  who  visited  Bethlehem  in  October 
of  1749,  in  company  with  Rev.  Mr.  Lawrence,  the  clergyman  of  the 
Irish  settlement  in  East  Allen.  He  was  at  Bethlehem  a  second  time, 
in  1751. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  29 

Mountain.*  They  were  now  in  the  Indian  country,  and 
what  was  then  justly  the  Indian's  country,  although  white 
settlers  were  trespassing  within  its  precincts.  Only  a  few 
weeks  before,  heads  and  deputies  of  the  Six  Nations  (whose 
dominion  reached  from  Onondaga  as  far  as  the  waters  of 
the  lower  Susquehanna),  met  in  conference  with  the  Gov 
ernor,  had  insisted  that  the  dividing  line  between  white 
and  Indian  be  the  Kittochtinny,  or  Endless  Mountain, 
forever.  Keeping  on  to  the  northwest  some  ten  miles, 
they  struck  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  valley  of  the  Po- 
copoco,f  or  Big  Creek  (Long  Valley), J  down  which  they 
turned,  and  came  to  a  village  on  the  bank  of  the  stream. 
This  had  been  the  home  of  a  well-known  Delaware  chief, 
old  Captain  Harris,  father  of  Teedyuscung,  King  of  the 
Delawares  during  their  alienation  from  the  English;  and 
here  Nicholas  Scull  and  Benjamin  Eastburn,  Surveyors, 
passed  the  night  on  the  completion  of  the  one  and  a  half 
day's  walk,  made  in  September  of  1737,  to  settle  the  extent 
of  a  tract  of  land  bought  by  William  Penn,  which  tract  has 
passed  into  history  as  the  "  walking-purchase.  "§ 

The  Brethren  pitched  their  tent  near  the  lodge  of  a 


*  Probably  at  Tat's  Gap,  two  and  a  half  miles  west  of  the  Delaware 
Water-Gap.  So  named  for  Tatemy. 

f  Corrupted  from  the  Indian  Poch-co-poch-co.  Drains  Long  Valley, 
and  empties  into  the  Lehigh  at  Parryville. 

J  Near  Brodheadsville. 

$  The  walking-purchase.  The  name  given  to  a  certain  purchase  of 
lands,  situate  in  part  in  the  Forks  of  Delaware,  deeded  by  the  Indians 
to  William  Penn,  August  28,  1 686,  the  line  of  which  was  run  in  Sep 
tember  of  1737,  by  a  one  and  a  half  day's  walk  (performed  in  pursu 
ance  of  the  conditions  of  said  deed),  begun  at  a  place  near  Wrights- 
town,  in  the  County  of  Bucks. — See  Nicholas  Scuir s  Deposition  of  the 
Walk,  vol.  vii.  p.  399,  Prov.  Records.  Also,  Charles  Thomson's  En 
quiry  into  the  Causes  of  the  Alienation  of  the  Delawares  and  Shawanese. 


3o  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

medicine-man.  Zander  was  again  spokesman  in  the  inter 
view  that  followed.  Here,  also,  they  passed  the  night, 
and  this  was  the  extreme  northern  point  of  their  journey. 

On  the  morning  of  the  28th  the  cavalcade  once  more 
set  out.  Crossing  Chestnut  Hill  Mountain,  they  came 
down  into  the  narrow  valley  of  the  Aquanshicola,*  to  a 
Delaware  town,  called  Meniolagomeka.f 

They  were  about  resuming  their  journey  for  the  last  time, 
intending  to  reach  Bethlehem  the  same  night,  when  the 
Count  met  with  a  remarkable  experience.  He  had  a  pre 
sentiment  that  his  presence  was  required  at  Conrad  Weis- 
ser's,  in  Tulpehocken.  He  felt  himself  drawn  thither  by 
an  irresistible  power;  "and  in  strong  faith,"  he  says,  "I 
obeyed  the  call,  although  knowing  neither  why  nor  where 
fore." 

Retaining  Zander,  Lischy,  and  the  Indian,  as  escort,  he 
dispatched  the  rest  of  the  company  to  Bethlehem,  where 
they  arrived  in  the  evening. 

Zinzendorf's  route,  after  fording  the  Lehigh  at  the  Gap 
(for  he  probably  passed  down  the  valley  of  the  Aquanshi 
cola),  lay  through  the  counties  of  Lehigh  and  Berks,  in  a 


*  The  Aquanshicola  rises  a  little  east  of  "  Ross  Common"  Tavern, 
thence  runs  some  eighteen  miles  southwest,  draining  the  first  narrow 
valley  north  of  the  Blue  Mountain,  and  emptying  into  the  Lehigh  at  the 
Gap.  The  old  "fire-line"  road  skirts  its  upper  bank  for  a  mile  from 
its  mouth,  and  then  doubling  toward  the  Lehigh,  passes  the  "  Healing 
Waters," — a  chalybeate  spring,  on  the  farm  of  the  late  Stephen  Snyder, 
now  in  possession  of  the  Lehigh  and  Susquehanna  R.  R.  Co.  This 
spring  was  visited  as  early  as  1746  by  the  Brethren,  and  its  waters 
bottled  by  them  for  the  use  of  invalids  in  Philadelphia.  It  is  marked 
on  Scull's  map  of  1759. 

f  Meniolagomeka — written  also  by  the  Brethren,  Meniwolagomekah 
and  Mellilolagomegok — Delaware,  signifying  "a  tract  of  fertile  land 
stir  rounded  by  barrens" 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  31 

southwesterly  direction.    Passing  through  Allemdngclj*  and 
the  valley  of  the  Ontalaunee,  or  Maiden  Creek,  he  forded 


*  Allemdngel  ("  destitution"),  a  significant  name  given  by  the  early 
German  settlers  to  the  present  townships  of  Lynn,  in  Lehigh,  and 
Albany,  in  Berks  County,  which  lie  adjoining  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue 
Mountain.  Both  are  drained  by  the  Ontalaunee  ("t/te  maiden"}.  The 
soil,  which  is  a  light  gravel  and  slate,  and  ill  adapted  to  agriculture, 
barely  remunerated  the  pioneers  in  that  obscure  corner  of  the  Prov 
ince  for  their  labor  in  tilling  it.  In  1741,  Albany  contained  only  thirty- 
seven  taxables.  A  correspondent  of  the  "  Biene,"  in  a  narrative  of  a 
pedestrian  tour  through  Lynn,  in  the  summer  of  1738,  describes  the 
church  or  school-house  which  the  Brethren  had  built  in  Allemangel, 
"  as  an  old-time,  weather-boarded  log-house,  known  throughout  the 
neighborhood  as  '  the  Old  White  Church?  "  It  stood  in  Albany,  near 
the  line  of  Lehigh  County.  In  1843  ^  was  removed.  The  aversion 
manifested,  or  perhaps  the  inability  expressed  by  the  settlers  of  Alle 
mangel  to  support  a  schoolmaster  (as  we  infer  from  Zinzendorf  s  allu 
sion  in  the  narrative  of  his  journey  through  this  barren  region),  was 
gradually  removed,  and  in  February  of  1747  the  Brethren  opened  a 
school  there.  December  I4th,  1751,  Nathaniel  Seidel  dedicated  a 
newly-erected  school-house  (^  the  Old  White  Church"},  on  which 
occasion  sixty  persons  partook  of  a  love-feast,  and  seventeen,  of  the 
Sacrament.  In  January  of  1755,  Abraham  Reincke  officiated  at  the 
first  interment  made  in  the  grave-yard  adjoining  the  house.  Thus 
Allemangel  became  the  seat  of  a  small  congregation  in  connection 
with,  and  ministered  to  by  the  Brethren,  until  the  outbreak  of  Indian 
barbarities  in  October  of  1755. 

John  Holder  and  George  Biebighausen  and  their  families,  in  Decem 
ber  of  1769,  removed  from  Allemangel  to  the  lands  on  the  Mahoning, 
which  had  lain  idle  and  deserted  since  November  of  1755-  Here  they 
were  joined  by  Samuel  Warner,  Sr.,  Edmund  Edmonds  and  others, 
from  Sichem,  in  "the  Oblong,"  Duchess  County,  New  York,  and  or 
ganized  into  an  English  congregation,  which  was  at  first  supplied  from 
Bethlehem.  Joseph  Neisser  was  stationed  at  "  Gnadenhtitten,  on  the 
Mahoning"  in  1776.  In  1778,  George  Schmidt  was  the  incumbent. 
Caspar  Freytag  was  the  last  minister  settled  there. 

After  the  above-named  families  left  Allemangel,  "  the  Old  White 
Church"  or  school-house,  was  sold  to  the  Lutherans.  They  erected  a 
new  place  of  worship  on  its  site  in  1843,  called  the  "  Friedens-Kirche" 


3 2  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

the  Schuylkill,  entered  the  borders  of  Tulpehocken  on  the 
2d  of  August,*  and  on  the  following  day  repaired  to  Con 
rad  Weisser's  house  in  Heidelberg. 

Here  it  was  that  he  met  with  heads  and  deputies  of  the 
Six  Nations,  on  their  return  from  a  memorable  conference 
with  Governor  Thomas,  at  which  an  important  subject  for 
final  settlement  had  been  the  persistent  stay  of  the  Dela- 
wares,  within  the  Forks,  and  south  of  the  Blue  Mountain. 
With  these  the  Count  ratified  a  covenant  of  friendship  in 
behalf  of  the  Brethren  as  their  representative,  stipulating 
for  permission  for  the  latter  to  pass  to  and  from,,  and  so 
journ  within  the  domains  of  the  great  Iroquois  Confed 
eration,  not  as  strangers,  but  as  friends.  The  meeting 
was  conducted  with  all  the  etiquette  and  magniloquence  of 
Indian  diplomacy,  and  finally  a  string  of  wampumf  was 


*  G.  Buttner's  private  diary  states  that  Zinzendorf,  in  company  with 
Zander  and  Lischy,  arrived  in  Tulpehocken  on  the  2d  of  August,  and 
that  they  repaired  to  Weisser's  house  on  the  3d.  The  descriptive 
poem,  appended  to  this  paper,  was  written  on  the  1st  of  August,  in 
Siki-hille-hocken  (quaere,  the  land  lying  west  of  the  Schuylkill,  as  far  as 
Tulpehocken  Creek?),  and  dispatched  to  Bethlehem  probably  by  the 
Indian  messenger. 

f  This  string  of  wampum  was  carefully  preserved  for  the  use  of  the 
Brethren  in  their  subsequent  dealings  with  the  Six  Nations.  On  his 
return  to  Europe,  the  Count  handed  it  over  to  Spangenberg,  who  gave 
the  following 

RECEIPT, 

written  in  Lamb's  Inn   (Broad   Oaks),   County  of  Essex,   England, 
March  10,  1743. 

This  is  to  certify  that  Bro.  Ludwig  has  entrusted  to  me  the  token  of 
a  covenant  ratified  between  him  and  the  Five  Nations,  or  Iroquois 
(which  kind  of  token  the  Indians  call  fathom,  or  belt  of  wampum), 
consisting  of  186  beads, — given  him  by  said  Iroquois  on  the  3d  day  of 
August,  1742,  on  his  return  from  the  Indian  country; — this,  I  say,  is 
to  certify  that  he  has  entrusted  it  personally,  and  in  the  presence  of 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  33 

handed  to  the  Count  by  the  savages,  to  impress  him  with 
the  sincerity  of  their  decision,  and  for  preservation  as  a 
perpetual  token  of  the  amicable  relations  just  established. 
In  this  transaction  Zinzendorf  found  a  solution  of  the  mys 
terious  necessity  which  had  impelled  him  to  turn  to  Tulpe- 
hocken ;  and  he  recognized  a  special  Providence  as  having 
guided  him  thither,  and  there  opened  a  door  for  entrance 
among  a  people  which,  of  all  others,  could  be  made  most 
instrumental  in  the  spread  of  the  gospel  among  the  various 
tribes  of  North  American  Indians. 

This  was  at  the  time  the  most  important  result  of  the 
exploratory  tour  among  the  Delawares.  Much  of  what  it 
promised  was  never  realized ;  and  yet,  although  the 
Brethren  were  unsuccessful  in  their  attempts  to  missionate 
among  the  Iroquois,  they  could  never  have  effected  as  much 
as  they  did  among  the  Delawares  and  Mohicans  had  they 
failed  to  secure  the  good-will  and  approval  of  the  powerful 
coalition  on  which  the  latter  were  in  a  state  of  unqualified 
dependence. 

The  acquaintance  made  with  the  Delawares  in  the  val 
leys  of  the  Pocopoco  and  Aquanshicola  was  from  that  time 
unremittingly  cultivated,  and  the  Brethren  Seyffert  and 
Nathaniel  Seidel*  intrusted  with  the  new  field.  When, 


sundry  eye-witnesses,  to  my  safekeeping  and  for  judicious  use;  which 
I  desire  hereby  to  testify  by  my  own  name  in  writing,  with  the  promise 
not  to  give  it  into  other  hands,  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

AUGUSTUS  G.  SPANGENBERG, 

m.p.p. 

*  Nathaniel  G.  Seidel,  born  1718,  at  Lauban,  in  Lusatia.  Deceased 
May  17,  1782,  at  Bethlehem.  Came  to  Pennsylvania  in  June  of  1742. 
After  the  abrogation  of  the  " Economy"  became  proprietor  of  the 
estates  held  by  the  Brethren  in  this  country.  While  abroad,  between 
1750  and  1760,  was  consecrated  a  bishop. 


34 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF 


in   the   spring  of   1746,   a  mission   settlement  was   com 
menced  at  Gnadenhlitten,  on  the  Mahoning,*  the  ties  of 


*  Gnadenhiitten  (Huts  of  Grace)  was  commenced  in  the  spring  of 
1746,  on  a  tract  of  197  acres,  near  the  mouth  of  Mahoning  Creek 
(Carbon  County),  west  of  the  Lehigh,  as  a  temporary  home  for  the 
Christian  Mohicans  who  had  come  to  Bethlehem  from  Shecomeco.  It 
was  designed  from  the  first  to  locate  them  permanently  on  the  Susque- 
hanna ;  the  project  was,  however,  postponed  from  time  to  time,  and 
thus  the  settlement  on  the  Mahoning  grew,  and  became  the  seat  of  a 
most  flourishing  mission.  Here  Martin  Mack  labored  from  April, 
1746,  to  November,  1755,  and  here  his  wife,  Jeannette,  deceased  De 
cember  15,  1749.  She  lies  buried  in  the  grave-yard  on  the  hill,  with 
some  forty  of  her  Indian  brethren  and  sisters.  Successive  parcels  of 
land  were  added  to  the  original  tract,  on  both  sides  of  the  Lehigh, 
until,  in  1754,  there  were  1382  acres  belonging  to  the  establishment. 
In  1747,  a  grist-  and  saw-mill,  erected  on  the  Mahoning,  and  a  black 
smith-shop,  gave  evidence  of  the  march  of  improvement  in  this  village 
of  Christian  Indians.  The  farm-buildings  lay  at  the  foot  of  the  hill, 
near  the  creek :  on  its  first  ascent  were  the  huts  of  the  Indians,  arranged 
in  a  half-moon ;  behind  these  an  orchard,  and  on  the  summit,  the  grave 
yard.  The  latter  was  laid  out  in  August,  1746.  November  14,  1749, 
the  mission-house  and  chapel  were  solemnly  dedicated  by  Bishop 
Cammerhoff.  There  were  accessions  from  Pachgatgoch  and  Wech- 
quadnach  in  1747  and  1748,  and  from  Meniolagomeka  in  1754.  In 
May  of  that  year,  the  seat  of  the  mission  was  transferred  to  the  lands 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Lehigh.  In  December  the  mission  numbered 
137  Mohicans  and  Delawares,  besides  86  converts  residing  at  Wy 
oming,  Nescopeck,  and  elsewhere  in  Indian  villages  along  the  Sus- 
quehanna. 

But  this  child  of  magnificent  promise  was  doomed  to  sudden  de 
struction;  for  on  the  night  of  the  24th  November,  1755,  the  "  Family" 
of  Brethren  residing  in  the  farm-house  on  the  Mahoning  was  surprised 
by  a  party  of  Shawanese  warriors,  ten  of  their  number  shot,  or  toma 
hawked,  or  burned,  and  one  carried  into  miserable  captivity,  which 
death  soon  terminated.  The  Indians  at  New  Gnadenhiitten  and  their 
surviving  missionaries  fled  to  Bethlehem.  That  place  was  sacked  on 
New- Year's  Day  of  1756,  Fort  Allen,  built  by  Franklin,  on  its  site, 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  35 

intercourse  were  drawn  more  closely;  the  missionary  Bern- 
hard  A.  Grube*  was  stationed  at  Meniolagomeka,f  in  1752, 


before  the  close  of  March, — and  thus  a  calamity  befell  the  mission, 
from  the  disastrous  effects  of  which  it  never  fully  recovered. 

In  October  of  1751,  Nicholas  Garrison,  Jr.,  took  sketches  of  Gnaden- 
hiitten  and  vicinity,  which  were  forwarded  to  Europe. 

*  Bernhard  Adam  Grube,  born  1715,  near  Erfurth,  and  educated  at 
Jena,  came  to  Pennsylvania  on  the  Irene,  in  June  of  1746.  At  first  he 
was  employed  in  the  schools  at  Bethlehem.  In  January  of  1752  he 
was  stationed  at  Meniolagomeka.  While  here,  he  tells  us,  his  awk 
wardness  at  handling  an  axe  almost  cost  him  a  limb,  and  confined  him 


j-  Meniolagomeka.  This  village  lay  in  "  Smith's  Valley,"  eight  miles 
west  of  the  Wind  Gap,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Aquanshicola,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  old  Wilkesbarre  Road,  which  crosses  the  mountain 
at  Smith's  Gap — in  Eldred  Township,  Monroe  County.  The  grave 
yard  was  one-eighth  of  a  mile  south  of  Mr.  Edward  Snyder's  limestone 
quarries.  Jno.  Smith,  deceased  about  ten  years  ago,  stated  that  his 
father,  one  of  the  early  settlers  in  that  neighborhood,  had  pointed  out 
to  him  the  sites  of  both  village  and  grave-yard. 

In  October  of  1743,  A.  Seyffert,  D.  Nitschmann,  and  N.  Seidel,  visited 
both  here  and  on  the  Pocopoco — Seyffert  and  Hagen  in  January  of 
1744.  In  June  of  that  year,  Seyffert,  P.  Bohler,  and  Henry  Antes. 
In  February,  1748,  Rauch  visited  at  Meniolagomeka.  Bishop  Jno.  M. 
de  Watteville,  on  his  visitation  to  the  Brethren  in  America  in  the  last- 
mentioned  year,  passed  through  Meniolagomeka  to  the  Pocopoco.  April 
25,  1749,  George  Rex,  the  captain  of  the  village,  while  on  a  visit  to 
Bethlehem,  was  baptized  by  Bishop  Cammerhoff,  and  received  the  name 
of  Augustus.  In  1750,  Secretaiy  Richard  Peters  urged  his  claim  to 
the  lands  on  the  Aquanshicola,  on  which  the  village  lay,  and  desired 
the  Brethren  to  have  the  Indians  removed.  It  was  this  that  occasioned 
the  exodus  from  Meniolagomeka  to  Gnadenhiitten,  on  the  Mahoning, 
in  June  of  1754. 

Abraham  Buhninger  was  the  last  missionary  in  the  Indian  village 
on  the  Aquanshicola. 

The  following  draft  shows  the  huts  and  population  of  the  village  in 
December  of  1753. 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF 
E 


ss'1si   'zv 
J Ill's | 

PH 


E"S      M 


•2-2 


2  v    -E 


IS 


&a*S||  8 


S        ^   CX         W)! 

^    18«^J 


S     .8^8  & 


^      .2  o      ^="~        re  "5 

y^    ^^    s^ 


2 

•g    '•§  "g 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


37 


and  two  years  later  the  villagers,  numbering  fifty-one  all 
told,   removed    to  Gnadenhiitten,  and  were  incorporated 


for  weeks  in  a  cold  hut,  where  he  lay  on  a  board,  with  a  wooden  bowl 
for  a  pillow.  He,  in  the  mean  time,  studied  the  Delaware,  and  daily 
held  meetings  for  the  Indians.  In  the  summer  of  the  year  he  visited 
Shamokin  and  Wyoming,  and  in  the  Shawanese  town  at  the  latter  place 
baptized  a  Mohican  woman,  whom  Zinzendorf  had  met  there  in  Oc 
tober  of  1742.  He  was  fifteen  months  at  Shamokin.  "Here,"  he 
says,  "  we  had  hard  times,  and  lived  amid  dangers.  Our  smithy  be 
came  the  resort  of  the  savages  passing  through  this  central  town,  and 
on  one  occasion  thirty  warriors  took  possession  of  the  house,  and  for 
eight  days  made  it  the  scene  of  their  drunken  revels." 

In  October,  1753,  Grube  was  dispatched  to  North  Carolina,  to  plant 
a  colony  of  eleven  young  men  on  the  tract  of  100,000  acres  purchased 
by  the  Brethren  of  the  Earl  of  Granville,  in  what  was  then  Rowan 
County.  In  the  spring  of  the  next  year  he  returned  to  Bethlehem. 
Here,  in  1755,  he  married  Elizabeth  Busse,  and  was  appointed  to 
Gnadenhiitten,  whence  he  barely  escaped  with  his  life  in  the  memor 
able  night  of  the  24th  of  November.  In  1758  he  was  dispatched  to 
Pachgatgoch  (Kent),  in  Connecticut.  In  October  of  1760  he  removed 
to  Wequetanc,  on  Head's  Creek,  Monroe  County,  where  a  part  of  the 
Christian  Indians  had  been  located  in  the  spring  of  the  year.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  Pontiac  war,  in  October  of  1763,  this  station  was 
abandoned,  and  Grube  withdrew  with  his  forty-four  Indians  to  Naza 
reth  and  Bethlehem.  From  the  latter  place,  where  he  was  joined  by 
seventy-seven  Christian  Indians  from  Nain,  the  faithful  missionary 
accompanied  his  charge  to  the  barracks  at  Philadelphia,  and  thence  to 
Province  Island,  whither  government  was  necessitated  to  remove  them 
for  safety.  During  the  trying  experiences  made  in  the  interval  between 
November  of  1763  and  March,  1765,  at  Philadelphia, — in  the  unsuc 
cessful  attempt  to  effect  an  escape  from  popular  fury,  into  New  York, — 
and  on  the  return  to  Bethlehem,  Grube  approved  himself  true  to  duty, 
and  brave  in  the  face  of  dangers,  as  he  had  done  at  Wequetanc  on  the 
nth  of  October,  1763. 

His  missionary  career  was  now  at  an  end,  for,  as  he  tells  us,  "  in 
April  of  1765  I  took  a  sad  and  touching  farewell  of  my  dear  Indians, 
as  they  set  out  for  Wihilusing,  on  the  Susquehanna."  Soon  after  this 
he  was  stationed  at  Litiz,  Lancaster  County.  In  1780  he  was  com- 


38  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

with  the  congregation  of  Christian  Indians  at  that  place. 
No  mention  of  Captain  Harris's  village  on  the  Pocopoco 
is  made  by  the  Brethren  subsequent  to  1748.* 


missioned  to  visit  Schonbrunn,  Gnadenhlitten,  and  Salem,  mission 
stations  on  the  Muskingum.  After  his  return,  he  labored  at  Gnaden- 
thal,  near  Nazareth,  and  was  for  a  year  pastor  of  the  congregation  at 
Philadelphia.  His  last  appointments  were  at  Hope,  on  Paulin's  Kill,  in 
Warren  County,  New  Jersey,  and  at  Emaus,  in  Lehigh  County,  Penn 
sylvania.  The  evening  of  his  long  life  was  spent  at  Bethlehem,  and 
on  his  ninety-first  anniversary,  the  hale  old  man,  with  staff  in  hand, 
walked  on  a  lovely  June  day  ten  miles  to  Nazareth,  there  once  more 
to  talk  over  with  his  friends  the  incidents  of  his  life  among  the  Indians. 
He  deceased  at  Bethlehem,  March  20,  1808. 

*  It  is  questionable  whether  Zinzendorf  and  his  companions  pene 
trated  the  Pine  Swamp,  on  the  great  plateau  of  the  Broad  Mountain. 
The  time  was  too  short  to  allow  of  such  an  undertaking.  Further 
more,  it  is  stated  in  the  Bethlehem  diary  that  Nicholas  Garrison,  Jr., 
in  May  of  1749,  "  went  to  the  Pocopoco  to  take  sketches  of  the  places 
which  Zinzendorf  had  visited  seven  years  previous" 

In  1760  the  Brethren  bought  lands  on  Head's  (Hoth's)  Creek,  one 
of  the  affluents  of  the  Pocopoco,  and  thither  transferred  their  Indian 
converts  from  Bethlehem.  This  settlement  was  called  Wequetanc. 
It  lay  on  the  flats  on  the  north  side  of  Wire  Creek,  about  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  north  of  the  State  Road,  where  the  present  road  to  Effort  leaves 
said  State  Road.  This  may  have  been  the  site  of  old  Captain  Harris's 
village. 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


A   POEM 

COMPOSED  BY  COUNT  ZINZENDORF,  AUGUST  I,    1742, 

In  Sikihillehocken,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  Philadelphia 
County. 


I. 

Hier  schrieb  ich  einen  Brief, 
Als  alles  um  mich  schlief, 
In  der  finstern  Wiisten 
Sickihillehoken, 
Wo  wenig  Voglein  nisten ; 
Wird  ich  doch  kaum  inn' 
Dasz  die  Schuylkill  rinn 
Ueber  Nachbar  Green. 

2. 

Herr  Jesu,  wach'st  Du  nicht 
In  deinem  stillen  Licht, 
Riihrt  sich  niemand  neben 
Dem  himmlischen  Gesicht 
Des  Lamms,  im  ew'gen  Leben? 
Fragt  die  muntern  Vier 
Ob  sich  etwas  riihr? 
Euch?    Wenn  ruht  denn  ihr? 


40  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 


3- 

Gewisz  in  Penn's-Gestrupp, 
Selbst  in  Allemdngelship 
Fragt  kein  armer  Bauer 
Der  seines  Leibs  Geripp' 
So  hinbringt  schwer  und  sauer, 
Mehr  nach  einem  Herr'n 
Der  die  Kinder  lern, 
Als  ich  auch  hatt'  gern. 

4- 

Ihr  auserwahlte  Vier ! 
Kommt  her  und  saget  mir 
Wie  ichs  immer  mache, 
Dasz  ich  mein  Amt  recht  fiihr 
Und  bleib  auf  meiner  Sache, 
Bis  sie  sich  nach  dem  Plan 
Der  Kreuzcaravan, 
Heiszt  in  Gott  Gethan. 

5- 

Doch  ich  verirre  mich ; 
Welch  Muster  suche  ich, 
Was  vor  ein  Exempel  ? 
Als  ganz  alleine  Dich, 
Du  lebendiger  Tempel 
Aller  Gottesfull, 
Der  in  seiner  Still 
Macht  so  viel  er  will. 

6. 

Die  Hauptentschuldigung 
1st  vor  Dir  nicht  genung, 


AND    THE  INDIANS.  41 

Die  ich  machen  miisste, 
Warum  ich  mit  der  Zeit 
Nicht  auszukommen  wiisste. 
Flehn  war  deine  Freud', 
In  der  Einsamkeit 
Und  Versunkenheit. 


7- 

Das  Beten  blieb  nie  aus : 
Allein  wenn  Feld  und  Haus 
Dir  nicht  Raum  vergonnte 
Vor  der  Geschafte  Braus, 
So  lang  die  Sonne  brennte, 
Hat  Dirs  deine  Wacht 
In  der  lieben  Nacht 
Immer  eingebracht. 

8. 

Ach!  das  erworb'ne  Recht 
Fiirs  heilige  Geschlecht, 
Das  Dich  Blut  gekostet, 
Verleihe  deinem  Knecht 
(Dem  oft  sein  Werkzeug  rostet, 
Weil  er's  nicht  so  braucht 
Wie  es  vor  Dich  taugt) 
Arbeit,  dasz  es  raucht. 


Nun,  ich  verlasse  mich 
Auf  dein  Verdienst  und  Dich, 
Auf  dein  Blut  das  heisze, 
Das  Blut  vom  Seitenstich, 
4 


42  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

Das  helffe  mir  zum  Fleisze : 
Denn  auch  aller  Muth, 
Dasz  man's  seine  thut, 
Komt  von  deinem  Blut. 


10. 

Inzwischen  opfr'  ich  Dir 
Ein  Theil  der  Nachtzeit  hier, 
In  dem  offnen  Zelte 
Am  Indischen  Revier. 
O  !  dasz  es  vor  Dir  gelte  ! 
Doch  vors  Streiterthor 
Hat  das  Beterchor 
Alle  Nacht  dein  Ohr. 

ii. 

In  Harmonic  mit  dem 
Der  itzt  in  Bethlehem 
Priesteramtes  pfleget, 
Seyn  dir  die  Zehen  Stamm' 
Zuerst  ans  Herz  geleget. 
Ach  manch  armes  Schaaf 
Fiihlt  der  Gelbsuchtstraf, 
Die  sein  Volk  betraff ! 

12. 

In  Tulpehocken  brennt's 
Nun  rund  um  alle  Fence : 
Denn  die  Nationen 
Gehn  durch  dieselbe  Grenz' 
Zuriick  bin,  wo  sie  wohnen — 
Bringen  meinen  Pfad 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  43 

Mit  dem  Zeugenrad 
Bald  in  ihre  Stadt. 


Das  wird  als  denn  gescheh'n 
Wenn  Stissik  erst  beseh'n, 
Und  vor  diese  Horden 
Mit  sanftem  Lobgeton 
Dem  Lamm  gedanket  worden. 
Abratim,  Israel, 
Isd  V,  Hannes1  Seel 
Btirgt  die  Wundenhohl. 

14. 

Wenn  geht  der  Segen  an?  — 
Dort  liberm  Ocean 
1st  uns  eine  Schule 
Der  Heiden  aufgethan, 
Wo  auf  dem  Lehrerstuhle, 
Gott  der  Heil'ge  Geist, 
Manchen  unterweisst, 
Der  ins  Wilde  reist. 


O  mein  Herr  Jesu  Christ, 
Der  Du  so  willig  bist 
An  dem  Creuz  gestorben, 
Und  dasz  ein  Herrnhut  ist, 
Dem  Bethr  em  hast  erworben  ; 
In  dem  Streiterthor 
Sey  gelobt  davor 
Von  dem  Priesterchor. 


44 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

16. 

Das  Haus  Marienbom 
Des  mit  dem  spitzen  Dorn 
So  zerdroschnen  Hauptes, 
Das  hat  so  manches  Korn 
Gesaet,  und  beglaubt  es : 
Segne  seine  Saat ! 
Es  ist  in  der  That 
Dein  Novitiat. 

17- 

Vohr  zehen  Jahren  war 
Es  mit  der  Zeugenschaar 
So,  dass  itzo  hundert 
Vor  zehen  stehen  dar. 
Ich  ware  sehr  verwundert, 
Ja,  es  war  'mir  Weh, 
Wenn  ich  nun  nicht  eh' 
Tausend  Zeugen  sah' ! 

18. 

Des  Lammes  nachster  Freund, 
Der's  Lamm  in  allem  meint, 
Und  nichts  anders  predigt, 
Und  wenn  em  Herze  weint, 
Es  in  dem  Lamm  erledigt, 
Das  Jehovah  heisst, 
Sey  davor  gepreist, 
Herr  Gott,  heil'ger  Geist ! 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  45 


ZINZENDORF'S 

JOURNEY   TO    THE  MOHICAN  TOWN   OF  SHECOMECO* AUGUST 

10 AUGUST    31,   1742. 


ON  the  nth  of  August,  1742,  Count  Zinzendorf,  his 
daughter,  and  Anton  Seyffert,  left  Nazareth  for  Sheco- 
meco,  by  what  might  be  called  the  "overland  route," 
leading  almost  due  northeast  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
miles  to  Kingston,  on  the  Hudson. 

At  that  time  there  was  no  connection  by  road  between 
Lower  Smithfield,  in  Monroe  County,  the  Forks  of  Dela 
ware,  and  the  comparatively  populous  part  of  the  Province 
south  of  the  Lehigh.  The  great  highway  from  Philadelphia 
to  the  Forks  terminated  at  Nathaniel  Irish's  stone-quarry, 
near  Iron  Hill,  Saucon  Township.  All  above  this  was  new 
country.  The  Blue  Mountain  was  passable  only  with  diffi 
culty  at  three  depressions  or  gaps  in  that  part  of  its  barrier- 
like  extent  which  Zinzendorf  and  his  companions  would 
cross  in  their  course  to  the  Delaware,  at  the  Wind  Gap,  at 
Fox  Gap,  and  at  Tat's  Gap,  respectively  eleven,  five,  and 
two  and  a  half  miles  west  of  where  that  river  escapes  from 
the  Kittatinny.  An  old  Indian  trail  leading  into  the  Min- 
nisinks  led  over  the  mountain  through  the  latter.  Crossing 
at  the  Wind  Gap  (even  as  late  as  1750)  was  a  difficult  un 
dertaking, — although  the  presence  of  an  inn  near  there  at 
that  time  would  indicate  the  fact  of  its  having  become  a 
thoroughfare. 

*  Twenty  miles  southeast  of  Rhinebeck,  New  York. 


46  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

In  August  of  the  year  just  named,  the  Rev.  Henry  M. 
Muhlenberg  accompanied  his  father-in-law,  Conrad  Weis- 
ser,  to  Sopus,  and  in  his  journal  writes  as  follows:  "Aug. 
3,  we  rode  on  five  miles  above  Nazareth,  and  put  up  for  the 
night  at  a  tavern.  Aug.  9.  Early  in  the  morning  we  were 
in  our  saddles,  climbed  the  first  Blue  Mountain,  and  were 
compelled  in  its  ascent  to  lead  our  horses  several  miles 
over  rocks  and  stones."  It  is  not  improbable,  then,  that 
the  Count  and  his  fellow-travelers  followed  the  Indian  path 
that  led  through  Tat's  Gap.  This  ride  of  thirty  miles  to 
Depew's  Ford,  at  the  Delaware,  was  unquestionably  the 
most  fatiguing  part  of  the  journey  as  far  as  Rhinebeck;  for, 
after  crossing  that  river  into  the  Jersey  Minnisinks,  they 
struck  into  one  of  the  oldest  roads  in  the  country,  so  far 
inland,  and  no  natural  avenue  of  trade  and  intercourse. 
This  was  the  "old  mine-road,"  constructd,  it  is  said,  at  a 
very  early  day  by  Dutch  adventurers  from  Sopus,  who,  fol 
lowing  the  first  main  valley*  north  of  the  Shawangunk,  or 
"White  Hills,"  and  its  continuation  in  that  of  the  Mack- 
hackemack  branch  of  the  Delaware,  penetrated  the  Minni 
sinks  proper  east  of  that  river.  Here  they  discovered  cop 
per,  worked  a  mine,f  and  built  a  road  for  the  transportation 
of  the  ore  to  their  settlements  on  the  Hudson. 

It  was  by  means  of  communication  thus  opened,  that  the 
Dutch  now  seated  themselves  along  the  whole  extent  of  this 
beautiful  valley,  even  to  its  most  southerly  limit, — most 
numerously,  however,  on  the  Jersey  shore  of  the  Delaware. 

When  Nicholas  Scull,  surveyor,  for  the  first  time  visited 
the  Minnisinks  in  1 739,  he  was  surprised  to  find  unmistakable 
indications  of  very  early  settlement, — even  on  the  Penn- 


*  The  Mamakating  Valley. 

f  The  mine  was  opened  about  three  miles  northwest  from  Nicholas 
Depew's  house,  in  Walpack  Township,  Sussex  County  (now  Warren), 
New  Jersey. 


AND    THE  INDIANS.  47 

sylvania  side  of  the  river.  He  lodged  with  Mr.  Samuel 
Depew,  and  from  him  learned  the  history  of  the  mine- 
road,  along  which  the  latter  had  been  accustomed  for 
years  to  take  his  cider  and  grain  to  Kingston  to  market. 
The  names  of  Van  Etten,  Van  Aucken,  Van  Inwegen, 
Van  Campen,  and  Cortrecht,  still  prevailing  in  the  valley 
of  the  upper  Delaware,  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  Dutch 
that  came  down  the  mine-road,  and  opened  them  farms  and 
built  them  homesteads  in  the  historic  land  of  the  Monsey, 
or  Wolf  tribe,  of  the  Lenni-Lenape.* 


NARRATIVE   OF   A   JOURNEY   TO   SHECOMECO,  IN   AUGUST   OF 
1742. 

(Translated from  a  German  MS.  in  the  Archives  at  Bethlehem.} 

Communicated  to  the  Brethren  in  Europe  in  a  letter  written  by  Zinzen- 
dorf,  on  his  way  to  Wyoming,  dated 

SHAMOKIN,  THE  FEAST  OF  ANGELS  (MICHAELMAS), 

Saturday,  Sept.  29,  1742. 
SERVANTS  OF  THE  PRECIOUS  LAMB, — 

I  will  proceed  to  communicate  to  you  as  much  moref  as 
I  can  of  my  second  journey,  and  something  of  the  one  in 
which  I  am  now  engaged.  I  keep  no  diary,  and  have  no 
gift  for  narrative,  and  these  are  the  reasons  why  I  have 


*  John  Adams,  while  attending  Congress,  during  its  session  at  Phila 
delphia,  as  late  as  1800,  passed  down  the  "mine-road"  as  the  most 
eligible  route  from  Boston  to  that  city.  He  was  accustomed  to  lodge 
at  Squire  Van  Campen's,  in  the  Jersey  Minnisinks. — Information  from 
Mr.  Albert  G.  Brodhead,  of  Bethlehem. 

f  He  had  given  a  partial  account  of  the  journey  to  Shecomeco  in  a 
former  letter. 


48  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

failed  to  keep  the  dear  Brethren  at  Bethlehem  informed  of 
my  movements.  You  are  indebted  solely  to  this  day  of 
rest*  and  leisure  for  the  following  outpourings  of  my  heart 
in  reference  to  persons  and  things,  which  I  would  other 
wise  not  have  committed  to  paper.  As  I  remarked  before, 
I  have  no  faculty  to  relate,  being  inclined  to  forget  and  to 
repeat.  I  am  also  without  my  Secretary. f  You  will,  there 
fore,  excuse  imperfections,  and  allow  the  Brethren  Span- 
genbergj  and  Herman  to  select  what  they  think  proper  for 
communication.  Blessed  are  those  who  can  read  church 
intelligence  aright ! 

Aug.  10.  We  set  out  from  Bethlehem. § 

Aug.   ii.    Crossed   the   Blue   Mountain, ||  en   route  for 


*  It  was  Saturday,  and,  as  is  well  known,  the  Brethren  of  the  last 
century  observed  that  day  as  a  day  of  rest.  It  was  done  agreeably  to 
a  proposition  made  by  Zinzendorf  at  Bethlehem,  on  the  23d  of  June, 
1742,  in  which  he  expressed  himself,  in  reference  to  Saturday,  as  fol 
lows:  "The  observance  of  this  day  having  been  enjoined  on  men  by 
divine  command,  prior  to  the  giving  of  the  law,  is  obligatory  upon  us. 
Let  us,  therefore,  spend  it  in  quiet  and  in  communion  with  the  Saviour. 
The  Jews,  it  is  true,  observe  the  day ;  but  not  only  as  Jews, — also  as 
members  of  the  human  family." 

f  John  Jacob  Miiller,  the  Count's  amanuensis  during  his  stay  in 
America,  by  profession  a  portrait  painter,  from  Nuremberg,  united  with 
the  Brethren  at  Herrnhut  in  1740.  Remained  in  the  Count's  family 
until  1760.  In  that  year  he  was  ordained,  and  settled  at  Nisky.  De 
ceased  there  in  1781. 

J  Spangenberg  spent  the  greater  part  of  the  year  1742  in  London 
and  Yorkshire.  Quaere — John  Gothofred  Herman? — See  Benhani's 
Memoirs  of  James  Hut  ton,  p.  239. 

\  Bethlehem  Diarist  states  that  Zinzendorfs  traveling  companions 
were  Anton  Seyffert,  Benigna  von  Zinzendorf,  and  Anna  Nitschmann. 
The  latter  appears  to  have  gone  to  New  York,  and  thence  up  the  river 
as  far  as  Sopus. — See  Narrative,  farther  on. 

||  Quaere — At  the  Wind  Gap  ?  There  were,  however,  two  other  passes 
over  the  mountain. 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


49 


Sopus.*  The  road  tried  our  horses  severely.  We  were, 
however,  in  a  tranquil  frame  of  mind.  Anton  Seyffertf 
and  BenignaJ  were  the  principal  persons  in  the  company. 


*  Sopus.  "  Zopus  is  a  place  upon  Hudson's  River,  80  miles  distant 
from  New  Yorke ;  consists  of  5  small  towns,  whose  inhabitants  manage 
husbandry,  &  have  not  above  3,000  acres  of  manureable  land,  all  the 
rest  being  hills  and  mountains,  not  possible  to  be  cultivated." — Gover 
nor  and  Council  of  the  Province  to  William  of  Orange,  179 1-  Docii- 
mentary  History  of  New  York,  vol.  i.  p.  407. 

"About  1 8  German  miles  up  the  N.  River,  half-way  between  the 
Manhattans  and  Renselaer,  or  Beverwyck,  lies  a  place  called  by  the 
Dutch,  Esopus  or  Sypous ;  by  the  Indians,  Atkarkarton.  It  is  an  ex 
ceedingly  beautiful  place.  There  some  Dutch  inhabitants  have  settled 
themselves,  and  prosper  especially  well.  They  hold  Sunday  meetings, 
and  then  one  among  them  reads  something  out  for  a  postille." — See 
Letter  to  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam,  d.  15  August,  1657.  Ibid. 

Sopus  was  rich  in  horses.  Here  the  Dutch  quality  of  New  York, 
according  to  Diedrich  Knickerbocker,  bought  their  switch-tails ;  and 
hither,  says  the  Bethlehem  Diarist,  Matthias  Seybold  was  dispatched,  in 
August  of  1742,  to  purchase  four  working  horses  for  the  Bethlehem 
Family. 

f  Anton  Seyffert  was  one  of  the  nine  colonists  whom  Spangenberg 
led  to  Georgia  in  the  spring  of  1735,  where  the  Brethren  proposed 
establishing  themselves  with  the  view  of  missionating  among  the 
Creeks  and  Cherokees.  On  the  abandonment  of  the  project,  he  ac 
companied  Bohler  and  others  to  Pennsylvania  in  the  spring  of  1740, 
assisted  at  the  building  of  the  Whitefield  house,  and  at  the  settlement 
of  the  Allen  tract  (Bethlehem).  During  his  stay  in  America,  he  was 
the  Elder  of  the  congregation.  He  returned  to  Europe  in  April  of 

1745- 

J  Benigna  Henrietta  Justina  von  Zinzendorf,  oldest  daughter  of  the 
Count,  accompanied  her  father  on  many  of  his  journeyings  during  his 
stay  in  Pennsylvania.  Was  born  at  Berthelsdorf,  December  28th,  1725. 
In  the  spring  of  1742  she  was  engaged  in  a  school  which  the  Brethren 
had  opened  in  a  house  rented  of  Mr.  J.  Ashmead,  in  Germantown, 
for  the  Count  and  his  corps  of  assistants.  (See  a  letter  of  hers  to 
the  congregation  in  Europe,  Biidingen  Sammlung,  Part  xiii.  No.  19.) 


5o  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

In  the  evening  we  reached  the  bank  of  the  Delaware,  and 
came  to  Mr.  De  Pui's,*  who  is  a  large  landholder,  and 
wealthy.  While  at  his  house,  he  had  some  Indians  arrested 
for  robbing  his  orchard. 

Aug.  12  (Sunday}.   His  son  escorted  us  to  the  church,f 


In  1746,  she  married  John  M.  de  Wattewille.  In  1784,  she  accom 
panied  her  husband  on  a  visitation  to  the  Brethren's  settlements  in  the 
United  States.  Deceased  at  Herrnhut  May  nth,  1789. 

*  Samuel  De  Pui  (Depew)  was  settled  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Dela 
ware,  three  miles  above  the  Water-Gap,  prior  to  1730.  He  was  one 
of  the  Walloons  who  came  to  New  York  about  1697.  Rev.  H.  M. 
Muhlenberg,  who  lodged  at  his  house  in  1750,  states  he  had  been  Jus 
tice  of  the  Peace,  was  a  man  of  prominence  in  Smithfield,  and  at  that 
time  advanced  in  life.  The  river  is  fordable  at  the  head  of  Depew's 
Island,  a  little  above  the  house.  The  old  homestead  is  still  in  the  De- 
pew  family.  Nicholas,  one  of  Samuel's  sons,  is  well  known  in  pro 
vincial  history  between  1750  and  1770. 

Bro.  John  Brandmiiller,  who  was  commissioned  in  February  of  1 747 
to  visit  the  Walloons  in  the  townships  of  Sopus  and  New  Paltz,  west 
of  the  Hudson,  reported  on  his  return,  "  that  they  conducted  their  wor 
ship  partly  in  French,  had  a  lector,  and  used  the  Psalms ;  that  a  Dutch- 
Reformed  Dominie  preached  to  them  occasionally ;  that  they  had  in 
termarried  with  the  Dutch,  were  industrious  and  well  to  do,  and  had 
immigrated  to  New  York  fifty  years  ago." 

f  There  were  five  churches  in  this  neighborhood.  On  the  Pennsyl 
vania  side  of  the  river,  on  Depui's  land,  stood  the  Smithfield,  or  old 
Shawnee  church,  removed  about  1854.  On  the  New  Jersey  side,  about 
eleven  miles  north  of  Depui's,  in  the  Walpack  bend  of  the  Delaware, 
the  Walpack  church,  removed  in  1815.  Seven  miles  above  this  stood 
the  Skapenac,  an  octagon,  removed  prior  to  1818.  In  its  church-yard 
lie  the  remains  of  General  Harrison's  mother-in-law.  Twelve  miles 
farther  on  was  the  Minnisink  church ;  and  eight  miles  above  this,  in 
the  forks  of  the  Delaware  and  Neversink,  the  Mackhackemac,  removed 
about  the  time  Port  Jervis  was  settled, — some  forty  years  ago.  The 
last-named  four  churches  were  on  the  line  of  the  old  mine-road.  The 
distance  between  Depui's  and  Port  Jervis  is  thirty-eight  miles.  Zin- 
zendorf  visited  either  the  Walpac  or  the  Shapenac  church, — probably 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  51 

and,  in  course  of  conversation,  put  a  number  of  indifferent 
and  idle  questions  on  religious  subjects.  My  inability  to 
answer  him  gratified  rather  than  chagrined  me,  and  was,  I 
thought,  altogether  an  advantage  on  my  side. 

We  dismounted  at  the  church,  and  were  compelled  to 
listen  to  two  sermons,  which  wearied  us. 

In  the  morning  the  heat  had  been  overpowering.  In 
order  to  avoid  being  drawn  into  religious  controversy,  I 
went  into  the  woods  and  read  Josephus.  The  Dominie 
came  to  me  and  annoyed  me  with  questions  and  remarks. 
Although  my  curt  manner  provoked  him,  it  served  to  bring 
him  to  reflection,  and  he  sought  to  propitiate  me  after 
wards  by  riding  with  us  for  several  hours.*  He  is  the 
well-known  Caspar,  f  from  Zurich,  a  well-meaning  man, 


the  former.  After  service,  the  company  rode  on  perhaps  as  far  as  Min 
nisink,  nineteen  miles  beyond,  and  halted  there  for  the  night.  This 
would  allow  some  thirty-six  miles  for  the  next  day's  journey,  which,  we 
are  told,  brought  them  half  way  through  the  valley  west  of  the  Shaw- 
angunk, — the  distance  between  Port  Jervis  and  Kingston  being  upward 
of  fifty-four  miles. — Information  obtained  from  Mr.  Albert  G.  Brod- 
head,  of  Bethlehem. 

The  Brethren  preached  and  kept  a  school  in  the  upper  valley  of  the 
Delaware,  on  the  Jersey  shore,  in  1746  and  1747.  In  the  former  year, 
Joseph  Shaw  was  settled  at  Walpack.  Here  his  wife  deceased.  He 
also  preached  at  the  Minnisink  church,  and  on  one  occasion,  in  April 
of  1747,  had  a  promiscuous  audience  of  Swedes,  English,  Scotch, 
Irish,  Welsh,  Germans,  Walloons,  Shawanese,  Mohawks,  Delawares, 
and  Catawbas. 

*  Quaere — After  service,  at  the  Walpack  church  ? 

f  "In  1742,  Jno.  Caspar  Freymuth  returned  from  Holland,  whither 
he  had  been  sent  to  study  for  the  ministry,  and  took  charge  of  the  4 
churches  in  the  Minnisinks."  —  Stickney's  Hist,  of  the  Minnisink 
Region  of  Orange  Co.,  1867.  In  a  "  Naam-register  der  Predicanten 
der  Reformde  Kerk"  for  1744,  Johannes  Casparus  Fryenmoet,  is  en 
rolled  in  charge  of  the  churches  in  Menissink,  Machhakomach,  Wal- 
pek,  and  Smitsfield. — Doc^^mentary  History  of  New  York. 


52  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

I  must  confess, — one  of  the  so-called  "Convictionists," 
without  much  conviction,  however,  and  yet  efficient  for 
good  in  his  denomination. 

Aug.  13.  As  we  rode  along,  we  were  joined  by  a  man 
who  complained  of  the  burden  of  his  sins,  and  who  inquired 
,of  me  what  to  do  to  be  saved.  From  his  remarks,  during 
the  conversation,  I  failed  to  discover  any  solid  ground,  in 
his  religious  experience,  on  which  to  erect  an  abiding  super 
structure. 

On  passing  a  house,  a  female  stepped  out,  spoke  to  us, 
and,  after  the  interchange  of  a  few  words,  asked  us  to  dis 
mount,  adding  that  her  son,  she  knew,  would  be  pleased  to 
converse  with  us.  We  were  unable  to  gratify  her  wish,  as 
we  had  purposed  passing  the  Minnisinks,  and  through  half 
of  the  wilderness  beyond,  and  there  was  a  journey  of  thirty 
miles  before  us.  When  we  reached  the  house  that  stands 
in  the  heart  of  it,  night  had  already  set  in,  and  it  was  dark 
as  pitch. 

Aug.  14.  Set  out  early  in  the  morning;  rode  through  the 
remainder  of  the  wilderness,  and  reached  Mombach  and 
Marbletown.*  We  were  much  annoyed  by  ill-natured 
questions  that  were  put  to  us,  at  a  house  at  which  we  dis 
mounted.  Rode  on  through  Hurleyf  to  Sopus.  J  Here  we 


*  Passed  the  night,  perhaps  at  the  "  Jagd-house,"  half  way  between 
Port  Jervis  and  Kingston,  or  at  Emanuel  Pascal's. 

f  In  1784,  "  Dirck  Romein  was  pastor  of  Marbletown  and  Mom- 
bach"  Marbletown,  six  miles  west  of  Kingston,  on  the  old  mine- 
road,  was  the  birthplace  of  Daniel  Brodhead,  who  deceased  at  Beth 
lehem,  in  1755,  and  of  Rachel  (nee  Bogart),  widow  of  Isaac  Martens 
Ysselstein,  who  was  settled  on  a  farm  south  of  the  Lehigh,  when  the 
Brethren  came  into  the  Forks  of  Delaware,  in  1740. 

J  Hurley  was  a  township  of  Ulster  County  as  early  as  1728.  The 
present  village  of  that  name  is  a  post-town,  four  miles  west  of  Rondout. 
Conrad  Weisser,  in  his  Journal  to  Onondaga,  in  August  of  1750,  gives 
the  following  stations  and  distances  : 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


53 


met  Sr  Anna*  and  Christian  Fronlichf  and  his  wife.  I  dis 
patched  Christian  to  the  Delawares,  J  to  be  with  them  at 
their  festival,  and  retained  Mary. 

In  the  afternoon,  we  resumed  our  journey,  crossed  the 
North  River,  and  halted  for  the  night.  The  people  here 
regarded  us  as  saints. 

Aug.  15.  At  noon  we  reached  Bro.  Jacob  MauTs,§  in 
Rhinebeck.  Having  rested,  we  set  out  for  Shecomeco, 
and,  after  riding  through  an  almost  impenetrable  swamp, 
came  to  our  journey's  end  at  i  o'clock  in  the  morning  of 
the  i6th.|| 


Aug.  17.  Came  to  Nazareth. 

"    1 8.  To  Niklas  Depuy,  in  Smithfield,  on  Delaware,      39  miles. 
"    19.     "  Henry  Cortrecht,  at  Menissing,  25      " 

"    20.     "   Emanuel  Pascal,  "  the  Spaniard]'  35      " 

"    21.     "  King's-town  (Sopus),  44      " 

*  Anna  Nitschmann. — See  her  Memoir  elsewhere  in  these  papers. 

f  Christian  Frohlich,  from  Felsburg,  in  Hesse,  came  to  Pennsylvania 
in  1741,  and  joined  the  Brethren  on  the  Whitefield  tract.  Missionated 
among  the  Delawares  in  Capt.  John's  village.  (See  his  letter,  Part 
viii.  No.  u,  Biidingen  Sammlung.)  July,  1742,  married  Mary  Esther 
Robins.  Went  to  Europe,  and  returned  in  1744.  Again  among  the 
Delawares,  and  also  at  Pachgatgoch.  1750-1752,  on  St.  Thomas.  On 
his  recall,  remained  in  New  York,  and  for  upwards  of  twenty  years 
managed  the  sugar-refinery  of  P.  V.  B.  Livingston.  Deceased  at  Beth 
lehem,  April  5th,  1776.  A  confectioner  by  trade,  in  which  capacity 
he  was  some  time  in  the  Zinzendorf  family. 

%  The  Delawares  in  Capt.  John's  village,  on  the  Nazareth  tract. 
Quaere — Which  of  the  five  great  feasts  annually  observed  by  that  nation  ? 

\  One  of  the  Palatines,  who  had  immigrated  to  New  York  in  1710, 
under  the  auspices  of  Queen  Anne. 

||  The  site  of  the  Indian  village  was  about  two  miles  south  of  the 
village  of  Pine  Plains  (Duchess  County,  New  York),  near  "  the 
Bethel"  in  the  valley  of  the  Shecomeco,  a  small  stream,  which,  rising 
near  "Federal  Square"  runs  in  a  northerly  direction,  and  falls  into 
Roelif  Janserfs  Kill,  in  Columbia  County. 

On  the  5th  of  October,  1859,  the  Moravian  Historical  Society  erected 


54 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF 


Bro.  Rauch  lodged  us  in  his  hut  for  the  night,  and  on 
the  i  yth  we  occupied  the  house  that  had  been  built  for  us. 
I  was  delighted  with  it ;  it  was  a  perfect  palace  of  bark, 
and  furnished  with  a  table  and  writing  materials  for  my 
special  convenience.  My  seat  was  on  the  ground.  Here 
we  lodged  eight  days,  and,  although  it  rained  almost  con 
tinuously,  and  we  underwent  numerous  internal  conflicts, 
our  dear  Indians  had  clear  sky  overhead,  and  rejoiced  us 
each  day  anew.  They  are  Mohicans,  a  confessedly  worth 
less  tribe  of  Indians. 

The  Maquas,  who  belong  to  the  Six  Nations  of  the  Iro- 
quois,  are  their  neighbors,  and  the  acknowledged  head  of 
that  great  Confederacy,  although  their  passion  for  strong 
drink,  by  making  them  hopelessly  indolent,  has  rendered 
them  unworthy  of  the  distinction.  They  are  one  division 
of  the  Indians  with  whom  I  ratified  a  covenant  at  Tulpe- 
hocken,*  whither  I  had  turned  at  the  close  of  my  journey 
into  the  Indian  country,  drawn  by  an  irresistible  power, 
which  I  followed  in  strong  faith,  although  I  knew  neither 
why  nor  wherefore. 

The  Mohicans,  although  naturally  fierce  and  vindictive, 
and  given  to  excessive  drinking,  are  tender-hearted,  and 
susceptible  of  good  impressions.  When  our  pale-faced 
Bro.  Rauch  first  came  among  them,  they  regarded  him  as 
a  fool,  and  threatened  his  life.  But  after  his  recital  of  the 
Saviour's  sufferings  had  made  a  powerful  impression  upon 
the  most  abandoned  of  their  number  (an  impression  which 
allowed  him  peace  neither  day  nor  night,  until  he  ex 
perienced  the  preciousness  of  grace),  the  work  of  the  Lord 
proceeded,  and  others  were  moved. 

All  the  machinations  of  his  mother-in-law,  who  sought  to 


a  granite  block  over  Biittner's  grave,  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Edward 
Hunting. 

*  August  3,  1742. 


AND    THE  INDIANS.  55' 

perplex  him,  were  unsuccessful,  although  they  proved  effect 
ual  in  causing  his  wife  and  daughter  to  vacillate.  This  brand 
snatched  from  the  fire,  is  no  longer  Tschoop,*  but  John, 
and  is  an  esteemed  teacher  among  his  people.  Abraham, 
Isaac,  and  Jacob,  who,  you  recollect,  were  baptized  at 
Oley,f  were  appointed  to  offices  in  the  mission — Abraham 
elder,  Jacob  exhorter,  and  Isaac  sexton. 

The  four  are  in  all  respects  incomparable  Indians,  and 
men  of  God.  When  met  in  conference  on  affairs  of  the 
mission,  they  deliberated  in  a  manner  which  astonished  us. 
I  confess  that  at  times  I  felt  pity  for  these  poor  people, 
whose  imperfect  language  is  inadequate  for  the  expression 
of  their  new  experiences,  and  of  their  views  and  wishes,  as 
assistants  in  the  Saviour's  work.  Our  language  is  divine  in 
comparison  with  theirs,  and  yet  how  unsatisfactorily  can 
we  give  utterance  to  the  emotions  and  aspirations  of  our 
hearts ! 

The  result  of  our  deliberations  while  at  Shecomeco,  was 
the  adoption  of  the  following  resolutions,  viz.: 

1.  To   mark   out   a  new  plan   of  operations   for  Bro. 
Rauch.  J 

2.  To  preach  the  gospel  to  the  whites  of  the  neighbor 
hood,  and  gather  a  congregation  from  them. 

3.  To  organize  our  Mohicans§  into  a  congregation. 


*  Wasamapah,  alias  Tschoop,  baptized  by  the  missionary,  Christian 
Henry  Rauch,  at  Shecomeco,  April  16,  1742.  Deceased  at  Bethlehem, 
August  27,  1746. 

|  In  Mr.  John  de  Turck's  barn,  February  22,  1742,  by  Christian  H. 
Rauch. 

J  Quaere — His  exploration  of  the  Mohawk  country,  and  visit  to 
Canajoharie,  or  his  recall  to  Bethlehem? 

\  This  was  done  on  the  22d  of  August,  after  the  missionary  Rauch 
had  baptized  the  Indians  Kaubus,  Kermelok,  Harris,  and  the  wives  of 
Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Harris,  who,  in  baptism,  were  called  respectively 


5 6  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

4.  To  contract  a  marriage  between  Jeannette  Rau*  and 
Bro.  Mack,  to  which  union  we  have  her  father's  consent. 

5.  To  visit  Conrad  Weisser.  f 

6.  To  employ  Benigna  and  Jeanette  in  the  Indian  mis 
sion. 

7.  To  baptize  twelve  Indians. 

8.  To  appoint  native  assistants  in  the  infant  congregation 
here. 

9.  To  take  with  us  on  our  return  to  Bethlehem,  Gabriel,  J 


Timothy,  Jonas,  Thomas,  Sarah,  Rebecca,  and  Esther.  These  ten  con 
stituted  the  first  congregation  of  Christian  Indians,  in  charge  of  the 
Brethren. 

*  Daughter  of  John  Rau,  a  Palatine  farmer  in  the  neighborhood,  at 
whose  house  Bro.  Rauch  had  been  entertained  on  his  arrival  among 
the  Mohicans  in  1740.  He  deceased  in  July  of  1768,  and  was  buried 
at  the  English  meeting-house  in  "  The  Oblong,"  by  Bro.  Francis 
Bohler,  at  that  time  stationed  at  Sichem. 

f  John  Conrad  Weisser  (father  of  the  interpreter)  immigrated  to  New 
York  in  1710,  and  along  with  his  countrymen  from  the  Palatinate,  was 
first  settled  on  Livingstone  Manor.  Thence  he  removed  to  the  Mo 
hawk  country.  In  1743,  he  was  again  residing  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Hudson,  within  half  a  day's  journey  of  Shecomeco,  as  appears  from 
the  following  entry  in  Blittner's  diary, — "  May  4th,  1743,  visited  old 
C.  W.  and  returned  in  the  evening."  In  1746,  soon  after  his  removal 
to  Tulpehocken,  he  deceased  at  his  son's  house.  Weisser,  while  in 
the  Mohawk  country,  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  his  countrymen  in  re 
sisting  the  encroachments  of  large  Dutch  landholders  in  Albany,  who 
eventually  necessitated  the  Palatines  to  vacate  their  farms,  and  migrate 
elsewhere.  Some  of  these,  following  the  course  of  the  Susquehanna 
southward,  and  passing  up  the  Swatara  and  Tulpehocken  Creeks,  settled 
along  those  streams  in  1723. 

J  Gabriel,  alias  Wanab,  and  Nanhan,  alias  Tassawachamen,  Mohican 
catechumens,  were  baptized  at  Bethlehem  on  the  I5th  September  fol 
lowing,  the  first  by  Zinzendorf,  the  second  by  the  missionary  Biittner, 
receiving  in  baptism  the  names  of  David  and  Joshua,  respectively.  This 
was  the  first  baptism  of  Indians  at  Bethlehem,  and  performed  in  the 
chapel,  on  the  upper  floor  of  the  "  Gemein-house,"  next  the  Moravian 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


57 


Nanhan,  and  Abraham's  son.  Techtanoah,  John's  daughter, 
will  not  accompany  us,  as  she  is  entertaining  an  offer  of 
marriage. 

10.  To  explore  Albany*  and  New  England. 

11.  To  confer  with  Abraham,  Isaac,  Jacob,  and  John, 
on  our  method  of  laboring  among  the  heathen,  and  on  its 
object,  which  is  not  the  indiscriminate  acquisition  of  large 
numbers,  but  the  admission  into  the  congregation  of  souls 
that  have  been  renewed  to  life  in  Christ. 

12.  To   commend    the  awakened    Indians   here  to   the 
blessing  of  the  Lamb,  and  to  inform  them  of  the  course  we 
design  to  pursue  in  their  case. 

13.  To  consider  the  propriety  of  admitting  a  son  and  a 
second  daughter  of  John  Rau  into  our  communion,  and  of 
appointing  them  to  labor  among  the  class  of  Indians  just 
named. 

14.  To  take  a  public  farewell. 

I  shall  never  forget  my  stay  here,  and  when  we  parted, 
it  was  with  sadness  and  regret,  though  with  mutual  assur 
ances  of  the  tenderest  love. 


church.  The  two  accompanied  the  Count  as  far  as  Shamokin  on  his 
second  journey  to  the  Indian  country. 

*  Albany.  The  County  of  Albany  at  that  time  embraced  all  of  New 
York  State  north  of  Ulster,  and  eastward  as  far  as  Vermont.  The 
heart  of  this  extensive  tract  was  the  Valley  of  the  Mohawk,  or  the  Mo 
hawk  country.  Here  Rauch  and  Pyrlaeus  visited  the  Indians  in  1743. 
Ranch  was  at  Schoharie  and  Canajoharie.  Pyrlaeus,  in  order  to  per 
fect  himself  in  the  Mohawk  (which  he  had  been  studying  at  Conrad 
Weisser's),  resided  for  some  time  with  Rev.  Henry  Barclay,  near  Fort 
Hunter,  and  next  at  Canajoharie. 

To  the  Indians  here,  Mr.  Barclay  had  been  appointed  Catechist  in 
1735.  He  deceased  1764,  while  Rector  of  Trinity  Church,  New  York. 
The  Brethren  never  effected  a  settlement  in  the  Mohawk  country, 
although  their  missionaries  visited  their  towns  or  castles  as  late  as 
1750. 

5 


5 8  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

On  the  24//J  of  August  we  set  out  on  our  return  home, 
crossed  Stissing  Mountain,  penetrated  the  wilderness  be 
yond,  and  reached  Rhinebeck.  Here  we  found  Maul's 
family  down  with  dysentery.  Jeannette  was  taken  sick,  and 
was  an  invalid  to  the  end  of  the  journey. 

Aug.  25.  Crossed  the  North  River.  Sopus  being  the 
Sodom  of  New  York,  we  resolved  to  pass  through,  and  not 
spend  Sunday  within  its  borders.  This  prolonged  our 
journey  into  the  night,  and  we  barely  succeeded  in  finding 
lodgings  on  the  other  side  of  Hurley. 

Aug.  26  (Sunday).  I  spent  the  whole  day  out  of  doors, 
and  although  I  kept  by  myself  in  the  woods,  I  nevertheless 
got  into  difficulty.  It  was  beyond  my  control  to  escape  what 
the  people  here  were  determined  to  inflict  upon  me.  For 
in  the  evening,  as  Benigna  and  myself  were  writing  by 
candlelight  in  our  lodgings,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  came 
into  the  room,  and  forbade  us  in  the  King's  name.  He 
then  left  in  a  storm  of  rage.  Next  morning  at  5  o'clock 
(we  were  scarcely  out  of  bed)  a  Constable  sent  by  him 
arrested  me,  Benigna,  and  Anton,  and  led  us  back  to  Hur 
ley.  Here  we  were  examined  by  the  Justice  in  public ;  and 
without  a  proper  hearing  were  convicted,  and  fined  i8s. 
for  Sabbath-breaking.  He  then  dismissed  us,  with  manifest 
regret  that  it  \vas  not  in  his  power  to  impose  a  severer  pun 
ishment.  I  really  believe  it  would  have  afforded  the  people 
extreme  pleasure  to  have  seen  us  bound  as  scoffers  of  God 
and  the  King,  and  taken  down  to  New  York.  One  of  our 
Indians,  on  being  asked  whether  he  wished  to  look  on  at 
the  examination,  rejoined,  saying,  "Why  should  I  look  on 
at  such  a  malicious  proceeding?"  This  answer  vexed  the 
bystanders. 

Aug.  27.   Reached  Minnisink. 

Aug.  28.  Came  to  the  Delaware,  across  which  we  swam 
our  horses.  Anna,  as  usual,  took  the  lead. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  59 

Aug.  29.  Jeannette  was  seriously  indisposed,  and  scarcely 
able  to  bear  up.  We,  however,  pushed  our  way  through  the 
wilderness,  crossed  the  Blue  Mountain,  and  after  nightfall 
reached  Nazareth.  Here  we  designed  leaving  Jeannette  with 
the  English*  Brethren  and  Sisters.  She,  however,  accom 
panied  us,  on  the  3ist,  to  Bethlehem. 

DEPOSITION — Biidingische  Sammlung,  Part  xv.  No.  18. 

"On  the  26th  of  August,  1742,  about  9  o'clock  A.M.  we, 
the  undersigned,  and  three  Mohican  converts,  sat  down 
near  a  thicket,  a  short  distance  on  the  other  side  of  Hurley. 
Soon  after,  our  Brother  von  Thurnstein  came  to  us  out  of  the 
woods,  and  asked  us  whether  we  intended  traveling  farther. 
•We  told  him  we  thought  of  doing  so.  Hereupon,  he  earn 
estly  advised  us  to  lay  over,  reminding  us  that  it  was  Sun 
day,  that  the  Presbyterians  took  offence  at  Sunday-travel, 
and  that  on  this  account  he  had  thought  proper  to  make  a 
halt.  From  regard  to  him,  we  did  as  he  bade  us.  He  re 
mained  the  greater  part  of  the  day  in  the  woods  (as  was  his 
custom),  although  it  rained  incessantly,  and  about  candle 
light  returned  to  the  house  where  we  were  lodging.  Seeing 
his  daughter  Benigna  seated  at  a  table,  he  handed  her  a 
poem  on  the  Indians  he  had  composed  a  few  days  ago, 
and  asked  her  to  copy  it.  She  being  unable  to  do  it  at 
once,  he  engaged  in  conversation,  and  spoke  with  much 
feeling  of  God's  gracious  dealings  with  the  Economy  at 
Halle,  in  the  welfare  of  which  institution  he  always  took 
a  lively  interest. 

"In  the  midst  of  the  discourse,  a  messenger  entered  the 

*  The  English  Brethren,  Powels,  Hussey,  Turner,  Yarrel,  Rice,  etc. 
who  had  come  on  the  Catharine  in  June,  were  organized  into  a  congre 
gation,  and  settled  at  Nazareth.  David  Bruce  was  their  Elder.  This 
organization  was  temporary. 


60  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

room,  and  inquired  whether  any  one  of  the  company  pres 
ent  had  known  the  late  Isaac  Ysselstein,  of  the  Forks  of 
Delaware.  As  Dominie  von  Thiirnstein  had  had  little  ac 
quaintance  with  him,  and  as  he  was  always  averse  to  en 
gaging  in  any  conversation  with  people  on  Sunday,  he 
referred  the  inquirer  to  Dom.  A.  Seyffert.  Dom.  von 
Thurnstein  now  handed  the  poem  to  his  daughter  to  copy, 
and  at  the  same  time  began  to  write  in  his  memorandum. 

"Although  he  expressly  requested  that  no  one  should  dis 
turb  him  that  day,  several  persons  nevertheless  entered  the 
room  and  sat  down.  It  was  always  left  for  him  to  conduct 
the  religious  discussions  which  usually  followed  the  arrival  of 
obtrusive  visitors;  but  on  the  present  occasion  he  confined 
himself  to  his  writing,  appearing  disinclined  to  speak  in  the 
presence  of  the  Indians,  who  all  understood  Low  Dutch. 
Accordingly,  he  took  no  part  in  the  conversation  (there 
being  some  five  or  six  of  us,  enough  to  answer  all  ques 
tions)  until  he  was  addressed  personally.  He  had  just 
finished  his  memoranda,  and  the  Countess  had  completed 
the  copying,  when  one  of  the  visitors,  who  appeared  to  be 
the  leader,  remarked  to  him  that  he,  the  Dominie,  seemed 
to  be  very  industrious.  'Not  at  all,'  said  the  latter,  add 
ing,  at  the  same  time,  that  he  was  merely  noting  down 
a  few  thoughts.  To  this  the  man  rejoined,  saying  that  it 
was  Sunday.  Hereupon,  Dom.  von  Thurnstein,  wishing 
to  avoid  useless  controversy,  observed  that  probably  they 
differed  in  their  religious  views,  but  that,  according  to  his 
belief,  such  writing  as  he  had  been  engaged  in  was  not 
unlawful  on  Sunday.  'The  King,'  said  the  other,  'has 
ordered  that  Sunday  be  strictly  kept  in  every  particular, 
even  in  the  face  of  the  religious  liberty  which  prevails  in 
the  land.' 

"This  remark,  as  well  as  the  speaker's  statement  that  he 
was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  had  spoken  in  the  King's 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  6 1 

name,  induced  the  Dom.  to  address  a  letter  to  the  Gover 
nor  in  New  York,  in  which  he  related  what  had  happened. 

"  He  took  this  step  with  the  presumption,  that  in  case  the 
Justice  were  acting  illegally  in  the  premises,  it  would  bring 
him  to  reflection;  in  case,  however,  his  course  was  lawful, 
the  Governor's  indorsement  of  it  would  screen  himself  and 
his  followers  from  slanderous  reports.  As  often  as  this 
letter  was  presented  to  the  Justice  for  delivery,  he  persist 
ently  returned  it  with  coarse  invective;  and  early  next 
morning,  as  we  were  about  to  resume  our  journey,  a  Con 
stable,  sent  by  him,  came  to  the  house,  and  arrested,  with 
his  tipstaff,  first,  the  Countess  Benigna,  and  next,  Dom.  A. 
Seyffert.  Dom.  von  Thiirnstein  accompanied  them  without 
compulsion,  and  hence  the  officer  need  not  have  touched 
him  with  his  staff,  and  made  a  formal  arrest.  What  else 
transpired,  these  deponents  say  not. 

"We  learned  subsequently  that  the  three  were  fined  for 
Sabbath-breaking,  despite  their  protestations  of  innocence; 
that  the  Justice  had  alleged  the  Dominie's  incivility  to  him 
on  the  previous  night  as  the  cause  of  the  arrest,  and  that  he 
had  returned  the  letter  written  to  the  Governor  for  the  last 
time,  in  a  passion  and  with  threats'. 

"The  bystanders  on  asking  our  Indians,  after  the  arrest, 
whether  they  wished  to  be  present  at  the  examination,  the 
latter  replied,  that  they  took  neither  interest  nor  pleasure 
in  such  a  malicious  proceeding. 

"Above  deposition,  although  not  made  before  a  magis 
trate,  we,  the  undersigned,  eye-witnesses  of  the  occurrences 
therein  stated,  affirm  to  be  strictly  true. 

N.  N.  and  N.  N." 


62  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 


ZINZENDORF'S  NARRATIVE 

OF    A    JOURNEY    FROM    BETHLEHEM    TO    SHAMOKIN,    IN    SEP 
TEMBER  OF   1742. 


Dated  SHAMOKIN, 

September  29,  1742. 

CONRAD  WEISSER*  finally  concluded  to  be  my  guide  to 
the  Shawanese  country. 


'"  Conrad  Weisser,  for  more  than  twenty  years  acting  interpreter  to 
the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  1696,  in  Wurtemberg.  'In 
1710  he  accompanied  his  parents  to  America,  with  a  colony  of  Pala 
tines,  who  immigrated  to  New  York  under  the  auspices  of  Queen  Anne, 
and  who  were  settled  in  a  body  on  Livingston  Manor,  in  Columbia 
County,  for  the  production  of  naval  stores.  In  1713  the  Weisser  and 
150  other  families  removed  to  Scoharie,  in  the  Mohawk  country,  where 
young  Conrad  was  schooled  in  the  language  which  enabled  him  later 
in  life  to  render  invaluable  services  to  the  Proprietaries'  governors  of 
Pennsylvania.  In  1729  he  followed  his  countrymen  to  the  Swatara 
and  Tulpehocken,  whither  numbers  of  them  had  removed  a  few  years 
before,  and  here  he  began  a  farm  in  Heidelberg  Township,  Berks 
County.  His  fluency  in  Mohawk  recommended  him  to  the  notice  'of 
the  Proprietaries'  agents,  and  by  special  request  of  deputies  of  the  Six 
Nations,  met  in  conference  with  Governor  Patrick  Gordon,  at  Phila 
delphia,  in  1732,  he  was  by  him  appointed  Interpreter  for  that  Con 
federation.  From  this  time  his  career  was  identified  with  the  history 
of  the  Province  in  all  its  relations  with  the  Indians.  In  1734  he  was 
appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  in  the  old  French  War  com 
missioned  Colonel  of  all  forces  raised  west  of  the  Susquehanna.  A 
few  years  before  his  death  he  removed  to  Reading,  and  while  on  a 
visit  to  his  farm  in  Heidelberg,  in  July  of  1760,  deceased,  and  was 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  63 

I  now  proceed  in  the  first  place  to  state  my  object  in 
undertaking  the  present  journey,  and  will  then  relate  some 
of  its  incidents. 


buried  in  the  family  grave-yard  near  Womelsdorf.  The  following  in 
scription,  copied  from  his  tombstone,  is  the  only  memorial  that  has,  as 
yet,  been  erected  to  perpetuate  the  remembrance  of  Pennsylvania's 
efficient  Interpreter  to  the  Indians  : 

Dieses  ist  die 
Riihe  Staette  des 

WeyL    Ehren  geachteten  M.  Conrad  Weisser. 

Derselbige  ist  geboren  1696,  den  2  November, 

in  Astaedt  in  Amt  Herrenberg,  ini 

Wnertemberger  Lande,  und gestorben 

1760,  den  13  Juliiis,  ist 

alt  ivor den  63  Jahr, 

8  Monate,  13  Tage. 

Weisser's  connection  with  the  Brethren  dates  from  the  time  of  Span- 
genberg's  sojourn  among  the  Schwenkfelders  of  Towamensing  Town 
ship,  Montgomery  County,  in  1736.  In  that  year,  the  two  met  for  the 
first  time  ;  and  the  information  the  interpreter  gave  him  of  the  degraded 
condition  of  the  Indians,  led  Spangenberg  to  present  their  case  to  the 
Brethren  abroad,  as  one  deserving  special  consideration.  The  result 
of  this  appeal  was  Christian  Henry  Rauch's  commission.  Zinzendorf, 
soon  after  his  arrival  in  Pennsylvania,  repaired  to  Tulpehocken  to 
profit  from  Weisser's  knowledge  and  experience,  and  to  enlist  his  co 
operation  in  the  movement  he  proposed  to  inaugurate  among  the 
Indians.  In  1743  he  visited  Shecomeco.  In  1745  he  accompanied 
Bishop  Spangenberg  to  Onondaga.  Although  disinclined  to  unite  with 
the  Brethren,  not  sympathizing  with  them  in  all  their  views  and  pro 
jects,  he  was  a  warm  friend  of  their  mission,  and  a  contributor  to  the 
Society  organized  at  Bethlehem  in  1745  for  its  maintenance.  We 
annex  the  following  letter  written  to  one  of  its  Trustees,  dated 

HEIDELBERG,  February  15,  1746. 

"  DEAR  BRO.  BROWNFIELD, — 

"  It  is  long  since  I  received  yours  of  December,  with  the  enclosed 
account  of  the  Society  for  the  furtherance  of  the  gospel.  I  am  obliged 


64  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

Hitherto  I  have  felt  no  freedom  to  operate  directly  upon 
the  Iroquois  in  their  seats,*  as  I  have  been  unable  to  discern 
any  promising  indications  or  signs  of  grace  among  them,  ex 
cepting  in  the  case  of  a  few  individuals.  Their  intercourse 
with  the  French  and  English  has  not  been  for  good.  In 


to  you  for  the  trouble  therein  taken  in  sending  me  a  copy.  I  have 
been  very  little  at  home  since  the  receipt  thereof.  You  will  therefore 
be  pleased  to  excuse  my  delay  in  writing  you  an  answer,  which  I  will 
do  by  this  opportunity. 

"  I  desire  you  will  let  the  Committee  know  that  according  to  the 
Eleventh  Article  in  the  plan  of  the  Society,  I  will  contribute  there 
unto  (I  mean  toward  the  furtherance  of  the  gospel  among  the  Indians 
of  North  America),  and  deliver  or  send  my  contribution  accord 
ingly. 

"  By  your  letter  I  understand  that  the  Society  is  likewise  to  be  em 
ployed  for  the  service  of  the  white  people  in  general ;  for  which  service 
I  have  nothing  to  contribute  nor  to  say.  For  it  may  be  properly  said 
of  them  what  Paul  says  in  Rom.  x.  18.  The  method  made  use  of  in 
preaching  the  gospel  in  our  days  to  the  white  people  has  only  divided 
them  more  into  parties  and  sects  without  any  reformation,  in  my  judg 
ment.  Every  party  has  given  sufficient  proof  that  it  seeks  its  own,  and 
not  the  interest  of  Christ  Jesus.  However,  as  to  the  poor  Indians,  it  may 
be  properly  said  of  them  what  Paul  says  in  the  recited  chapter,  verses 
14-17,  and  therefore  I  assure  you,  that  nothing  shall  be  wanting  that 
lies  in  my  power  to  promote  the  good  design  of  the  Society  among 
these  poor  heathens.  May  the  great  God  be  pleased  to  send  true 
laborers  among  them  by  whom  their  souls  may  be  brought  to  Christ 
Jesus,  to  whom  be  worship  and  glory  for  evermore. 

"  I  salute  you  very  heartily,  and  am  desirous  to  be  and  remain  your 
well-known 

"  True  friend  and  Brother, 

"  CONRAD  WEISSER." 

*  The  Mohawks,  originally  restricted  to  the  valley  of  the  river  that 
bears  their  name,  extended  their  seats  in  virtue  of  conquest,  from  Lake 
Champlain  to  the  sources  of  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  Rivers. 
The  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  Cayugas,  and  Senecas,  respectively,  lived 
west  of  them,  and  south  of  Lake  Ontario.  The  Tuscaroras  had  no 
country  of  their  own. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  65 

addition  to  the  vices  of  civilized  life  they  have  thus  acquired, 
I  find  they  have  adopted  erroneous  views  of  religion.  I 
must  therefore  be  extremely  prudent,  in  order  to  succeed 
in  effecting  any  good  among  them.  They  will  be  apt  to 
infer  from  my  speech,  and  from  my  connection  with  these 
two  nations,  that  I  am  one  of  the  same  sort  of  people, — 
which  I  am  not.  The  Dutch  in  Japan  are  afraid,  and  I 
among  the  Indians  am  ashamed,  to  pass  for  a  European 
Christian. 

With  these  considerations,  I  told  the  Iroquois  distinctly 
in  my  first  interview  with  them,*  that  I  had  a  different 
method  from  those  who  came  to  instruct  them  in  religion, 
and  begged  them  to  have  patience  with  me,  in  case  I  failed 
at  once  to  preach  long  sermons.  I  remarked  furthermore 
that  I  was  specially  and  intimately  acquainted  with  the 
Great  Spirit,  and  asked  them  finally  to  permit  me  and 
the  Brethren  simply  to  sojourn  in  their  towns,  as  friends, 
and  without  suspicion,  until  such  time  as  we  should  have 
mutually  learned  each  other's  peculiarities.  I  defined  my 
position  and  my  object  in  this  manner,  so  as  to  avoid  being 
regarded  by  them  as  a  Don  Quixotef  in  religion ;  and 
also  so  as  not  to  bind  myself  by  any  positive  engagement. 

The  six  confederate  tribes  of  the  Iroquois, — the  Maquas, 
Onondagas,  and  Senecas  (these  are  called  Fathers,  and 
some  of  them  are  at  times  cannibals), J  and  the  Cayugas, 


*  at  Conrad  Weisser's  house,  August  3,  1742. 

f  It  is  a  singular  coincidence  in  the  use  of  terms,  that  James  Logan, 
in  a  letter  to  a  friend,  expresses  himself  in  these  words :  "  He  (the 
Count)  has  lately  been  visiting  the  Iroquois.  In  short,  he  appears  a 
mere  knight-errant  in  religion,  and  scarce  less  than  Don  Quixote  was 
in  chivalry." 

J  "  It  happened  this  year  (1625)  that  the  Mohicans  being  at  war  with 
the  Maquas  (Mohawks),  requested  to  be  assisted  by  the  commander  of 
Fort  Orange  and  six  others.  Commander  Knickebeck  went  up  with 


66  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

Oneidas,  and  Tuscaroras  (who  are  called  Children),  are 
to  all  outward  appearance  admirable  hypocrites,  and  on 
account  of  their  indomitable  pride,  as  remote  from  Jesus 
as  the  heavens  are  distant  from  the  earth.  Therefore  I 
concluded  to  operate  upon  them  indirectly,  and  not  to  visit 
"their  castles  or  towns,  but  rather  to  go  to, 

i.  Shamokin^  which  is  80  miles  from  Tulpehocken,  and- 


them  a  mile  from  the  fort,  and  met  the  Maquas,  who  peppered  them 
so  bravely  with  a  discharge  of  arrows,  that  they  were  forced  to  fly, 
leaving  many  slain,  among  whom  were  the  commander  and  three  of 
his  men.  Among  the  latter  was  Tymen  Bouwensz,  whom  they  de-( 
voured,  after  having  well-cooked  him," — From  Wassenaer's  Historie 
van  Eiiropa.  Amsterdam,  1621-1632. 

"  In  the  beginning  of  July,  1676,  those  Indians  who  were  known  by 
the  name  of  Mauguawogs,  or  Mohawks,  i.e.  man-eaters,  fell  on  Philip 
of  Pokanoket,  and  killed  forty  of  his  men." 

*  Shamokin,  situated  a  short  distance  below  the  Forks  of  the  Sus-, 
quehanna  on  its  north  branch,  was,  in  consequence  of  its  commanding 
position,  the  most  important  Indian  town  in  the  Province  of  Penn 
sylvania.  The  Six  Nations  held  this  as  a  strategic  point  at  an  early 
day,  and  made  it  the  seat  of  a  Viceroy,  who  ruled  for  them  the  tribu 
tary  tribes  that  dwelt  along  the  waters  of  the  "  Winding  River."  It 
is  mentioned  by  name  in  the  Colonial  Records,  first  in  1728.  Here 
the  Iroquois  warriors,  on  their  return  from  predatory  expeditions 
against  the  Cherokees  and  Catawbas,  would  make  a  halt  and  hold 
carousals  for  the  last  time  before  reaching  Onondaga.  Conrad  Weisser 
visited  the  town  in  March  of  1737.  Martin  Mack  and  his  wife  were 
the  first  missionaries  sent  hither  by  the  Brethren.  Mack,  in  his  auto 
biography,  notices  his  stay  here  thus  :  "  In  Sept.  of  1745,  my  wife  and 
I  were  sent  to  Shamokin,  the  very  seat  of  the  Prince  of  'darkness. 
During  the  four  .months  we  resided  there,  we  were  in  constant  danger, 
and  there  Avas  scarcely  a  night  but  we  were  compelled  to  leave  our 
hut,  and  hide  in  the  woods,  from  fear  of  the  drunken  savages." 

David  Brainerd  visited  Shamokin  in  the  same  year,  reaching  there 
on  the  I3th  of  September,  and  in  his  journal  writes  :  "The  town  lies 
partly  on  the  east  and  the  west  shores  of  the  river,  and  partly  on  the 
island.  It  contains  upwards  of  50  houses,  and  -300  inhabitants.  The 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  67 

the  residence  of  the  King*  of  the  Delawares,  and  of  the 
Oneidaf  viceroy.  The  latter  virtually  maintains  the  bal- 

Indians  of  this  place  are  accounted  the  most  drunken,  mischievous, 
and  ruffian-like  fellows  of  any  in  these  parts ;  and  Satan  seems  to  have 
his  seat  in  this  town  in  an  eminent  manner.  About  one-half  are  Dela 
wares,  the  others  Senecas  and  Tutelars." 

In  the  summer  of  1747,  the  Brethren,' at  the  chief  Shikellimy's  re 
quest,  built  a  smithy  at  Shamokin,  and  on  the  i8th  of  August/Anton 
Schmid,  from  Bethlehem,  was  formally 'introduced  by  Christian  H. 
Rauch  to  the  Indians  met  in  council-  as  the  blacksmith  of  the  village. 
They  called  him '  Rachiistoni.  September  1 6,  John  Hagen  deceased 
here,  and  was  buried  in  the  turnip-patch  near  the  mission-house. 
Mack,  Post,  Pyrlaeus,  Zeisberger,  and  other  Brethren  labored  here 
until  the  abandonment  of  the  station 'in  October  of:i755.  •  In  1756, 
Fort  Augusta  was  built,  one  mile  above  Shamokin.  Sunbury,  the 
county  town  of  Northumberland,  occupies  the  site  of  the  old  Indian 
village. 

*  Allummapees,  or  Sassoonan,  was  King  of  the  Delawares  as  early 
as  1718,  and  in  that  year  headed  the  deputation  of  Indian  chieftains  at 
Philadelphia  who  signed  an  absolute  release  to  the  Proprietaries /bir 
the  lands  situate  between  Delaware  and  Susquehanna,  --from  'Duck 
Creek  to  the  mountains  on  this  side  Lechay,  which  lands  had  been 
granted  by  their  ancestors  to  William  Penn. 

In  1728  he  had  removed  "from  on  Delaware  to  Shamokin. V, 
"The  Delaware  Indians  last  year  (1746)  intended. a  visit  to  .Phila 
delphia,  but  were  prevented  by  Allummapees'  sickness/ who  is  still 
alive,  but  not  able  to  stir.  They  will  come  down  this  year,  some  time 
after  harvest.  Allummapees  has  no  successor  of.  his  relations,  and  he 
will  hear  of  none  so  long  as  he  is  alive,  and  none  -of  the  Indians  -care, 
to  meddle  in  the  affair.  Shikellimy  advises  that  the  government  should 
name  Allummapees'  successor,  and  set  him  up  by  their  authority;  that  at 
this  critical  time  there  might  be  a  man  to  apply  to,  since  Allummapees 
has  lost  his  senses,  and  is  uncapable  of  doing  anything." — C.  Weisser's 
Report  to  Anthony  Palmer,  June,  1747. 

While  David  Brainerd  was  instructing  the  Delawares  at  Sakhauwo- 
tunv,  in  the  Forks  of  that  river,  in  the  truths  of  Christianity  (between 


f  Shikellimy,  father  of  Logan.     (See  later.} 


68  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

ance  of  power  between  the  different  tribes  of  Indians,  and 
between  the  Indians  and  the  whites,  in  North  America, 
acting  agent  for  the  Iroquois  Confederacy  in  all  affairs  of 
state  and  war. 

2.    Otstonwakin,*  where  Madame  Montour,  an  Indian izecl 
French  woman  from  Quebec,  resides ;  and — 


May  of  1744  and  February  of  1746),  he  visited 'Shamokin  annually. 
In  September  of  1745,  he  writes  from  that  town:  "Visited  the  Dela 
ware  King  (Allummapees)  who  was  supposed  to  be  at  the  point  of 
death  when  I  was  here  in  May  last.  Discoursed  with  him  and  others 
about  Christianity.  He  appeared  kindly  disposed,  and  willing  to  be 
instructed." 

In  1747,  Allummapees,  together  with  Shikellimy,  took  part  in  the 
treaty  with  the  Brethren  concerning  the  erection  of  a  smithy  at  their 
town.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  deceased.  "  Allummapees  is  dead," 
writes  Weisser  to  Peters,  in  October  of  1747.  "  Lapappiton  is  al 
lowed  to  be  the  fittest  to  succeed  him,  but  he  declines.  He  is  afraid 
he  will  be  envied,  and  consequently  bewitched  by  some  of  the  In 
dians." 

"  Allummapees  would  have  resigned  his  crown  before  now,  but  as 
he  had  the  keeping  of  the  public  treasure  (that  is  to  say  of  the  Counsel 
Bagg),  consisting  of  Belts  of  Wampum,  for  which  he  buys  Liquor,  and 
has  been  drunk  for  this  2  or  3  years  almost  constantly,  it  is  thought 
he  won't  die,  so  long  as  there  is  one  single  wampum  left  in  the  bagg. 
Lapappiton  is  the  most  fittest  person  to  be  his  successor.  He  is  an 
honest,  true-hearted  man,  and  has  very  good  natural  sense ;  he  is  also 
a  sober  man,  between  40  or  50  years  of  age,  and  well  esteemed  among 
his  country  people  and  others." — C.  Weisser  to  fi.  Peters,  July  20, 
1747- 

Teedyuscung  was  made  King  of  the  Delawares,  west  of  the  moun 
tains,  in  the  spring  of  1756. 

*  Otstonwakin,  or  "  French  Town."  Written  also  Olstuago,  Otsne- 
hage,  and  Otsluacky,  by  Weisser,  who  visited  the  town  for  the  first  time 
in  February  of  1737.  "It  is  so  called"  (he  writes  in  his  journal), 
"  from  « a  high  rock'  which  lies  opposite.  We  quartered  ourselves  with 
Madame  Montour,  a  French  woman  by  birth,  of  good  family,  but  now 
in  mode  of  life  a  complete  Indian."  The  village  lay  on  both  sides  of 


AND    THE   IXDIAXS.  69 

3.  Skehandowana?  100  miles  from  Otstomvakin,  the  seat 
of  the  nation  of  the  Shawanese,  who  are  confederates  of  the 


the  mouth  of  the  Loyal  Lock  (the  Olstuago),  which  coming  down  from 
the  northeast  here  empties  into  the  West  Branch.  Weisser's  last  visit  to 
Otstonwakin  was  in  June  of  1755.  The  village  was  at  that  time  almost 
deserted.  It  is  not  noted  down  on  Scull's  Map  of  1759.  Montours- 
ville,  in  Lycoming  County,  occupies  its  site,  and  perpetuates  the  name 
of  Madame  Montour. 

*  Skehandowana.  One  of  the  names  of  Wyoming  Valley.  The 
first  allusion  to  this  Indian  Eldorado,  which  lay  in  the  heart  of  an 
almost  limitless  territory  that  the  Iroquois  had  made  their  own  by 
conquest  in  pre-historic  times,  is  on  record  in  the  minutes  of  a  confer 
ence  held  by  Governor  Gordon  with  Indians  from  the  Susquehanna, 
at  the  great  meeting-house  in  Philadelphia,  in  June  of  1728.  On  this 
occasion,  the  Delaware  King  (Allummapees)  stated  "  that  the  Minni- 
sinks  lived  in  the  Forks  of  Susquehanna,  above  Meehayomy"  Again, 
September  2,  1732.  Metaguantagechty,  the  speaker  added,  "that 
having  now  ended  all  they  have  to  say,  they  must  request  to  be  helped 
on  their  journey  homewards  (to  Onondaga)  with  horses,  from  Tulpe- 
hocken  to  Meehayomy.'1'' 

According  to  Heckewelder,  Wyoming  is  a  corruption  of  APcheu- 
wami,  a  Delaware  word  signifying  large  plains. 

It  almost  appears  as  if  Wyoming  (written  also  Wyomen,  Wyomink, 
Wyomik]  were  the  English  approximation  to  the  Indian  Meehayomy. 
The  word  M'cheuwami  does  not  occur  in  the  records  of  transactions 
between  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  Indians.  Conrad 
Weisser  uses  the  name  Skehandowana  in  a  narrative  of  a  journey 
to  Onondaga,  undertaken  in  February  of  1737.  On  his  return  from 
the  great  capital  he  writes,  under  date  of  April  26,  1737  :  "  We  reached 
Skehandowana,  where  a  number  of  Indians  live, — Shawanos  and  Ma- 
hickanders.  Found  there  two  traders  from  New  York,  and  three  men 
from  the  Maqua  country,  who  were  hunting  land;  their  names  are 
Ludwig  Rasselman,  Martin  Dillenbach,  and  Piet  de  Niger.  Here  there 
is  a  large  body  of  land,  the  like  of  which  is  not  to  be  fotind  on  the 
river."  Writing  to  Governor  Morris,  in  December  of  1755,  Weisser 
reports  that  the  Indians  with  whom,  he  had  conferred  at  John  Harris's 
Ferry,  had  told  him  that  the  French  were  influencing  the  Delawares 
living  at  Nescopec,  half-way  from  Shamokin  to  Schandowana,  or  Wy- 


yo 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF 


Iroquois,  and  a  people  wholly  ignorant  of  and  averse  to 
Christians  and  Christianity.     Here  there  are  also  villages 


omick.  In  a  speech  made  by  deputies  of  the  Six  Nations  at  a  meeting 
with  Sir  William  Johnson,  in  July  of  the  above-mentioned  year,  the 
speaker  said,  "  the  land  which  reaches  down  from  Oswego  to  Scha- 
handoTvana,  we  beg  may  not  be  settled  by  Christians." 

There  were  Indian  towns  at  different  times  on  both  sides  of  the  river. 
The  Shawanese,  with  whom  Zinzendorf  desired  to  treat,  had  their 
cabins  on  the  flats  west  of  the  Susquehanna, — now  the  site  of  Ply 
mouth,  or  Shawnee.  Near  the  northern  limit  of  the  valley,  on  the 
same  side  of  the  river,  was  a  village  inhabited  principally  by  Mohicans. 
In  1751,  some  Nanticokes,  outliers  of  the  tribe,  which  had  migrated 
from  Maryland,  and  settled  at  the  mouth  of  the  Juniata  in  1742,  were 
residing  in  the  lower  part  of  the  valley,  on  the  eastern  shore.  The  Six 
Nations  continued  to  guard  this  favorite  spot  with  jealous  care  until  its 
evacuation,  in  1756,  by  the  mixture  of  Indians  who  were  residing  there 
with  their  consent.  Up  to  this  time  they  reiterated  their  request,  and 
stated  their  determination  "  that  these  lands  should  not  be  settled,  but 
reserved  for  a  place  of  retreat  to  such  as  in  this  time  of  war  and  con 
fusion  between  the  French  and  English  might  be  obliged  to  leave  their 
habitations ;  and  that  there  was  no  part  of  their  lands  that  lay  so  con 
venient  as  Wyomink  for  a  number  to  live  together."  And  in  Decem 
ber  of  I754>  their  viceroy,  John  Petty  Shikellimy,  complained  to  Gov 
ernor  Morris,  "  that  some  foreigners  and  strangers  who  live  on  the 
other  side  of  New  York,  and  have  nothing  to  do  in  these  parts,  are 
coming  like  flocks  of  birds  to  disturb  us  in  our  possession  of  them." 

In  February  of  1756,  an  Indian  scout  reported  to  government  that 
there  were  three  towns  in  the  valley, — one  inhabited  by  Delawares, 
another  by  Shawanese,  and  a  third  by  Six  Nation  Indians,  Chikasaws 
and  Mohicans.  At  this  time  it  was  Teedyuscung's  head-quarters. 
Three  months  afterwards,  he  and  his  Indians  left  for  Diahoga. 

Pursuant  to  a  request  made  by  the  Delaware  King  at  a  treaty  held 
at  Easton  (July  25 — August  7,  1757),  that  government  would  assist 
him  and  his  people  in  making  a  settlement  in  Wyoming,  instructing 
them  how  to  build  houses,  etc.  (Prov.  Records,  vii.  678),  Governor 
Denny  appointed  John  Hughes,  Edward  Shippen,  James  Galbraith, 
and  Charles  Beaty,  Commissioners  "  to  construct  a  fort  there,  and  build 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  7! 

inhabited  exclusively  by  Mohicans,  besides  a  mixed  popula 
tion  of  Indians. 

At  the  first  place  I  designed  making  a  short  stay ;  at  the 
second  I  proposed  sojourning  eight  days;  and  at  the  third 
about  three  weeks;  my  object  being  to  see  and  learn  the 
condition,  of  the  Indians  there,  and  to  try  what  could  be 
done  for  the  Saviour,  without  exposing  myself  rashly  to 
dangers. 

The  Six  Nations  of  the  Iroquois  are  admirable  warriors  in 
their  way, — faithful  as  friends,  but  .implacable  as  foes;  and 
yet  even  in  the  latter  relation  they  act  honorably.  If,  for 
instance,  the  ambassador  of  a  hostile  tribe  which  has  vio 
lated  national  law,  appear  before  the  great  Council  at  Onon- 
daga,  he  pays  the  penalty  of  his  presumption  by  suffering 
summary  death.  If,  however,  he  first  apply  to  the  Senecas, 
— who  control  all  matters  of  war, — they  either  furnish  him 
with  an  escort  to  the  capital,  or  else  reprimand  him  as  fol 
lows:  "Your  people  have  been  guilty  of  an  unpardonable 
offence  in  murdering  our  ambassador.  We  could  retaliate 
by  taking  your  life,  but  this  would  be  base.  Begone,  there 
fore,  to  your  country.  There  we  will  meet  you,  and  chas 
tise  you." 

These  Indians  perpetuate  the  memory  of  their  heroes  in 
heroic  poems,  which  are  so  accurately  handed  down  orally, 


as  many  houses  as  shall  be  necessary  for  the  present  residence,  security, 
and  protection  of  the  Indians  from  their  enemies." 

In  the  spring  of  1758,  "  Teedyuscung's  town"  was  finished.  It 
stood  a  little  below  the  site  of  Wilkesbarre.  Scull's  Map  of  1759 
notes  it  Wioming.  This  was  the  last  Indian  settlement  in  the  historic 
Valley  of  the  Five  Nations.  Here  Teedyuscung  was  burnt  in  his 
lodge  on  the  night  of  the  iQth  of  April,  1763,  and  hence  the  Indians 
fled  in  October  of  the  same  year,  after  having  struck  the  last  blow  for 
the  possession  of  the  "  Great  Plains,"  when,  on  the  I5th  of  the  month, 
they  fell  upon  the  whites,  who  a  year  before  had  come  from  Connec 
ticut,  and  built  and  planted  upon  their  "perpetual  reserve." 


7 2  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

that  it  is  impossible  for  any  one  to  boast  of  feats  which  he 
has  not  performed.  The  Black  Prince*  of  Onondaga  is  a 
terrible  savage.  On  one  occasion  he  broke  into  the  stock 
aded  castle  of  the  enemy,  scalped  the  inhabitants,  and 
escaped  unhurt.  While  on  a  visit  to  Colonel  Nicolls,  one 
of  the  colonel's  servants  poured  water  on  him.  With  a 
thrust  of  his  knife,  the  enraged  Indian  stabbed  the  man  in 
the  stomach,  so  that  he  fell  dead  at  his  feet.  Straightway 
he  informed  Nicolls  of  what  had  occurred.  "This  act," 
said  the  latter,  "would  be  regarded  a  capital  offence  in 
Europe?"  "With  us,"  retorted  the  Prince,  "trifling 
with  a  warrior,  is  regarded  a  capital  offence,  and  hence  I 
slew  your  man.  If  death  is  decreed  me,  here  I  am ;  do 
with  me,  according  to  your  laws."  The  Prince  is  still 
living. 

My  dear  Caxhaytonf  is  still  a  member  of  the  great 
Council  at  Onondaga.  I  will  give  you  an  instance  of  the 
equitable  manner  in  which  this  body  of  legislators  admin 
isters  justice.  It  was  through  them  that  the  difficulties 
which  Captain  JohnJ  had  raised  about  our  right  to  the 
Nazareth  tract,  were  satisfactorily  adjusted.  We  had 
offered  to  buy  his  claim.  This  Governor  Thomas  forbade 
us  to  do,  as  something  had  transpired,  which  in  that  case 
would  implicate  government.  John  and  other  Indians 
who  like  him  were  squatters,  having  leagued  together,  in 
formed  the  Proprietaries  that  they  would  not  abandon  their 
settlements,  that  they  would  defend  themselves  in  case  an 
attempt  were  made  to  eject  them,  adding  that  the  Six  Na 
tions  were  pledged  to  sustain  them.  Some  time  after  this 


*  Qucere — The  Black  Briar,  mentioned  by  Conrad  Weisser  as  a 
Sachem  at  Onondaga  in  1745  ? 

f  A  private  counsellor  of  Cannassatego,  Sachem  of  the  Onondagas. 

J  Captain  John,  a  Delaware,  son  of  old  Captain  Harris,  of  Pocopoco, 
and  half-brother  of  Teedyuscung. 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


73 


(it  was  in  June),  Sachems  of  the  Onondagas,  Senecas,  and 
Tuscaroras  came  to  Philadelphia.  There  were  no  Maquas 
present.  In  treaties  relative  to  the  sale  of  lands  they  sel 
dom  take  part,  as  they  have  long  since  bartered  away  for 
rum  their  interest  in  the  estates  of  the  Confederacy.  The 
deputies  brought  complaint  against  the  government  of 
Maryland  for  the  remissness  of  the  whites  in  that  colony  in 
paying  for  lands  taken  by  them  from  the  Indians.*  This 
induced  Gov.  Thomasf  to  write  to  Annapolis ;  J  whence,  in 
consequence  of  his  representation,  an  ambassador,  em 
powered  by  that  government  to  render  satisfaction,  was 
sent  to  Shamokin.  The  Governor  next  brought  before  the 
consideration  of  the  Sachems  the  case  of  Captain  John  and 


*  "  We  have  further  to  observe,"  continued  Canassatego,  "  with  re 
spect  to  the  lands  lying  on  the  west  side  of  the  Susquehanna,  that 
though  brother  Onas  has  paid  us  for  what  his  people  possess,  yet 
some  parts  of  that  country  have  been  taken  up  by  persons  whose  place 
of  residence  is  to  the  south  of  this  Province,  from  whom  we  have 
never  received  any  consideration.  You  will  inform  the  person  whose 
people  are  seated  on  our  lands,  that  that  country  belongs  to  us  in  right 
of  conquest.  We  have  bought  it  with  our  blood,  and  taken  it  from 
our  enemies  in  fair  war;  and  we  expect,  as  owners  of  that  land,  to 
receive  such  a  consideration  for  it  as  the  land  is  worth.  We  desire 
you  will  press  him  to  send  us  a  positive  answer.  Let  him  say  yes  or 
no ;  if  he  says  yes,  we  will  treat  with  him ;  if  no,  we  are  able  to  do 
ourselves  justice,  and  we  will  do  it  by  going  to  take  payment  on  our 
selves." — Minutes  of  Provincial  Council,  July  7,  1742. 

f  George  Thomas,  "  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  Province  of  Penn 
sylvania  and  of  the  Counties  of  New  Castle,  Kent,  and  Sussex,  on 
Delaware,"  for  the  Proprietaries,  John  and  Thomas  Penn,  from  June, 
1738,  to  June,  1747,  in  which  year  he  returned  to  England. 

J  "  It  was  the  opinion  of  the  Board  that  the  Governor  write  to  Gov. 
Ogle,  of  Maryland,  without  delay,  to  inform  him  of  the  Indians'  com 
plaint  and  threats,  and  to  request  a  satisfactory  answer,  and  that  his 
letter  be  sent  by  a  special  messenger  at  the  public  expense." — Mimttes 
of  Provincial  Council,  July  8,  1742. 

6 


74  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

others.  After  having  examined  the  drafts  and  deeds  of 
purchase,  and  having  satisfied  themselves  that  the  lands  in 
dispute  had  been  justly  bought,  they  summoned  the  Dela- 
wares  to  appear  and  answer  for  their  intrusion.  The  latter 
alleged  in  defense  that  the  English  had  deceived  them,  that 
they  had  cheated  them  out  of  their  lands,  and  were  treating 
them  like  dogs,  adding,  that  they  would  retaliate.  Here 
upon  the  Iroquois,  addressing  the  Delawares,  said : — 
"  Cousins,  you  are  a  contentious  people.  The  lands  have 
been  justly  bought  of  us  by  the  English.  You  have  no 
right  to  them,  and  we  order  you  to  leave.  Brother  Onas* 
allotted  seats  to  you  on  the  other  side  of  the  Blue  Mountain. 
But  even  there  some  of  you  have  given  us  trouble.  You 
are  all  children,  devoid  of  understanding,  and  unable  to 
govern  yourselves.  Therefore  we  now  order  you  to  come 
up  to  Shamokin,  where  you  will  be  under  our  immediate 
oversight."  The  Delawares,  hereupon,  asked  time  for  con 
sideration  ;  and  a  few  weeks  ago  an  ambassador  from  them 
arrived  here  and  brought  the  following  reply:  "Uncles, 
you  spoke  the  truth  when  you  said  that  we  were  children, 
devoid  of  understanding,  and  unable  to  govern  ourselves. 
We  confess  that  we  do  not  know  what  to  do,  and  what  not 
to  do,  and  that  we  need  fathers  and  guardians  to  watch 
over  and  counsel  us.  We  thank  you  for  your  reproof,  and 
next  spring  we  will  come  here  and  occupy  the  lands  you 
promised  to  give  us." 

Friday,  September  21,  1742.     We  met  in  conference  at 
Bethlehem,  in  the  course  of  which  Brother  Antonf  installed 


*  Onas. — "  Onas,  signifying  a  quill,  in  the  language  of  the  Five 
Nations,  is  the  name  they  give  the  Governors  of  Pennsylvania,  since 
it  was  first  settled  by  William  Penn." — Minutes  of  Provincial  Council, 
September  10,  1722. 

f  Anton  Seyffert. 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


75 


Huber*  into  the  office  of  Vice-elder.  We  concluded 
Benigna  had  better  not  accompany  us,  as  the  journey  was 
likely  to  be  fatiguing  and  dangerous.  After  having  taken 
affectionate  leave  of  her,  of  Anton,  and  of  Rosina,f  we  set 
out,  and  took  the  road  to  Tulpehocken,J  keeping  between 
Long  Swamp§  and  the  Oley  Hills.  ||  We  rode  on  until 
late  at  night.  Before  we  reached  our  place  of  destination 
it  grew  dark  as  pitch,  and  riding  became  very  difficult.  I 


*  John  Michael  Huber,  from  the  Tyrol,  came  to  Pennsylvania  with 
the  first  colony  of  Brethren  in  June  of  1742.  Lost  at  sea  in  a  hurri 
cane  on  the  passage  to  St.  Thomas,  in  October  of  1747,  along  with  the 
missionaries  Joseph  and  Mary  Shaw. 

f  Rosina,  wife  of  Bishop  David  Nitschmann,  came  to  America  with 
Zinzendorf  in  December  of  1741.  She  was  appointed  Eldress  of  the 
Bethlehem  congregation  in  June  of  1742. 

J  Tulpehocken  originally  comprised  the  lands  lying  along  the  creek 
of  that  name,  now  in  the  counties  of  Berks  and  Lebanon.  It  is  here  used 
to  designate  Heidelberg  Township,  in  which  Conrad  Weisser  resided. 

|  Long  Swamp,  now  a  township  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Berks 
County.  It  is  noted  on  Scull's  map  of  1759. 

||  The  Oley  Hills  are  a  continuation  of  the  South  Mountain,  and 
terminate  at  Reading.  Oley  (Swedish  ?),  also  called  Malothon,  Moletten, 
Molatton  (now  a  township  of  Berks  County,  west  of  the  Manatawny], 
was  settled  by  the  Swedes  prior  to  1700.  About  1712  the  De  Tiircks, 
the  Bertolets,  the  De  Levans,  the  De  Langs,  and  other  French  Hugue 
nots  from  Esopus,  took  up  farms  in  Oley.  With  these,  and  also 
with  John  and  Henry  Leimbach  and  other  families,  the  Brethren 
became  acquainted  through  Eschenbach.  As  Oley  was  within  his 
circuit,  Zinzendorf,  on  his  first  tour  through  the  German  settlements 
southwest  of  Bethlehem,  preached  there,  in  Mr.  John  Bertolet's  house, 
on  second  Christmas,  1741. 

In  1745  a  school  for  boys  and  girls  was  opened  by  the  Brethren 
on  the  farm  of  John  Leimbach.  In  1750  a  building  for  that  purpose 
was  erected  by  them,  and  dedicated,  in  December  of  the  year,  by 
Gottlieb  Pezold.  In  July  of  1751  the  school  was  discontinued.  The 
house  is  said  to  be  still  standing.  Several  of  the  Leimbachs  removed 
to  Moravian  settlements  in  North  Carolina  in  1765. 


76 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF 


was  struck  on  the  cheek  and  on  the  left  eye  by  the  limb 
of  a  tree,  and  several  of  the  Sisters  fell  from  their  horses. 
No  one,  however,  was  seriously  injured.  At  last  we  entered 
the  borders  of  Oley,  and  reached  Brother  Biirstler's*  house. 
As  the  family  were  in  bed  and  asleep,  we  awakened  them  by 
singing  "  Herr  Zebaoth"^  whereupon  they  recognized 
their  visitors,  and  gave  us  a  hearty  reception. 

Sept.  22.  Came  as  far  as  Henry  Leimbach's.J  Here  we 
laid  over,  as  I  was  expecting  the  Elder, §  and  as  it  was 
Saturday.  I  retired  into  my  private  apartment  to  attend  to 

*  Jacob  Burstler,  a  Palatine.  In  1747  he  had  102  acres  of  land  on 
the  Lehigh  Mountain  patented  him  by  the  three  Penns.  This  he  sold 
to  the  Brethren  in  1749.  Still  residing  in  Oley  in  1755,  in  the  spring 
of  which  year  his  wife  came  to  Bethlehem  to  instruct  the  girls  of  "  Ihe 
Family"  in  the  manufacture  of  straw  hats, 
f  «  Herr  Zebaoth  ! 

Du  wahrer  Gott  der  Kreatur ! 

Gott,  Schopfer  der  Natur ! 

Gott,  der  die  ganze  Welt  erhalt ! 

Und  was  verdarb 

Mit  Blut  erwarb 

Und  heiliget, — 

Sey  von  uns  angebet ! 

"  So  wahr  Du  lebst, 
Und  dich  erhebst  auf  Cherubim, 
Und  blendst  die  Seraphim, 
Und  der  Jehova  bist  und  Christ ; — 
So  bleibt  dein  Blut 
Das  hochste  Gut 
Der  Siinderschaar ; — 
Du  bist  uns  alles  gar!" 

"  Hymnus  der   Genuine  zu  Bethlehem,  mit  der  See-Gemeine  vol- 
lendet?  June  13,  1742. 

J  Henry  Leimbach  accompanied  the  Count  and  his  companions  as 
far  as  Otstonwakin. 
\  Anton  Seyffert. 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


77 


correspondence  and  to  official  business,  although  I  was  in 
disposed,  as  I  had  been  since  leaving  Bethlehem.  We 
fitted  Sr.  Molther*  out  for  Europe,  confirmed  Pyrlaeus'st 
appointment  to  Philadelphia,  J  and  Biittner's§  to  Shecomeco. 
I  had  a  long  and  edifying  conversation  with  Antes, ||  who 
had  come  specially  to  see  me,  about  our  work  in  general. 


*  Johanna  Sophia  Molther,  wife  of  Philip  H.  Molther,  who  at  this 
time  was  laboring  in  England  with  Spangenberg.  She  had  come  to 
America  with  Anna  Nitschmann  in  December  of  1740,  to  aid  Andrew 
Eschenbach  in  the  cause  of  home  missions  among  the  destitute  German 
immigrants.  Deceased  at  Herrnhut  in  1800. 

f  John  Christopher  Pyrlaeus. 

J  As  minister  of  the  gospel  among  the  Lutherans. 

\  Buttner  left  Bethlehem  for  his  new  field  on  the  4th  October,  1742. 

||  Henry  Antes,  wheelwright  and  farmer  in  "  Falkner's  Swamp," 
now  Frederic  Township,  Montgomery  County,  became  acquainted  with 
the  Brethren  through  Spangenberg,  while  the  latter  was  residing  at 
Christopher  Wiegner's,  in  Skippack,  between  1736  and  1739.  Until 
his  decease  in  1755,  Mr.  Antes  maintained  friendly  relations  with  the 
Brethren,  and  for  five  years  (1745-1750)  resided  with  his  family  at 
Bethlehem.  Here  he  was  intrusted  with  the  secular  affairs  of  the 
settlement, 'superintending  the  erection  of  buildings  and  mills  both  at 
that  pl^ce,  on  the  Nazareth  tract,  and  at  the  Mahoning  Station.  His 
farm  and  house  were  in  the  mean  time  rented  by  the  Brethren,  and 
the  latter  used  as  a  school  for  boys.  So  great  was  the  confidence  they 
reposed  in  him,  that  they  had  the  deeds  to  their  first  purchases  of  lands 
drawn  up  in  his  name,  they" being  prevented,  as  foreigners,  from  having 
any^gal  title  to  them.  In  1752  he  accompanied  Bishop  Spangenberg 
on  a  tour  of  exploration  into  the  wilds  of  North  Carolina.  He  deceased 
on  his  farm  on  the  2Oth  of  July,  1755.  A  number  of  official  Brethren 
from  Bethlehem  attended  his  funeral,  and  Spangenberg,  in  the  course 
of  the  services,  bore  public  testimony  to  the  Christian  worth  of  the 
pious  layman  of  Frederic  Township.  His  children  were  educated  at 
the  schools  of  the  Brethren.  Margaret,  a  daughter,  accompanied  Zin- 
zendorf  to  Europe  in  January  of  1743,  and  was  married  to  Benjamin 
Latrobe  at  Herrnhut  in  April  of  1756.  John,  a  son,  united  with  the 
Brethren  at  Bethlehem  in  1752,  and  entered  the  service  of  his  adopted 


7g  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

Sept.  23.  Antes  preached  with  unction.  After  service  we 
set  out  for  Tulpehocken.  On  the  way  we  concluded  that 
Bohler  should  accompany  us.  The  Indian  Joshua  resolved 
to  go  with  us  also.  As  we  were  riding  along  we  met  Weis- 
ser,  accompanied  by  an  English  Justice  of  the  Peace  and 
an  Anabaptist  preacher.  The  latter  plied  me  with  curious 
questions,  which  I  declined  answering.  I  came  to  the  con 
clusion  that  the  Baptists  are  the  Inquisitors  of  Christianity. 
Conrad  pointed  out  a  remarkable  spring,*  the  largest  in 
this  section  of  country,  covering  an  acre  of  ground,  and 
fifteen  feet  deep.  It  drives  a  mill  at  its  very  outlet. 

In  Tulpehocken  I  had  a  slight  contest  with  Satan  about 
the  sacraments.  A  fierce  fight  was  imminent,  but  a  few 
hours  removed  the  occasion  of  offence.  I  changed  my  plan 
in  reference  to  Meurer,f  and  felt  dispirited.  His  hearers 


church.  Pursuant  to  a  call  to  Cairo,  he  started  for  London  in  the 
spring  of  1769.  Here  he  embarked  for  Alexandria.  At  Cairo  he  met 
the  missionaries  Hocker  and  Danke,  awaiting  a  favorable  season  for 
an  entrance  into  Upper  Egypt,  where  they  designed  to  missionate 
among  the  Copts.  The  intelligence  which  the  traveler  Bruce  brought 
to  them,  on  his  return  from  Abyssinia  in  1773,  of  the  implacable  ani 
mosity  of  the  Copts  against  all  Christians,  discouraged  them  from 
making  any  attempt  in  that  field.  In  1781,  John  Antes  was  recalled 
to  Europe.  He  deceased  at  Bristol,  England,  December  n,  1811. 

*  Sinking  Spring,  five  miles  southwest  of  Reading. 

f  John  Philip  Meurer,  from  Alsace,  came  to  Pennsylvania  in  June  of 
1742.  Succeeded  G.  Biittner  in  the  ministry  among  one  party  of  Lu 
therans,  who  had  requested  Zinzendorf  on  his  first  visit  to  Tulpe 
hocken,  in  February  of  1742,  to  supply  them  with  a  pastor.  In  1745 
left,  and  labored  in  the  gospel  successively  in  Donegal,  Lebanon,  along 
the  Swatara,  in  York,  Oley,  Salzburg,  and  Lynn.  Deceased  at  Beth 
lehem  in  April,  1760.  The  log-church  at  which  the  Brethren  at  first 
preached  in  Tulpehocken  had  been  built  about  1730,  and  was  four 
miles  from  Weisser's  house.  In  1744  they  erected  a  place  of  worship 
on  Tobias  Bockel's  farm,  which  was  consecrated  in  April  of  1745  by 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


79 


presume  to  rank  him  equal  with,  and  even  superior  to  Biitt- 
ner  or  Eschenbach.*  I  conferred  on  him  temporary  powers 
as  minister  of  the  gospel  by  giving  him  a  written  certificate 
to  that  effect,  and  this  satisfied  them.  I  feel  convinced  that 
he  will  discharge  his  new  functions  with  acceptance  and 
blessing. 

.  The  plan  I  had  proposed  for  the  journey  was  somewhat 
disconcerted  by  two  circumstances  which  transpired  while 
I  was  here.  In  the  first  place,  a  message  was  brought  to 
Conrad,  in  reference  to  his  embassy  to  Shamokin  in  the  in 
terests  of  the  government  of  Maryland,  by  which  we  learned 
that  Governor  Thomas  endeavored  by  all  the  means  in  his 
power  to  dissuade  him  from  accompanying  me.  The  Gov 
ernor  even  went  so  far  as  to  urge  him  to  weigh  the  insig 
nificance  of  my  journey  with  the  importance  of  the  services 
he  could  render  him  as  his  partisan  in  the  disagreement 
existing  between  him  and  the  Assembly.  The  expressions 
made  use  of  by  the  Governor  were  highly  unbecoming  a 
person  in  his  position.  Conrad,  however,  after  some  hesi 
tation,  resolved  to  accompany  me.  A  second  source  of 


Spangenberg,  and  the  log-church  reverted  to  the  Lutherans.  This  was 
the  Heidelberg  church.  Ellert  Coortsen  was  the  last  incumbent.  He 
left  in  1795. 

*  Andrew  Eschenbach,  from  Naumburg,  was  sent  to  Pennsylvania 
by  the  Brethren  to  continue  the  work  that  Spangenberg  had  initiated 
among  the  Germans,  as  well  as  to  second  Whitefield  in  his  great  re 
ligious  movement  among  a  population  that  his  preaching  failed  to 
reach.  Eschenbach  arrived  at  Philadelphia  in  October  of  1740.  Set 
ting  out  from  here,  he  preached  the  gospel  at  Germantown,  in  Skip- 
pack,  Frederictown,  Oley,  Conestoga,  Tulpehocken,  Heidelberg,  and 
along  Mill  Creek,  preparing  the  way  for  Moravian  settlements  in  most 
of  these  neighborhoods.  He  was,  therefore,  the  pioneer  in  the  work 
of  home-missions,  to  which  the  Brethren  devoted  themselves  with  sur 
prising  energy  between  1742  and  1750.  In  1747,  Eschenbach  with 
drew  from  their  communion.  Deceased  on  his  farm,  in  Oley,  in  1763. 


8o  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

annoyance  was  the  intelligence  I  had  received  of  the  Neu- 
berts'*  arrival  from  England,  of  their  inopportune  stay  at 
Philadelphia,  and  of  the  sensation  they  had  caused  at  Beth 
lehem  by  having  brought  with  them  an  adopted  child. 

Dated — In  tent  on  the  bank  of  the  Otschtonwaky  (Loyal 
Sock),  en  route  for  the  Shawanese  and  other  Indians  of 
Skehandowana,  Oct.  3,  1742. 

Sept.  24.  Set  out  from  Weisser's,f  and  in  the  evening 
came  to  a  log-house  at  the  foot  of  the  Kittatinny,J  or  Blue 
Mountain.  Just  before  we  reached  the  end  of  the  day's 
journey,  and  not  far  from  our  contemplated  stopping-place, 
a  man  met  us,  and  in  a  very  friendly  way  offered  us  a  bottle 
of  wine.  Weisser  remarked  that  as  he  was  aged  he  per 
haps  wished  to  do  one  more  good  act  in  his  life.  I,  how 
ever,  ascertained,  before  we  left  the  house  at  which  we 
lodged,  that  he  had  a  petty  suit-at-law  pending,  and  as 
Weisser  was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  he  evidently  wished  to 
conciliate  him.S 


*  Daniel  and  Hannah  Neubert. 

•}•  Near  Womelsdorf. 

J  Written  also  Kechkachtany,  Kittochtinny,  Delaware,  signifying 
endless  hills. 

$  The  route  taken  by  the  travelers  from  Weisser's  to  Shamokin,  was 
probably  the  same  that  the  interpreter  had  followed  on  his  memorable 
journey  to  Onondaga,  in  February  of  1739,  by  which  Spangenberg 
had  traveled  thither  in  1745,  and  which  is  traced  on  an  old  map  of 
Pennsylvania,  drawn  by  the  Brethren  to  show  the  various  neighbor 
hoods  and  points  in  the  Province  where  they  labored.  In  1742  this 
route  still  lay  within  the  Counties  of  Lancaster  and  Philadelphia,  bear 
ing  away  from  Heidelberg,  or  Tulpehocken,  about  forty  miles  to  the 
northwest.  The  passage  of  the  "  first  Blue  Mountain"  was  effected  at 
the  Great  Swatara  Gap  in  Lebanon  County,  called  Tolheo  by  the  In 
dians,  corrupted  into  " The  Hole"  Here  Bethel  was  commenced  a 
few  years  later,  and  here  in  1754  there  was  erected  a  block-house,  gar- 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  8 1 

Sept.  25.  The  weather  was  very  unpleasant.     We  crossed 
an  exceedingly  high  mountain,*  which  was  almost  impass- 


risoned  by  Captain  Busse's  Company  of  the  Pennsylvania  Battalion, 
commanded  by  Lieut.-Col.  Weisser.  From  this  point  the  road  led 
through  an  Alpine  region  of  country  over  the  successive  ridges  that 
run  parallel  to  the  Kittatinny,  over  Second,  Third,  Peters 's,  Berry's, 
and  Mahantango  Mountains,  in  Dauphin,  and  over  Line  and  Mahanoy 
Mountains,  in  Northumberland.  The  Wicomsco,  Mahantango,  Maha 
noy,  and  Shamokin  Creeks  were  the  largest  streams  that  lay  in  the  way. 
Weisser  has  the  following  record  in  his  journal :  "  Feb.  28,  1737- — We 
remained  at  Tolheo  on  account  of  bad  weather,  and  to  procure  some 
necessaries  for  the  journey.  March  I,  we  set  out  from  Tolheo,  which 
is  the  last  place  in  the  inhabited  part  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  same 
day  we  reached  the  top  of  the  Kiditanny  Mountain.  The  snow 
was  about  a  foot  deep.  The  2d  and  3d,  we  found  nothing  but  ice 
under  the  new-fallen  snow  on  the  north  side  of  the  mountain,  which 
caused  dangerous  falls  to  ourselves  and  horses.  The  4th,  we  reached 
Shamokin" 

The  map  of  Pennsylvania  alluded  to  above,  notes  the  places  at  which 
the  Count  and  his  fellow-travelers  halted  on  the  journey,  in  the  follow 
ing  order:  Ludwig's  Fotintain  (south  of  Swatara  Gap),  The  Hole, 
ErdtmitJi's  Spring,  Ludwig^s  Rest,  Anna's  Valley,  Benigna's  Creek, 
The  Double  Eagle,  Jacob's  Heights,  Filrstenberg,  Kdnigsberg,  and 
Shamokin.  Most  of  these  names  were  probably  given  by  the  Count 
for  present  and  absent  friends. 

Spangenberg's  journal  is  more  explicit  in  the  enumeration  of  the 
stations.  He  writes  as  follows  :  "  May  31,  1745. — Set  out  from  Tulpe- 
hocken,  crossed  the  Great  Swatara,  and  climbed  the  steep  and  rocky 
Thurnstein.  On  its  summit  drank  of  ErdmutK's  Spring,  descended 
the  mountain,  and  nooned  at  Ludwig's  Rest.  Next  came  to  Anna's 
Valley,  and  encamped  on  Benigncts  Creek  (quaere — the  Mahantango  ?}, 
near  '  The  Double  Eagle?  June  \st. — Crossed  LeimbacJi's  Creek  (quaere 
— the  Mahanoyl],  ascended  Jacob's  Heights,  and  at  noon  struck  the 
Susquehanna,  fifteen  miles  south  of  Shamokin.  Now  passed  through 
Joseph's  Valley.  Having  rested  at  Marienborn,  we  climbed  the  steep 
Spangenberg^™*^  Eve's  Creek  (the  Shamokin),  and  arrived  at  Sha 
mokin." 

*  Quaere — Third  Mountain  ?    Zinzendorf  was  also  Count  and  Lord 


82  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

able  on  account  of  rocks  and  sharp  stones.  As  the  ridge 
had  no  name,  and  as  it  lay  in  the  route  usually  traveled  by 
Weisser  and  by  the  Six  Nations,  he  named  it  Thilrnstein. 
The  forest  here  was  of  high  growth,  composed  chiefly  of 
the  tallest  hemlocks,  and  we  were  about  entering  upon  a 
very  wild  region  of  country.  We  fixed  our  first  encamp 
ment  on  the  journey  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain,  and  passed 
the  night  comfortably  in  the  spacious  tent  with  which  we 
were  provided. 

Sept.  26.  We  passed  a  memorial  stone  that  had  been  set 
up  by  an  Iroquois  brave.  On  it  was  a  delineation  of  his 
person  so  accurately  executed  as  even  to  represent  the  lines 
cut  in  upon  his  face.  Besides,  he  had  affixed  strokes  of  red, 
black,  and  white  paint,  respectively  indicating  the  different 
fights  in  which  he  had  been  engaged ;  the  red  strokes  by  their 
number  denoting  his  victories,  the  black  his  defeats,  and 
the  white  the  drawn  battles  in  which  he  had  contended.  At 
Conrad  Weisser' s  Creek  we  had  passed  a  stone  with  a  simi 
lar  painting,  from  the  character  of  which  we  discerned  that 
the  hero  who  had  erected  it  belonged  to  the  Wolf  tribe  or 
division  of  Indians,  for  they  are  divided  into  three,  called 
the  Wolf,  the  Bear,  and  the  Turtle.  Not  far  from  the 
same  place  we  saw  also  the  tomb  of  a  hero.  On  this  day 
we  met  with  fewer  difficulties  on  the  road,  but  had  to  en 
camp  for  the  night  in  a  savage  wilderness,  and  David  grew 
fretful. 

Sept.  28.  The  word  of  Scripture  which  had  been  allotted 
us  as  a  subject  for  meditation  contained  a  promise  of  en- 


of  Pottendorf,  and  Lord  of  the  Baronies  of  Freydeck,  Schoneck,  and 
Thurnstein.  The  latter  was  the  name  he  retained  when,  soon  after 
his  arrival  in  Pennsylvania,  he  renounced  his  rank  so  as  to  screen  the 
name  of  Zinzendorf  from  the  opprobrium  he  feared  would  be  cast  upon 
it  by  the  assaults  of  his  detractors. — See  Bitdingische  Sammlung,  Part 
xv.  No.  17. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  83 

cotiragement.  I  remarked  that  we  would  see  this  promise 
fulfilled  before  night,  as  the  Lord  designed  to  encourage 
us  by  permitting  us  to  meet  Shikellimy.*  "That  is  im- 

*  Shikellimy,  alias  Sivatane,  an  Oneida  chief  of  the  Oquacho,  or  Wolf 
tribe  of  Indians,  was  in  1728  acting  representative  of. the  Five  Nations 
in  business  affairs  with  the  Proprietary  government.  About  1745  he 
was  appointed  their  vicegerent,  and  in  this  capacity  administered  their 
tributaries  within  the  Province,  with  Shamokin  for  his  seat.  It  was 
because  of  the  large  influence  he  came  in  this  way  to  wield  that  the 
English  always  courted  his  favor,  and  this  they  ever  retained.  Scarce 
a  treaty  (and  these  were  of  frequent  occurrence  between  1728  and 
1748,  respecting  the  purchase  of  lands)  but  Shikellimy  was  present, 
and  by  his  moderate  counsels  aided  in  an  amicable  solution  of  the 
intricate  questions  with  which  these  conferences  were  concerned.  The 
acquaintance  which  Zinzendorf  made  with  him  was  carefully  followed 
up  by  the  Brethren,  and  ripened  into  a  friendship  which  ceased  only 
with  the  death  of  the  noble  old  chief.  In  the  summer  of  1745  he  was 
Spangenberg's  escort  to  Onondaga.  During  a  stay  of  three  weeks  at 
Bethlehem,  prior  to  setting  out  on  the  journey,  he  formally  adopted 
several  of  the  leading  Brethren  into  the  Indian  race  by  naming  them 
for  distinguished  chiefs,  an  act  which  conferred  privileges  as  well  as 
honor  upon  the  recipients.  Spangenberg  received  the  name  T'gir- 
hitontie,  "  a  row  of  trees,"  on  the  way  to  Onondaga.  It  was  at  Shi- 
kellimy's  request  that  the  Brethren  built  a  smithy  at  Shamokin  in  1747, 
which  then  became  the  central  point  of  their  operations  along  the  Sus- 
quehanna.  Marx  Kieffer,  the  resolute  blacksmith,  kept  to  his  anvil 
here  until  late  in  October  of  1755,  and  was  the  last  white  man  to  leave 
the  doomed  region,  in  which  the  sudden  appearance  of  French  Indians, 
painted  for  war,  betokened  the  approach  of  the  storm  that  was  soon  to 
sweep  the  defenseless  borders  of  the  Province. 

"  On  the  6th  of  October,  1747,  I  set  out  for  Shamokin,  by  the  way 
of  Paxtang,  because  the  weather  was  bad.  I  arrived  at  Shamokin  on 
the  9th,  about  noon.  I  was  surprised  to  see  Shikellimy  in  such  a 
miserable  condition  as  ever  my  eyes  beheld ;  he  was  hardly  able  to 
stretch  out  his  hand  to  bid  me  welcome ;  in  the  same  condition  was 
his*  wife,  his  three  sons  not  quite  so  bad ;  also  one  of  his  daughters, 
and  two  or  three  of  his  grandchildren,  all  had  the  fever ;  there  were 
three  buried  out  of  the  family  a  few  days  before,  viz., — Cajadies,  Shi- 


84  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

possible,"  said  Conrad.  "  Shikellimy  can,  under  no  cir 
cumstances,  return  to  Shamokin  within  six  weeks."  This 
he  said,  as  the  Sachem  had  undertaken  a  journey  to  Onon- 
daga  in  the  interests  of  Maryland,  and  not  a  week  had 
elapsed  since  he  had  parted  with  him  at  Tulpehocken. 

We  traveled  on,  and  soon  struck  the  lovely  Susquehanna. 
Riding  along  its  bank,  we  came  to  the  boundary  of  Sha 
mokin,  a  precipitous  hill,  such  as  I  scarce  ever  saw.  I  was 
reminded  by  it  of  Wenzel  Neisser's  experience  in  Italy. 
Anna,*  who  is  the  most  courageous  of  our  number,  and  a 


kellimy's  son-in-law,  that  had  been  married  to  his  daughter  above 
fifteen  years,  and  reckoned  the  best  hunter  among  all  the  Indians ;  also 
his  oldest  son's  wife,  and  his  grandchild.  Next  morning,  I  adminis 
tered  the  medicines  to  Shikellimy  and  one  of  his  sons,  under  the  direc 
tion  of  Doctor  Graeme,  which  had  a  very  good  effect  upon  both.  Shi 
kellimy  was  able  to  walk  about  with  me  with  a  stick  in  his  hand  before 
I  left  Shamokin,  which  was  on  the  I2th,  in  the  afternoon." — C.  Weis- 
ser  to  Provincial  Council, 

Shikellimy  died  at  Shamokin,  December  17,  1748,  in  the  presence 
of  a  daughter,  and  of  the  missionary,  David  Zeisberger,  who  had  at 
tended  him  in  his  illness.  Several  days  after  his  decease,  his  second 
son,  Logan,  returned  home  from  a  far-off  journey,  to  weep  over  the 
lifeless  body  of  the  parent  he  so  much  esteemed.  The  Brethren,  Zeis 
berger  and  Henry  Fry,  made  him  a  coffin,  and  the  Indians,  having 
painted  the  corpse  in  gay  colors,  and  decked  it  with  the  choicest  orna 
ments,  carried  the  remains  of  their  honored  chieftain  to  the  burial-place 
of  his  fathers  on  the  banks  of  the  "  Winding  River." 

Shikellimy  was  succeeded  in  the  vicegerency  by  his  oldest  son, 
Tachnachdoarus,  "a  spreading  oak,"  alias  John  Shikellimy.  His 
second  son  was  James  Logan,  named  for  Secretary  Logan,  of  German- 
town.  Logan  was  lame.  John  Petty  was  the  youngest  of  the  three 
brothers,  and  bore  the  name  of  an  Indian-trader. 

*  Anna  Nitschmann,  born  1715,  at  Kunewalde,  in  Moravia,  was  the 
daughter  of  David  Nitschmann,  Sr.,  a  Moravian  confessor,  and  a  fugi 
tive  from  Roman  Catholic  persecution.  Fled  to  Herrnhut  with  her 
parents  in  1725.  While  here,  she  became  the  subject  of  deep  religious 
impressions,  was  admitted  into  communion  with  the  Brethren,  and, 


AND    THE   INDIANS,  85 

heroine,  led  in  the  descent.  I  took  the  train  of  her  riding- 
habit  in  my  hand  to  steady  me  in  the  saddle,  Conrad  held 
to  the  skirt  of  my  overcoat,  and  Bohler  to  Conrad's.  In 
this  way  we  mutually  supported  each  other,  and  the  Saviour 
assisted  us  in  descending  the  hill  in  safety.  Toward  even 
ing  we  reached  Shamokin,  where  Conrad,  to  his  surprise, 
met  Shikellimy,  by  whom  he  was  welcomed  to  the  town. 

While  the  tent  was  being  pitched,  I  took  a  stroll.     An 
Indian  whom  I  chanced  to  meet  presented  me  with  a  melon, 


before  having  attained  her  fifteenth  year,  filled  the  responsible  office  of 
Eldress  of  the  congregation.  In  1736  she  left  Herrnhut,  and  with 
others  accompanied  Count  Zinzendorf  into  banishment  to  the  Castle  of 
Ronneburg,  near  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  The  next  year  she  spent  in 
England.  In  1740  she  sailed  for  Pennsylvania,  in  company  with  her 
father,  Christian  Frohlich,  David  Nitschmann,  Episc.,  and  Johanna  S. 
Molther.  Here  she  and  Molther  traveled  through  the  rural  districts, 
laboring  in  spiritual  things  among  the  females  and  children  of  the 
different  and  distant  neighborhoods  which  constituted  Eschenbach's 
circuit.  So  as  not  to  be  a  burden  to  the  hard-working  people  among 
whom  she  missionated,  she  assisted  them  in  the  labors  of  the  house  and 
of  the  farm ;  for  Anna  Nitschmann  was  the  daughter  of  a  peasant,  and 
had  often  watched  her  father's  sheep  in  the  pastures  of  Kunewalde.  On 
Zinzendorf's  arrival  in  Pennsylvania,  she  repaired  to  Philadelphia,  and 
thence  to  Germantown,  where,  in  company  with  his  daughter  Benigna, 
she  was  employed  in  the  Brethren's  school  for  children.  "In  1742," 
she  writes  in  her  autobiography,  "  we  were  three  times  among  the  In 
dians.  The  last  journey  was  into  the  heart  of  their  country,  where  we 
sojourned  forty-nine  days,  encamping  under  the  open  heavens  in  a 
savage  wilderness,  amid  wild  beasts  and  venomous  snakes."  She  re 
turned  to  England  with  Zinzendorf.  The  interval  of  her  life  between 
1743  and  1756  was  passed  in  England  and  on  the  Continent.  In  June 
of  1757,  not  long  after  the  decease  of  Countess  Erdmuth,  she  became 
Zinzendorf's  consort,  and  on  the  2 1st  of  May,  1760,  followed  the  man 
at  whose  side  she  had  labored  many  years  in  the  cause  of  Christ's 
kingdom,  into  the  eternal  world.  Several  of  her  sacred  lyrics  are  in 
the  authorized  collection  of  German  hymns  in  use  in  the  Brethren's 
Church,  and  are  incomparably  beautiful. 


86  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

in  return  for  which  I  gave  him  my  fur  cap.  I  also  met  Shi- 
kellimy.  The  Viceroy  took  my  hand  in  his,  pressed  it  re 
peatedly,  and  then  turned  to  Weisser,  "to  steal  my  mission" 
as  the  Indians  say;  in  other  words,  to  sound  him  as  to  what 
proposals  I  intended  to  make.  The  latter  reiterated  what 
he  had  already  told  him,  saying  that  I  was  a  servant  of  the 
living  God ;  that  as  such  I  wrought  in  a  different  way  from 
others  of  that  class  who  had  called  upon  him,  and  that  I 
taught  mercy  and  grace,  and  not  works  or  moral  duties,  as 
a  ground  of  pardon  or  justification.  Shikellimy  hereupon 
expressed  his  pleasure  at  the  arrival  of  such  a  messenger 
among  his  people,  and  then  took  Conrad  into  his  lodge. 

On  returning  to  the  tent  from  my  stroll,  I  found  Jeannette 
engaged  in  conversation  with  a  Mohican  woman.  They 
conversed  in  Indian.  I  was  surprised  at  meeting  a  Mohican 
at  Shamokin,  and  more  so  on  learning  that  the  woman  was 
the  sister  of  Nannachdausch,  who  had  built  my  hut  at  She- 
comeco,  and  who  had  been  my  provider  while  there.  This 
was  a  trifling  coincidence;  but  Shikellimy 's  presence  I  inter 
preted  as-  a  special  divine  token.  I  need  not  say  it  was 
opportune,  for  Joshua  was  indisposed,  and  David  was  dis 
heartened  on  account  of  the  fatigues  of  the  journey,  and 
we  needed  encouragement. 

The  train  of  circumstances  which  had  resulted  in  Shi- 
kellimy's  unexpected  and  early  return  to  Shamokin,  was. 
this.  While  on  the  way  to  Onondaga  he  had  met  Cax- 
hayton,  the  Indian  with  whom  I  became  acquainted  at 
Philadelphia.  Shikellimy  deputed  him  to  convey  the  dis 
patches  with  which  he  had  been  intrusted  to  the  Iroquois, 
notifying  the  latter  that  the  bearer  had  been  duly  author 
ized.  Thus  he  was  at  liberty  to  return ;  and  at  the  same 
time  he  brought  word  to  Weisser  from  the  Shawanese  King 
at  Skehandowana,  that  he  wished  to  see  him  once  more 
before  he  died. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  87 

On  the  previous  evening,  while  reprimanding  David,  I 
had  almost  stepped  into  a  pitfall,  when,  although  I  had 
been  severe  in  my  remarks,  he  kindly  pointed  out  the 
danger. 

Sept.  29.  Shikellimy  came  into  my  tent.  Seating  myself 
between  him  and  Conrad,  I  requested  an  audience.  It 
having  been  granted,  I  proceeded  to  explain  the  object  of 
my  visit,  stating  that  already  in  early  childhood  I  had  been 
favored  with  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  God,  with  his 
being  and  with  his  attributes,  and  that  I  had  come  hither 
in  order  to  reveal  this  knowledge  to  the  Indians.  Where, 
or  in  what  tribe  I  would  begin  to  teach,  I  had  not  yet  de 
termined;  it  being  my  custom,  I  continued,  to  instruct  only 
such  as  God  himself  had  already  addressed,  and  who  felt 
the  need  of  some  one  to  interpret  to  them  the  meaning  of 
the  words  He  had  spoken.  In  reply,  he  said  that  he  ap 
proved  of  my  object,  and  expressed  a  willingness  at  the 
same  time  to  aid  me  in  its  accomplishment. 

I  next  observed  that  his  own  case  was  an  illustration  in 
point,  and  went  on  to  relate  my  experience.  "  My  early 
return  home  and  your  arrival  here  simultaneously,"  re 
sponded  the  Sachem,  "are  an  extraordinary  coincidence. 
I  believe  it  was  preordained."  Hereupon,  perceiving  that 
he  had  no  shirt,  I  handed  him  one,  begging  him  to  accept 
it  as  a  token  of  my  childlike  intercourse  with  him,  and  not 
as  a  gift.  "I  thank  you,"  he  replied,  as  he  took  it. 

I  will  now  proceed  to  describe  Shikellimy  more  fully  As 
the  Iroquois  Sachems  were  about  setting  out  for  home,  after 
my  interview  with  them  in  Tulpehocken,  I  took  occasion  to 
study  their  peculiarities.  One  of  them  in  particular  arrested 
my  attention.  I  was  irresistibly  drawn  toward  him,  and  I 
longed  to  tell  him  of  the  Saviour.  "He  is  my  choice,"  I 
remarked  to  Conrad  (presuming  the  man  to  be  Canassatego, 
of  whom  he  had  just  spoken  to  me  in  the  highest  terms). 


88  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

1 1  He  is  the  Onondaga  Sachem,  I  presume  ?"  "  No, ' '  replied 
Conrad,  "he  is  Shikellimy,  the  Oneida."  These  words,  I 
confess,  disconcerted  me,  as  it  was  altogether  improbable 
that  we  would  visit  the  Oneida  country.  On  learning, 
however,  that  Shikellimy  resided  at  Shamokin  (which  town 
we  intended  to  visit  on  the  way  to  the  Shawanese),  I  was 
reassured,  and  I  also  regarded  our  final  determination  not 
to  journey  to  the  Mohawks  as  significantly  providential. 

On  the  road  hither,  I  spoke  much  of  Shikellimy,  and  of 
the  hopes  I  entertained  of  enlisting  him  in  my  service. 
Weisser  persisted  in  assuring  me  that,  in  consequence  of  his 
prior  engagements,  the  Sachem  would  be  absent,  and  hence 
it  was  presumption  in  me  to  reckon  on  his  co-operation.  He 
spoke  so  positively,  that  I  was  almost  inclined  to  believe 
that  Satan  was  bent  upon  foiling  me. 

"As  you  appear  to  be  fascinated  by  this  Indian,"  said 
Conrad,  "I  will  relate  you  an  incident,  which  will  serve  to 
illustrate  his  character.  While  on  a  journey  to  Onondaga, 
whither  I  had  been  sent  to  negotiate  a  peace  between  the 
Iroquois  and  the  Cherokees,*  and  while  passing  through  a 


*  "  The  Hon.  James  Logan,  the  President,  acquainted  the  Board, 
that  not  long  after  receiving,  on  the  2oth  of  Dec'r  last  (1736),  the  let 
ter  from  the  Governor  of  Virginia  on  the  subject  of  negotiating  a  peace 
between  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations  and  the  Southern  Indians, — 
the  Cherokees  and  Catawbas, — he,  the  President,  had  an  opportunity 
of  seeing  Conrad  Weisser  in  this  place,  and  judging  him,  from  the  ex 
perience  this  government  has  had  of  his  honesty  and  fidelity,  to  be  the 
most  proper  person  to  carry  to  the  Six  Nations  the  message  proposed 
in  that  letter,  he,  the  President,  engaged  Weisser  to  undertake  the 
business,  and  gave  him  proper  instructions  to  that  end ;  that  being  re 
turned,  he,  in  his  own  words  and  handwriting,  had  given  a  very  distinct 
and  satisfactory  account  of  the  errand  he  was  sent  on,  in  a  paper,  which 
being  laid  before  the  Board  and  read, — the  answer  of  the  Six  Nations 
is,  in  substance,  that  they  were  ready  and  willing  to  treat  and  conclude 
a  peace  with  their  enemies,  the  Southern  Indians,  and  proposed  Albany 
for  the  place  of  meeting,  where  they  desired  their  Brother  Onas  might 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  89 

savage  wilderness,  I  was  one  day  so  completely  exhausted 
that  I  left  my  companions,  and  sat  down  by  a  tree,  resolved 
to  die.  Starvation  stared  me  in  the  face,  and  death  by 
freezing  was  preferable  to  death  by  hunger.  They  hallooed 
and  shot  signal-guns,  but  I  remained  quiet. 

' '  Shikellimy  was  the  first  one  to  discover  me.  Coming  be 
fore  me,  he  stood  in  deep  thought,  and  in  silence,  and  after 
some  time  asked  me  why  I  was  there.  '  I  am  here  to  die,' 
I  replied.  'Ah!  brother,'  said  he,  'only  lately  you  en 
treated  us  not  to  despond,  and  will  you  now  give  way  to 
despair?'  Not  in  the  least  shaken  in  my  resolution  by  this 
appeal,  I  replied  by  saying,  '  My  good  Shikellimy,  as  death 
is  inevitable,  I  will  die  where  I  am,  and  nothing  shall  pre 
vail  upon  me  to  leave  this  spot.'  'Ah!  brother,'  resumed 
the  Sachem,  '  you  told  me  that  we  were  prone  to  forget 
God  in  bright  days,  and  to  remember  him  in  dark  days. 
These  are  dark  days.  Let  us  then  not  forget  God ;  and 
who  knows  but  what  He  is  even  now  near,  and  about  to 
come  to  our  succor  ?  Rise,  brother !  and  we  will  journey 
on.'  I  felt  ashamed  at  this  rebuke  administered  by  a  poor 
heathen,  rose,  and  dragged  myself  away. 

"Two  days  after  this  occurrence  we  reached  Onondaga.  "* 


be  present,  and  that  they  had  agreed  to  a  cessation  of  arms  for  one 
year." — Mimttes  of  Provincial  Council,  May  12,  1737. 

*  "  In  the  year  1737  I  was  sent  the  first  time  to  Onondaga,  at  the 
desire  of  the  governor  of  Virginia.  I  departed  in  the  latter  end  of 
February  very  unexpectedly  for  a  journey  of  500  English  miles,  through 
a  wilderness  where  there  was  neither  road  nor  path,  and  at  such  a  time 
of  the  year  when  animals  could  not  meet  with  food.  There  were  with 
me  a  Dutchman  and  three  Indians. 

"  On  the  Qth  of  April  I  found  myself  extremely  weak,  through  the 
fatigues  of  so  long  a  journey  with  cold  and  hunger  which  I  had  suf 
fered.  There  having  fallen  a  fresh  snow  about  twenty  inches  deep, 
and  we  being  yet  three  days'  journey  from  Onondaga  in  a  frightful 
wilderness,  my  spirit  failed,  my  body  trembled  and  shook,  and  I 

7 


9o  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

Such  was  Shikellimy,  the  Sachem  who  had  arrested  my  at 
tention  in  Tulpehocken,  and  with  whom  I  had  been  brought 
into  contact  by  the  Providence  of  the  Lamb. 

Meanwhile  the  Lord  was  trying  our  faith;  for  David, 
who  was  disheartened  on  account  of  the  length  and  fatigues 
of  the  journey,  declared  his  inability  to  proceed  farther, 
and  Joshua  fell  sick.  David's  conduct  displeased  me. 
Perceiving  that  he  was  growing  irritable,  I  advised  him,  by 
all  means,  to  turn  back  in  time.  He  said  he  would.  And 
yet  he  remained  sullen.  I  accordingly  took  him  to  task,  and 
although  I  did  this  severely,  I  found  that  I  effected  nothing 
as  long  as  I  failed  to  convict  him  of  the  true  cause  of  his 
conduct.  The  moment  I  did  this,  however,  he  manifested 
contrition,  grew  cheerful,  kissed  my  hand,  and  became 
perfectly  docile. 

I  desire  to  impress  the  Brethren  with  the  necessity  of 
exercising  patience  and  wisdom  in  their  intercourse  with 
the  Indians,  and  of  abstaining  from  conjecture  when  ad 
ducing  the  reasons  of  things,  which  reasons  the  latter 
already  know,  as  they  fail  to  discriminate  between  emotions 


thought  I  should  fall  down  and  die.  I  stepped  aside,  and  sat  down 
under  a  tree,  expecting  there  to  die.  My  companions  soon  missed  me. 
The  Indians  came  back  and  found  me  sitting  there.  They  remained 
awhile  silent;  at  last  the  old  Indian  said,  '  My  dear  companion,  thou 
hast  hitherto  encouraged  us;  wilt  thou  now  quite  give  up?  Remem 
ber  that  evil  days  are  better  than  good  days,  for  when  we  suffer  much 
we  do  not  sin;  sin  will  be  driven  otit  of  us  by  s^lffering,  and  God  can 
not  extend  his  mercy  to  the  former;  but  contrary-wise,  when  it  goeth 
evil  with  us,  God  has  compassion  on  us.'  These  words  made  me 
ashamed.  I  rose  up  and  traveled  as  well  as  I  could." — Conrad  Weisser 
to  a  Friend,  1746. 

These  "words  of  Shikellimy,  reported  by  Spangenberg  to  Christian 
David,  in  a  letter  from  Towamensing,  dated  November  19,  1737, 
moved  several  of  the  young  Brethren  at  Marienborn,  among  whom 
was  Christian  H.  Ranch,  to  consecrate  themselves  to  the  work  of  mis 
sions  among  the  North  American  Indians. 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


91 


of  the  mind,  and  incentives  to  action,  that  are  opposite  in 
their  character.  Excepting  when  they  look  full  into  the 
wounds  of  the  Lamb,  their  expression  of  countenance  is 
dark  and  sombre.  The  indigestible  Indian  corn  that  con 
stitutes  their  principal  diet  tends  to  thicken  their  blood  and 
to  stupefy  their  mental  faculties.  I  would  furthermore  ob 
serve  that  writers  who  represent  the  Indians  as  a  more 
highly  favored  race  than  the  whites,  are  too  hasty  in  their 
conclusions.  Perhaps  the  representation  is  made  with  de 
sign  ;  at  all  events  it  is  incorrect.  To  ascribe  their  custom 
of  going  naked,  or  at  least  with  outer  wrappings  only,  to  a 
stoical  indifference  on  their  part  to  comfort,  is  altogether 
erroneous;  it  is  a  necessity  imposed  on  them  by  beggarly 
poverty.  The  only  point  of  difference  between  the  Gipsy 
and  the  Indian  lies  in  the  fact,  that  the  latter  refrains  from 
stealing  from  motives  of  fear  rather  than  from  motives  of 
honesty;  this  I  think  is  demonstrated  by  the  eagerness  with 
which  he  accepts  shirts,  horse-cloths,  and  whatever  else  may 
serve  to  protect  his  person.  The  Indians  are  averse  to  wear 
ing  breeches,  or  garments  that  interfere  with  the  free  use 
of  their  limbs.  They  also  dispense  with  caps.  The  conse 
quent  exposure  of  the  lower  limbs  and  of  the  head  induces 
disease,  subjects  them  to  fevers  and  to  chronic  headaches, 
afflicts  them  with  boils,  and  weakens  their  constitutions 
generally.  Although  they  are  aware  of  this,  they  refuse  to 
change  their  mode  of  dress,  and  live  up  to  the  truth  of  the 
adage,  "video  meliora"  etc.,  just  as  we  do. 

Persons  born  in  America  do  not,  usually,  live  as  long 
as  the  natives  of  other  countries.  A  woman  of  forty  here 
is  old.  The  Indians  are  disposed  to  overestimate  their 
age,  and  it  is  not  an  uncommon  thing  to  learn  from  one  or 
another  that  he  is  a  hundred  years  old,  while  his  neighbors 
assert  positively  that  he  is  not  much  above  fifty.  Yet  there 
are  such  as  attain  a  high  age,  but  their  condition  is  truly 


9 2  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

deplorable;  witness  Captain  John's  father,*  who  was  left  to 
starve  to  death. 

The  Iroquois  have  peculiar  institutions  and  customs.  "A 
tiger  at  home,  a  hare  abroad"  and  "A  lion  abroad,  a  lamb 
at  home"  are  some  of  their  maxims.  Their  mode  of  life 
is  directly  opposed  to  the  spirit  of  Christianity,  as  they 
spend  all  their  time  in  the  chase  or  in  war.  The  great 
distancef  to  which  they  carry  the  latter  is  an  evidence  that 
deep-seated  revenge,  and  not  self-defence,  impels  them  to 
engage  in  it.  Onondaga  is  the  seat  of  their  Parliament,  or 
Council  of  Sachems  or  old  men.  They  have  no  kings,  in 
our  acceptation  of  the  term;  but  they  are  governed  by 
Sachems,  Judges,  or  old  men.  The  word  king  conveys  to 
their  minds  an  erroneous  idea  of  a  king's  authority  and 
power,  as  they  invariably  associate  with  it  the  idea  of  a 
usurper,  such  as  occasionally  wields  their  Parliament  at  his 
pleasure,  in  virtue  of  his  prowess,  which  no  one  is  willing 
to  contest.  .  And  yet,  when  speaking  of  the  King  of  Eng 
land,  at  treaties  and  conferences,  they  always  style  him 
Sachem;  whence,  I  infer,  that  the  two  terms  are  probably 
synonymous  in  their  minds.  The  Delawares  have  a  hered 
itary  monarch  who  is  called  King  by  the  English,  and  the 
Shawanese  style  their  chief  King;  but  whether  the  latter  is 
hereditary,  I  am  unable  to  say.  The  Delawares  are  subjects, 
the  Shawanese  confederates,  of  the  Six  Nations.  The  form 
of  government  among  the  latter  resembles  that  of  the  Romans 
during  the  time  of  the  Consulate.  In  war,  however,  they 
differ  from  that  people,  in  not  converting  conquered  terri 
tory  into  provinces. 


*  Old  Captain  Harris  of  Pocopoco. 

j-  "  The  5  Indian  Nations  are  the  most  warlike  people  in  America 
@  are  a  bulwark  between  us  @  the  French  @  all  other  Indians. 
They  goe  as  far  as  the  South  Sea,  the  North  West  passage  @  Florida  to 
warr" — Gov.  Dongarfs  Report  to  the  Committee  on  Trade  of  the  Pro 
vince  of  New  York,  Feb.  1687. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  93 

The  Indians  are  proverbially  revengeful,  and,  like  the 
Israelites,  transmit  resentment  to  succeeding  generations. 
Such  is  their  repugnance  to  labor,  that  rather  than  engage 
in  it  they  cheerfully  undergo  severe  privation.  An  Indian 
that  is  given  to  work,  you  may  rely  upon  it,  is  either  a  child 
of  God,  or  else  one  that  has  been  infected  with  the  spirit 
of  avarice,  the  root  of  all  evil,  by  contact  with  the  whites. 
It  prompts  him,  however,  merely  to  provide  a  sufficiency  of 
clothing  and  of  rum;  the  acquisition  of  wealth  he  never 
entertains.  Our  Mohicans  at  Shecomeco  go  decently  clad, 
are  cleanly  in  their  habits  and  in  their  huts,  and  have  for 
bidden  rum  to  be  brought  to  their  village. 

His  continued  indisposition  had  compelled  us  to  leave 
Joshua  at  Shamokin,  in  care  of  Mack  and  his  wife.  The 
Lord  so  ordered. 

"  \Ver  weisz  was  sie  da  saen, 
Dasz  Er  zu  seiner  Zeit  kann  gehen  mah'n  !" 


On  Saturday,  the  2%th,  we  wished  to  pray  the  Litany,  but 
the  merry-making  of  the  Indians  disconcerted  us.  I  ac 
cordingly  dispatched  Conrad  to  Sachem  Shikellimy  to  in 
form  him  that  we  were  about  to  speak  to  our  God.  This 
had  the  desired  effect,  and  immediately  on  the  former's 
return,  the  beating  of  drums  ceased,  and  the  voices  of  the 
Indians  were  hushed.  Obedience  among  this  people  is 
yielded  only  when  it  is  positively  demanded,  as  they  are 
without  laws  to  enforce  it.  The  Indian's  national  history 
is  inscribed  on  his  memory,  and  I  am  inclined  to  believe 
nevertheless  that  it  is  almost  as  reliable  as  our  own. 

Sept.  30.  Set  out  on  our  journey.  The  Sachem  pointed 
out  the  ford  over  the  Susquehanna.  This  river  is  here 
much  broader  than  the  Delaware,  the  water  beautifully 
transparent,  and  were  it  not  for  smooth  rocks  in  its  bed,  it 
would  be  easily  fordable.  In  crossing,  we  had  therefore 


94  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

to  pull  up  our  horses,  and  keep  a  tight  rein.  The  high 
banks  of  American  rivers  render  their  passage  on  horseback 
extremely  difficult. 

To  the  left  of  the  path,  after  crossing  the  river,  a  large 
cave  in  a  rocky  hill  in  the  wilderness  was  shown  us.  From 
it  the  surrounding  country  and  the  West  Branch  of  the 
Susquehanna  are  called  Otzinachson?  i.e.  the  "Demon's 
Den;"  for  here  the  evil  spirits,  say  the  Indians,  have  their 
seats  and  hold  their  revels. 

We  had  ridden  past  scarcely  two  miles,  when  the  pack- 
horse  which  carried  our  provisions  suddenly  grew  restive, 
made  a  spring,  broke  the  rope  by  which  he  was  attached  to 
Henry  Leimbach's  animal,  and  galloped  headlong  in  the 
direction  of  the  cave.  This  did  not  disconcert  us  otherwise 
than  to  bring  us  to  a  halt.  Conrad  dismounted,  went  in 
search  of  the  horse,  and  found  him  a  mile  back,  caught  in 
the  bushes  by  the  rope. 

The  country  through  which  we  were  now  riding,  although 
a  wilderness,  showed  indications  of  extreme  fertility.  As 
soon  as  we  left  the  path  we  trod  on  swampy  ground,  over 
which  traveling  on  horseback  was  altogether  impracticable. 
We  halted  half  an  hour  while  Conrad  rode  along  the  river 
bank  in  search  of  a  ford.  The  foliage  of  the  forest  at  this 
season  of  the  year,  blending  all  conceivable  shades  of  green, 
red,  and  yellow,  was  truly  gorgeous,  and  lent  a  richness  to 
the  landscape  that  would  have  charmed  an  artist.  At  times 
we  wound  through  a  continuous  growth  of  diminutive  oaks, 
reaching  no  higher  than  our  horses'  girths,  in  a  perfect  sea 
of  scarlet,  purple,  and  gold,  bounded  along  the  horizon  by 
the  gigantic  evergreens  of  the  forest. 

During  the  journey  thus  far  I  have  not  seen  any  snakes, 
although  the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna  are  said  to  be  the 
resort  of  a  species  which  lies  on  the  tops  of  the  low  bushes 


Written  variously,  Chenasky,  Zinachson,  Quinachson,  Oxenaxa. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  95 

in  wait  to  spring  upon  the  passing  traveler.  The  country 
generally  abounds  in  reptiles,  bears,  and  other  wild 
animals. 

We  camped  out  twice  on  the  journey.  During  the 
second  night  there  was  a  sudden  and  heavy  fall  of  rain, 
and  all  our  horses  excepting  one  strayed  away.  As  we 
were  not  far  from  Otstonwakin,  Conrad  rode  to  the  village. 
He  soon  returned  in  company  with  Andrew,*  Madame 
Mon tour's  oldest  son.  Just  then  our  horses  came  in. 

Andrew's  cast  of  countenance  is  decidedly  European, 
and  had  not  his  face  been  encircled  with  a  broad  band  of 


*  Andrew  Montour,  alias  Sattelihu,  was  for  a  number  of  years  in 
the  employ  of  the  Proprietaries  as  assistant  interpreter  in  their  nego 
tiations  with  the  Indians  of  the  interior.  He  usually  accompanied 
Weisser  on  his  missions  to  their  country,  and  when  negotiating  with 
Delawares,  interpreted  for  the  former,  who  was  ignorant  of  the  Dela 
ware.  As  both  spoke  Mohawk,  they  were  prepared  to  confer  with  all 
the  Indian  tribes  with  which  the  English  had.  dealings.  At  the  time 
of  the  Count's  visit  Andrew  was  residing  on  an  island  in  the  Susque- 
hanna  above  Shamokin.  Hence  he  accompanied  Spangenberg  to 
Onondaga  in  June  of  1745.  In  1748  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
Province,  and  soon  after  requested  permission  to  settle  near  the  whites. 
"  Andrew  has  pitched  upon  a  place  in  the  Proprietary's  manor,  at 
Canataqueany,  and  expects  government  to  build  him  a  house  there, 
and  furnish  his  family  with  necessaries.  He  seems  to  be  very  hard  to 
please."  (Weisser  to  Richard  Peters.}  In  April  of  1752,  Governor 
Hamilton  furnished  him  with  a  commission  under  the  Lesser  Seal,  "  to 
go  and  reside  in  Cumberland  County,  over  the  Blue  Hills,  on  unpur- 
chased  lands,  to  prevent  others  from  settling  there  or  from  trading  with 
the  Indians."  In  1755  he  was  still  residing  on  his  grant,  ten  miles 
northwest  of  Carlisle,  between  the  Conedogwinet  and  the  mountain, 
and  was  Captain  of  a  company  of  Indians  in  the  English  service.  Rose 
to  be  a  Major.  Andrew  acted  as  interpreter  for  the  governor  of  Virginia 
at  several  important  treaties.  The  French,  in  1753,  set  a  price  of  ,£100 
upon  his  head.  In  May  of  1761  he  was  his  Majesty's  Interpreter  to  the 
United  Nations.  He  is  said  to  have  led  the  party  of  warriors  who,  in 
1780,  surprised  and  took  captive  the  Gilbert  family,  near  Lehighton. 


9 6  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

paint,  applied  with  bear's  fat,  I  would  certainly  have  taken 
him  for  one.  He  wore  a  brown  broadcloth  coat,  a  scarlet 
damasken  lappel-waistcoat,  breeches,  over  which  his  shirt 
hung,  a  black  Cordovan  neckerchief,  decked  with  silver 
bugles,  shoes  and  stockings,  and  a  hat.  His  ears  were 
hung  with  pendants  of  brass  and  other  wires  plaited  to 
gether  like  the  handle  of  a  basket.  He  was  very  cordial, 
but  on  addressing  him  in  French,  he,  to  my  surprise,  re 
plied  in  English. 

When  a  short  distance  from  the  village,  Andrew  left  us 
and  rode  ahead  to  notify  the  inhabitants  of  our  approach. 
As  soon  as  they  saw  us,  they  discharged  their  firearms  by 
way  of  salute,  and  repeated  this  mode  of  welcome  on  our 
arriving  at  the  huts.  Here  we  dismounted  and  repaired 
to  Madame  Montour 's*  quarters.  Her  husband,  who  had 


*  Madame  Montour,  one  of  the  characters  in  the  history  of  English 
intercourse  with  the  various  tribes  of  Indians,  settled  along  the  Sus- 
quehanna  or  moving  over  that  great  thoroughfare  of  Indian  travel,  was 
a  French  Canadian.  In  early  life  she  married  Roland  Montour,  a 
Seneca  brave,  and  on  his  death,  Carandowana,  alias  Robert  Hunter, 
chief  of  the  Oneidas,  with  whom  she  was  living  on  the  Chenasky, 
probably  at  Otstonwakin,  as  early  as  1727.  In  that  year  she  acted  as 
interpreter  to  the  Province  at  a  Conference  held  in  Philadelphia,  be 
tween  Governor  Gordon  and  Sachems  of  the  Five  Nations.  Again  in 
October  of  1728.  "It  was  afterwards  considered  by  the  Board  what 
present  might  be  proper  to  be  made  to  Mistress  Montour  and  her  hus 
band,  Carandowana;  and  it  was  agreed  that  Five  Pounds  in  Bills  of 
Credit,  should  be  given  to  Mistress  Montour  and  her  husband." — 
Minutes  of  Provincial  Council,  October  1 1,  1728. 

In  September  of  1734,  while  attending  a  treaty  in  that  city,  the  Pro 
prietaries,  John  and  Thomas  Penn,  condoled  with  her  publicly  at  the 
loss  of  her  husband,  who  had  been  killed  since  their  last  meeting  in  war 
with  the  Catawabas.  "  We  had  a  great  esteem,"  they  said  to  the  In 
dians  present,  "  for  our  good  friend  your  chief,  Carandowana,  and  were 
much  grieved  to  hear  of  his  death,  but  as  you  and  we  have  long  since 
covered  his  dead  body,  we  shall  say  nothing  more  of  that  subject."  At 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


97 


been  a  chief,  had  been  killed  in  battle  with  the  Catawbas. 
When  the  old  woman  saw  us  she  wept.  In  course  of  con 
versation,  while  giving  her  a  general  account  of  the  Brethren 
and  their  circumstances,  I  mentioned  that  one  of  our  towns 
was  named  Bethlehem.  Hereupon  she  interrupted  me  and 
said:  "The  place  in  France  where  Jesus  and  the  holy 
family  lived  was  also  named  Bethlehem."  I  was  surprised 
at  the  woman's  ignorance,  considering  she  had  been  born 
and  brought  up  a  Christian.  At  the  same  time  I  thought 
I  had  evidence  of  the  truth  of  the  charge  brought  against 
the  French  missionaries,  who  are  said  to  make  it  a  point  to 
teach  the  Indians  that  Jesus  had  been  a  Frenchman,  and 
that  the  English  had  been  his  crucifiers.  Without  attempt 
ing  to  rectify  her  misapprehension,  I  in  a  few  words  stated 
our  views,  replying  to  her  inquiries  with  sincerity  of  pur 
pose,  without,  however,  entering  into  an  explanation,  as 
I  had  purposed  remaining  retired  for  a  few  days.  She  was 
very  confidential  to  Anna,  and  told  her,  among  other  things, 
that  she  was  weary  of  Indian  life. 


this  time  Madame  Montour  was  already  advanced  in  years;  for  a 
Minute  of  the  Council,  October  15,  1734,  after  censuring  her  for 
duplicity  at  the  late  treaty,  states  that  "  her  old  age  only  protects  her 
from  being  punished  for  such  falsehoods."  In  June  of  1745  she  was 
still  residing  at  Otstonwakin,  and  Spangenberg,  on  his  way  to  Onon- 
daga,  in  company  with  David  Zeisberger,  made  a  detour  at  Shamokin, 
specially  to  visit  the  old  Indian  Queen.  Mack  and  Grube,  in  the  nar 
rative  of  a  journey  made  among  the  Indians  on  the  West  Branch  in 
June  of  1753,  make  no  mention  of  her  as  there,  although  Mack  pointed 
out  to  his  comrade  the  spot  where  the  Disciple  and  his  companions 
had  pitched  their  tent.  By  Roland  Montour  she  had  four  sons, 
Andrew,  Henry,  Robert,  and  Lewis.  French  Margaret  was  her  niece. 
Even  after  her  marriage  with  Hunter  she  retained  the  name  of  Mon 
tour. 

Montoursville,  commenced  in  1769,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Loyal  Sock, 
stands  on  the  site  of  Otstonwakin  or  French  Town,  and  perpetuates 
the  name  of  Madame  Montour  and  her  half-breed  son,  Andrew. 


9 8  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

A  knowledge  of  my  rank  is  unquestionably  prejudicial  to 
our  successful  labors  among  both  heathens  and  Christians. 
As  soon  as  people  discover  who  I  am  they  view  me  from  a 
worldly  stand-point.  My  enemies  also  delight  in  publish 
ing  to  the  world  that  I  am  a  nobleman,  and  hence  I  en 
deavor  as  much  as  possible  to  conceal  or  at  least  not  to 
allow  the  fact  to  excite  remark. 

The  Indians  erect  either  a  stone  or  a  mound  in  honor  of 
their  deceased  heroes.  This  custom  is  decidedly  Israelitish. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  the  $d  of  October  we  heard  a 
a  woman  wailing  at  the  grave  of  her  husband.  Andrew 
asked  the  loan  of  my  horse  to  bring  in  the  bear  and  deer 
he  had  shot,  as  his  had  strayed  into  the  woods.  He  cer 
tainly  intends  to  feast  us. 

There  is  a  promiscuous  Indian  population  in  this  village. 

Madame  Montour  brought  two  children  to  me  and  asked 
me  to  baptize  them,  alleging  the  custom  of  the  Canadian 
Fathers  as  an  excuse  for  her  request.  I  refused,  telling  her 
that  whenever  a  Brother  settled  here  we  would  take  the 
matter  into  consideration,  as  we  were  in  the  habit  of  bap 
tizing  only  such  persons  as  we  thought  we  would  have  fre 
quent  opportunity  of  reminding  of  the  significance  of  the 
rite.  At  the  same  time  I  spoke  to  her  of  that  spiritual  bap 
tism  which  the  heart,  even  of  the  unbaptized,  may,  without 
any  effort  or  premeditation  on  his  part,  experience.  She 
left  me  displeased. 

Now,  my  dear  Brethren,  I  must  dispatch  Conrad  to 
Shamokin,  as  the  Brethren  there  and  Shikellimy  are  expect 
ing  him.  The  latter  has  been  assigned  us  as  guide  to  the 
wild  Shawanese.  Andrew,  who  is  a  proficient  in  various 
Indian  languages,  will  probably  also  accompany  us. 

Remember  Johanan,*  Anna,  Martin,  Jeannette,  Joshua, 


*  The  name  given  the  Count  by  the  Indians. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  99 

and  David,  who  are  followers  of  the  Lamb,  and  your  fellow- 
members  of  His  congregation. 

P.  S.  We  will  probably  resume  our  journey  about  the 
9th  inst.  At  times  we  have  observed  signs  of  grace  in  ' 
Andrew.  Anna  has  experienced  the  same  in  the  case  of 
Madame  Montour's  granddaughter.*  Andrew  has  con 
cluded  to  give  his  hunting  companions  the  slip,  and  to 
forego  the  great  annual  hunt  which  the  Indians  are  accus 
tomed  to  prolong  into  the  month  of  February,  and  to 
accompany  us  to  Skehandowana. 


*  Quaere — Mary  Magdalene,  alias  Peggy,  who  interpreted  at  a  treaty 
held  at  Lancaster,  in  February  of  1760  ?  In  youth  she  had  been  bap 
tized  by  a  Catholic  priest  in  Philadelphia.  In  1790  she  joined  the 
Indian  congregation  at  Salem,  on  the  Pequotting.  Her  last  husband 
was  a  white  man  named  Hands,  and  on  marrying  him  she  was  called 
Sally  Hands.  After  his  decease  she  resided  among  the  whites  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames,  in  Canada,  maintained  by  her  son,  a  merchant 
in  Montreal.  As  late  as  1816  she  visited  the  Brethren's  Indian  settle 
ment  at  New  Fairfield.  At  that  time  she  was  far  advanced  in  years, 
and  yet  well  remembered  the  Count's  sojourn  at  Otstonwakin  in  1742. 
She  also  spoke  of  Anton  Schmid,  Daniel  Kliest,  and  Marx  Kieffer,  the 
Shamokin  blacksmiths.  She  deceased  soon  after  her  visit  at  New 
Fairfield. 


zoo  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 


J.  MARTIN  MACK'S  RECOLLECTIONS* 

OF  A  JOURNEY  FROM  OTSTONWAKIN  TO  WYOMING,  IN  THE 
WILDS  OF  SKEHANDOWANA,  IN  COMPANY  WITH  COUNT  ZIN 
ZENDORF  AND  ANNA  NITSCHMANN,  AND  OF  HIS  SOJOURN 
IN  THE  LATTER  PLACE  IN  OCTOBER  OF  1742. 

(Translated from  a  German  MS.  in  the  Archives  at  Bethlehem.} 


As  I  recollect,  you  accompanied  the  sainted  Disciplef  as 
far  as  Otstonwakin,  and  then  returned  to  Shamokin.     From 


*  These  Recollections  were  written  at  the  request  of  Peter  Bohler, 
after  Mack  had  set  out  for  the  West  Indies  in  May  of  1762  (in  which 
year  they  met  for  the  last  time  at  Bethlehem),  and  probably  after 
Border's  return  to  Europe  in  1764.  Upward  of  twenty  years  had  there 
fore  elapsed  since  the  occurrence  of  the  events  and  their  recital. 

John  Martin  Mack,  for  many  years  a  missionary  among  the  Indians, 
was  born  April  I3th,  1715,  at  Leysingen,  in  Wurtemberg.  In  1734 
went  to  Herrnhut.  In  1735  came  to  Georgia,  and  there  entered  into 
full  communion  with  the  Brethren.  Left  for  Pennsylvania  in  April  of 
1740,  assisted  at  the  building  of  the  Whitefield  school,  and  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  Bethlehem.  In  March  of  1742  was  appointed  Ranch's 
assistant  at  Shecomeco.  September  I4th,  married  Jeannette,  daughter 
of  John  Ran,  of  "  The  Oblong."  While  among  the  Indians  at  Pach- 
gatgoch  in  1743,  Mack  and  the  Brethren  Pyrlaeus  and  Shaw  were 


f  Zinzendorf  deceased  at  Berthelsdorf,  near  Herrnhut,  May  9,  1760. 
He  was  called  "the  Disciple'1''  as  early  as  1747,  and  although  he  bore 
other  titles  significant  of  offices  he  had  filled  in  the  church,  this  appel 
lation  was  the  favorite  one  associated  with  his  name  and  memory  after 
he  had  passed  away. 


AND    THE  INDIANS.  101 

here  my  sainted  Jeannette  and  myself,  with  Shikellimy  as 
guide,  and  a  grandchild  of  his,  set  out  for  Otstonwakin  on 
the  next  day,  arriving  there  late  at  night.* 


taken  in  arrest  to  Old  Milford,  Connecticut,  examined  before  a  magis 
trate,  and  forbidden  to  preach  the  gospel  within  the  precincts  of  the 
Established  Church.  Hence  returned  to  Shecomeco,  and  was  there 
until  the  close  of  1744,  and  the  abandonment  of  the  mission,  in  conse 
quence  of  acts  passed  against  the  Moravians  by  the  Assembly  of  New 
York. 

In  1745  was  appointed  "  Heiden  Aeltester."  Visited  the  Indians  at 
Shamokin.  In  April,  1746,  he  commenced  the  settlement  at  Gnaden- 
hiitten,  on  the  Mahoning,  the  field  of  his  labors,  until  the  autumn  of 
1755.  During  this  interval  he  visited  the  Indian  villages  on  the  West 
Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  annually,  and  in  1752  accompanied  David 
Zeisberger  to  Onondaga.  His  wife  deceased  at  Gnadenhiitten,  Decem 
ber  15,  1749.  Her  knowledge  of  the  Mohawk  (the  current  medium  of 
communication  between  many  of  the  members  of  the  Algonquin  family 
of  Indians),  which  she  had  acquired  in  the  home  of  her  girlhood,  and 
of  the  Delaware,  rendered  her  an  efficient  assistant  in  the  mission. 

In  1753  Mack  married  Anna  Rebstock.  In  the  autumn  of  1757  he 
commenced  Nain,  near  Bethlehem,  for  the  relief  of  the  Christian  In 
dians  sojourning  there.  "  Here,"  he  states  in  his  autobiography,  "I 
made  my  most  trying  experiences  as  a  missionary,  enduring  not  only 
temporal  privations,  but  harassed  also  by  constant  anxiety  for  the 
spiritual  welfare  of  my  charge.  I  commenced  the  work  with  mis 
givings,  as  the  project  of  settling  the  Indians  so  far  down  in  the  Province 
was  viewed  with  displeasure  by  whites  and  savages."  Having  again 
labored  at  Pachgatgoch,  Mack,  in  1761,  was  assigned  the  superintend 
ence  of  the  missions  in  the  Danish  West  Indies.  Thither  he  went  in 
the  following  year.  While  on  a  visit  to  Bethlehem  in  1770,  he  was 
consecrated  a  Bishop.  Deceased  on  Santa  Cruz,  January  9,  1784. 

A  portrait  of  Martin  Mack  is  in  the  Archives  at  Bethlehem.  His 
daughter,  Theodora,  born  December  28,  1758,  deceased  at  Bethlehem 
February  16,  1851. 

*  Zinzendorf  and  his  traveling  companions,  Bohler,  Mack,  and  wife, 
Anna  Nitschmann,  Leimbach,  Weisser,  and  David  and  Joshua,  had 
reached  Shamokin  in  the  evening  of  September  28.  On  the  3Oth  they 
set  out  out  for  Otstonwakin,  leaving  Mack  and  his  wife  at  the  former 


102  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

The  Disciple  and  Anna  were  rejoiced  to  see  us.  We  re 
mained  there  several  days,  and  on  two  occasions  held  meet 
ings,  which  were  attended  by  Andrew  Montour  and  his 
grandmother  (?),  and  some  of  the  Indians.  The  services 
were  conducted  in  French,  which  language  the  former 
understood. 

Leaving  Otstonwakin,*  our  way  lay  through  the  forest, 
over  rocks  and  frightful  mountains,  and  across  streams 
swollen  by  the  recent  heavy  rains.  This  was  a  fatiguing 
and  dangerous  journey,  and  on  several  occasions  we  im 
periled  our  lives  in  fording  the  creeks,  which  ran  with  im 
petuous  current.  On  the  fifth  day,  at  last,  we  reached 
Wyoming,  and  pitched  our  tent  not  far  from  the  Shawanese 
town.  The  Disciple's  reception  by  the  savages  was  un 
friendly,  although  from  the  first  their  visits  were  frequent. 
Painted  with  red  and  black,  each  with  a  large  knife  in  his 
hand,  they  came  in  crowds  about  the  tent,  again  and  again. 
He  lost  no  time,  therefore,  in  informing  the  Shawanese 
chief,  f  through  Andrew  Montour,  of  the  object  of  his 

town  in  charge  of  Joshua.  Bohler,  Leimbach,  Weisser,  and  David 
returned  to  Shamokin  October  4,  en  route  for  their  homes,  and  next 
day,  Mack  and  wife,  escorted  by  Shikellimy,  set  out  to  join  the  Count. 
Provincial  business  called  Weisser  to  Tulpehocken;  on  leaving  the 
latter,  however,  he  promised  to  rejoin  him  at  Wyoming  within  a  speci 
fied  time.  Bohler  and  the  Mohicans  reached  Bethlehem  October  n. 

*  The  travelers  probably  followed  the  "  Warrior's  Path  from  the 
Great  Island"  (Lock  Haven),  which  skirted  the  northern  bank  of  the 
West  Branch  as  far  as  Otstonwakin,  some  forty  miles,  and  thence  led 
due  east  through  the  present  counties  of  Lycoming,  Sullivan,  Columbia, 
and  Luzerne,  about  seventy  miles  to  the  Shawanese  village  (Plymouth), 
on  the  Wyoming  Flats,  west  of  the  Susquehanna.  Through  the  fast 
nesses  of  this  primeval  forest,  never  before  traversed  by  white  men  save 
adventurous  traders  like  James  Le  Tort  and  Pierre  Bizaillon,  Andrew 
Montour  guided  these  first  Evangelists  to  the  heathen  dwellers  on  the 
plains  of  Skehandowana. 

f  Qusere —  Weh-  Wehlaky,  one  of  the  Sachems  whom  the  Count  had 
met  at  Weisser's  ? 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  103 

mission.  This  the  wily  savage  affected  to  regard  as  a  mys 
tery,  and  replied  that  such  matters  concerned  the  white 
man,  and  not  the  Indian. 

Our  stock  of  provisions  was  by  this  time  almost  exhausted, 
and  yet  the  Disciple  shared  with  the  Indians  what  little 
was  left.  The  very  clothes  on  his  own  back  were  not  spared. 
One  shirt-button  after  another  was  given  away,  until  all 
were  gone,  and  likewise  his  shoe-buckles,  so  that  we  were 
obliged  to  fasten  his  under-clothes  and  tie  his  shoes  with 
strings  made  of  bast.  For  ten  days  we  lived  on  boiled 
beans,  of  which  we  partook  sparingly  three  times  a  day,  as 
the  supply  was  scanty. 

The  suspicious  manner  which  the  Shawanese*  manifested 


*  The  Shawanese  were  a  tribe  of  Southern  Indians,  who,  prior  to 
1 700,  had  been  expelled  from  their  seats  by  the  Spaniards  of  Flori-da,  and 
migrated  northward.  In  1698  sixty  families  of  them,  the  first  to  come 
into  the  Province,  settled  at  Conestoga  with  the  knowledge  of  Col. 
Markham  and  with  the  consent  of  the  Conestogas,  the  former  holding 
the  latter  responsible  for  the  good  behavior  of  their  Southern  brethren. 
Hence  they  moved  up  the  river,  and  built  a  town  at  Pextang.  Others 
followed  and  seated  themselves  on  the  Delaware  near  Durham,  or 
pursuing  the  course  of  that  river  into  its  upper  valley,  planted  in  the 
Minnisinks.  In  April  of  1701  William  Penn  "ratified  relations  of 
friendship  with  the  King  of  the  Conestogas  and  with  the  King  of  the 
Shawanese  inhabiting  at  the  head  of  Potomac"  The  Proprietaries' 
agents  always  sought  to  propitiate  the  good- will  of  these  strangers.  In 
1728  some  of  the  tribe,  fearing  the  resentment  of  the  Six  Nations  for 
an  injury  done  by  them  to  the  Conestogas,  removed  to  the  Ohio,  and 
put  themselves  under  the  protection  of  the  French.  Hereupon  gov 
ernment  called  upon  the  Six  Nations  to  aid  in  their  recall,  and  in  their 
recovery  to  the  English  interest.  This  attempt  was  only  partially  suc 
cessful  ;  and  although  conferences  were  held  with  them  at  various  times 
between  1732  and  1739,  and  Thomas  Penn  in  September  of  the  first 
year  offered  them  ample  seats  near  Pextang,  west  of  the  Susquehanna, 
they  hesitated  to  return  to  their  allegiance,  and  even  sought  to  entice 
the  Delawares  to  follow  them  to  the  French.  It  was  Allummapees 


104  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

at  our  first  arrival  remained  unchanged,  and  at  times  their 
deportment  was  such  as  to  lead  us  to  infer  that  it  would 
be  their  greatest  delight  to  make  way  with  us.  Notwith 
standing  this  the  Disciple  remained  in  the  town,  and  made 
repeated  efforts  to  have  the  object  of  his  visit  brought  be 
fore  the  consideration  of  the  chiefs.  They,  however,  evaded 
every  approach,  and  in  their  disappointment  at  not  receiv 
ing  large  presents  gave  unmistakable  evidence  of  displeas 
ure,  so  that  we  felt  that  the  sooner  we  left  the  better  it 
would  be  for  us. 

One  day  Jeannette,  on  returning  to  the  town  from  visit 
ing  the  Indians,  informed  the  Disciple  that  she  had  met 
with  a  Mohican  woman  in  the  upper  town,  who,  to  her  un 
speakable  joy,  had  spoken  to  her  of  the  Saviour.  This 
intelligence  deeply  affected  him.  He  rose  up  and  bade 
us  go  with  him  in  search  of  her,  and  in  the  interview  that 
followed  he  magnified  the  love  of  Jesus  to  her  in  terms  of 
most  persuasive  tenderness.  This  woman  now  became  our 
provider,  furnishing  us  with  beans  and  corn-bread,  until 
we  could  procure  other  supplies.  Hymns  Nos.  1853  and 
1854  in  Supplement  XI.  of  the  Hymn-book,  contain  allu 
sions  to  her ;  and  the  Disciple's  prayer  in  her  behalf,  ex- 


who  prevented  the  defection  of  his  countrymen  at  that  time.  In  July 
of  1739  the  same  Penn  treated  with  deputies  of  "the  Shawanese  scat 
tered  far  abroad  from  '  the  Great  Island*  to  the  Allegheny"  and  a  cove 
nant  was  formally  ratified  with  them,  the  conditions  of  which  it  was 
hoped  would  bind  them  firmly  and  lastingly  to  the  interests  of  the  Eng 
lish  and  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania.  But  this  was  not  the  case ; 
for,  with  few  exceptions,  these  swarthy  rovers  harbored  distrust  of  the 
English,  and  became  their  implacable  enemies.  Weisser  found  Shaw 
anese  in  Wyoming  in  the  spring  of  1737.  Hither  it  is  said  they  were 
invited  at  some  earlier  day  by  the  Six  Nations,  who  were  confident 
that  they  could  place  no  custodians  more  reliable  than  the  ferocious 
Shawanese  in  charge  of  that  lovely  valley  among  the  hills,  which  they 
designed  to  keep  for  themselves  and  their  children  forever. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  105 

pressed  in  the  i8th  stanza  of  the  former,  has  been  heard  and 
answered.*  On  another  occasion,  on  informing  him  that 
I  had  seen  Chikasi,-\  he  asked  me  to  find  him  and  bring  him 
into  his  presence.  To  him  also  he  extolled  the  Saviour's  love. 

One  day,  having  convened  the  Indians  in  the  upper  town, 
he  laid  before  them  his  object  in  coming  to  Wyoming,  and 
expressed  the  desire  to  send  people  among  them  that  would 
tell  them  words  spoken  by  their  Creator.  Most  of  these 
were  Mohicans,  and  not  as  obdurately  perverse  as  the  Shaw- 
anese.  Although  they  signified  no  decided  opposition, 
they  stated  their  inability  to  entertain  any  proposals  with 
out  the  consent  of  the  latter,  according  to  whose  decision 
they  were  compelled  to  shape  their  own.  Should  these  as 
sent,  they  said  they  would  not  object,  but  be  satisfied.  My 
Jeannette  acted  as  interpreter  of  what  passed  during  this 
meeting. 

In  reference  to  the  removal  of  our  tent  to  another  local 
ity,  to  which  there  is  allusion  in  the  words  of  the  hymn, 
"  Der  dritte  ein  verborgner  Schatz,  wo  Blaseschlangen 
nisteln"  I  have  the  following  in  mind  to  relate.  The 
tent  was  pitched  on  an  eminence.  One  fine  sunny  day,  as 
the  Disciple  sat  on  the  ground  within,  looking  over  his 


*  At  her  urgent  request  she  was  baptized  by  the  missionary  Bern- 
hard  A.  Grube,  July  28,  1754,  while  he  was  on  a  visit  to  the  Indians 
at  Wyoming,  receiving  the  Christian  name  of  Mary.  The  rite  was 
administered  in  the  Shawanese  Chief  Paxanosa's  wigwam,  and  was 
the  first  baptism  performed  by  the  Brethren  in  Wyoming  Valley. 

f  A  Catawba,  who  had  been  brought  prisoner  to  Wyoming  by  the 
Iroquois  on  their  return  from  an  annual  maraud.  In  August  of  1749, 
Chikasi  visited  Bethlehem  on  his  way  with  other  Indians  from  Wyo 
ming  to  Philadelphia.  Mack  and  Grube  met  him  in  September  of 
1753  in  a  small  village  of  Shawanese  on  the  Susquehanna,  below  the 
Occohpocheny  (Monsey  Creek).  These  Shawanese  had  lately  left  W7yo- 
ming. 

8 


ic6  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

papers  that  lay  scattered  around  him,  and  as  the  rest  of  us 
were  outside,  I  observed  two  blowers*  basking  at  the  edge 
of  the  tent.  Fearing  that  they  might  crawl  in  I  moved  to 
ward  them,  intending  to  dispatch  them.  They  were,  how 
ever,  too  quick  for  me,  slipped  into  the  tent,  and  gliding 
over  the  Disciple's  thigh,  disappeared  among  his  papers. 
On  examination  we  ascertained  that  he  had  been  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  their  den.  Subsequently  the  Indians 
informed  me  that  our  tent  was  pitched  on  the  site  of  an  old 
burying-ground  in  which  hundreds  of  Indians  lay  buried. 
They  also  told  us  that  there  was  a  deposit  of  silver  ore  in 
the  hill,  and  that  we  were  charged  by  the  Shawanese  with 
having  come  for  silver  and  for  nothing  else.  This  statement 
proved  to  be  a  fiction  invented  by  the  wily  savages  in  order 
to  afford  them  some  grounds  for  an  altercation  with  us,  and 
to  bring  us  into  general  disrepute;  for  we  subsequently 
learned  that  the  height  on  which  our  tent  had  been  pitched 
was  not  the  locality  of  the  precious  ore.f 

From  our  first  encampment  (see  Hymn  1853,  stanza  2) 
I  once  rode  out  with  the  Disciple  and  Anna.  There  was 
a  creek  in  our  way,  in  a  swampy  piece  of  ground.  Anna 
and  myself  led  in  crossing,  and  with  difficulty  succeeded 
in  ascending  the  farther  bank,  which  was  steep  and  muddy. 
But  the  Disciple  was  less  fortunate,  for  in  attempting  to 
land,  his  horse  plunged,  broke  the  girth,  and  his  rider 


*  Blower,  or  swelling  adder,  a  small,  hissing  snake,  said  to  be  ven 
omous.  The  Bethlehem  Diarist  states  that  in  the  harvest  of  1744  the 
harvesters  were  much  annoyed  by  blowers,  Blaseschlangen,  which  they 
would  take  in  their  hands  with  the  rakings  in  binding  sheaves.  The 
blower  is  a  small,  ash-gray  snake.  When  provoked,  its  neck  swells  to 
several  inches  in  extent. 

f  It  is  believed  that  the  Iroquois  invented  this  figment  so  as  to  have 
a  pretext  for  harboring  the  Shawanese,  and  in  the  hope  of  deterring 
intruders  by  involving  Wyoming  in  a  mystery. 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


107 


rolled  off  backwards  into  the  water,  and  the  saddle  upon 
him.  It  required  much  effort  on  my  part  to  extricate  him, 
and  when  I  at  last  had  succeeded,  he  kissed  me  and  said, 
"  Du  armer  Bruder !  Ich  plage  dich  dock  was  rechtes  !" 
{My  poor  Brother!  I  am  an  endless  source  of  trouble  /)  Being 
without  change,  we  were  necessitated  to  dry  our  clothes  at 
the  fire  and  then  brush  off  the  mud.  Adventures  of  this 
kind  befell  us  more  than  once. 

At  length  the  Brethren,  David  Nitschmann,  Anton 
Seyffert,  and  Jacob  Kohn,*  whom  we  had  long  been  ex 
pecting,  arrived. 

On  the  following  day  we  moved  higher  up  the  Susque- 
hanna,  and  here  was  the  extreme  limit  of  our  journey. 
The  words  of  the  hymn,  "  Der  vierf  ein  unwegsame  Spitz, 
Der  Susquehannah  Quellen"  allude  to  this  encampment. 
The  Disciple,  I  have  no  doubt,  was  led  to  go  to  this  point, 
in  order  to  have  an  opportunity  of  reading  his  letters  from 
Europe  undisturbed,  and  to  be  farther  away  from  the  In 
dians.  Here  Conrad  Weisser  joined  us  on  his  return.  He 
manifested  decided  impatience  at  our  prolonged  stay,  told 
us  that  the  Shawanese  were  plotting  mischief,  and  that  our 
lives  were  not  secure.  We  now  returned  to  our  second 
encampment,  where  the  Disciple  formally  laid  his  proposi- 


*  These  Brethren  had  set  out  from  Bethlehem  on  the  I5th  of  October. 
From  Shamokin  they  probably  followed  the  Indian  path  to  Wyoming, 
which  kept  along  the  upper  bank  of  the  Northeast  Branch,  to  the  Shawa 
nese  town.  Kohn  had  recently  arrived  from  Europe,  and  had  brought 
letters  for  the  Count. 

"  Ich  habe  Dero  Schreiben  in  der  Wiisten  Skehandowana  in  Canada, 
unter  einem  barbarischen  Volcke  aus  Florida  die  Shavanos  genannt, — 
welchen  von  den  Spaniern  in  diese  Gegend  vertrieben  sind  und 
worunter  ich  Herzen  suchte  die  einen  Heiland  brauchen,  wohl  emp- 
fangen." — Zinzendorf  to  Court- Chaplain  Bartholomai,  Oley,  Nov,  7, 
1742.  Bildingische  Sammhtng,  Part  xiii.  No.  36,  b. 


io8  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

tions  before  the  Shawanese  chief.  The  latter,  however, 
turned  a  deaf  ear  to  our  approaches,  and  grew  vehement. 
"  Der  Konig  liebete  uns  zwar ;  A  Heine  kam 's  zur  Sache, 
Wo  uns  zum  Trost  so  bange  war,  So  that  er  wie  der  Drache. ' ' 
Upon  this  the  Disciple  produced  the  string  of  wampum  that 
the  Sachems  of  the  Six  Nations  had  given  him  at  Tulpe- 
hocken,  but  even  its  authoritative  presence  failed  to  move  the 
savages  in  their  determination  or  to  mollify  their  murderous 
intentions.  We  were  completely  foiled,  and  saw  that  our  mis 
sion  was  a  failure.  This  might  have  been  owing  to  misstate- 
ments  made  by  our  interpreter*  to  the  Shawanese,  who,  as 
we  subsequently  learned,  had  not  been  fully  in  our  interests. 

From  this  time  we  had  no  rest.  By  day  and  by  night 
the  vagabond  savages  swarmed  around  our  tent.  The  Dis 
ciple  warned  us  continually  to  be  on  our  guard,  and  for 
bade  us  even  to  accept  supplies  from  them,  as  they  were  to 
be  trusted  under  no  circumstances. 

We  now  made  preparations  for  our  return  home,  and 
divided  into  two  companies.  Jeannette,  David  Nitsch- 
mann,  Andrew,  and  myself,  set  out  for  Bethlehem  by  way 
of  the  Great  Swampf  and  Dansbury.J  The  Disciple  and 
the  others  took  the  path  to  Shamokin.§ 


*  Quaere — Andrew  Montour  ? 

f  The  Pine  Swamp,  or  Shades  of  Death,  extending  northward  on  the 
plateau  of  the  Broad  Mountain,  in  Monroe  and  Carbon  Counties — 
called  the  Great  Swamp  on  Scull's  map  of  1770. 

This  division  reached  Bethlehem  on  the  ist  of  November.  Montour 
remained  there  until  the  I3th. 

J  Dansbury  (Stroudsburg),  a  settlement  commenced  in  Smithfield  by 
Daniel  Brodhead  about  1735,  near  the  junction  of  Anolomink  and 


\  The  Count  and  his  companions,  after  a  tedious  journey,  in  which 
they  suffered  from  the  hardships  and  privations  incident  to  travel  on 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  IO9 

While  thus  in  daily  danger  of  his  life  on  the  Shawnee 
Flats  of  Wyoming  Valley,  Zinzendorf  was  engaged  in  the 


McMichael's  Creeks,  Monroe  County.  Mr.  Brodhead  was  born  at 
Marbletown,  Ulster  County,  New  York,  in  1693,  and  was  a  grandson 
of  Daniel  Brodhead,  a  captain  of  grenadiers,  who  had  come  to  New 
York  with  Colonel  Richard  Nicolls  in  1664.  He  became  acquainted 
with  the  Brethren  soon  after  their  settlement  in  the  Forks  of  Dela 
ware,  on  his  way  to  his  relative,  Isaac  Ysselstein.  At  his  house 
they  often  lodged  as  they  traveled  to  or  returned  from  their  mission 
stations  in  New  York  and  Connecticut,  and  at  Dansbury  they  preached 
between  1743  and  1749.  In  June  of  1755,  Mr.  Brodhead  came  to 
Bethlehem  for  surgical  treatment  at  the  hands  of  Dr.  Jno.  M.  Otto. 
He  lodged  with  James  Burnside,  and  deceased  in  his  house  in  July  of 
that  year.  His  remains  were  interred  at  Bethlehem. 


horseback  and  exposure  in  the  cold  rains  and  bleak  winds  of  ap 
proaching  winter,  reached  Oley  on  the  7th,  and  Bethlehem  on  the  8th 
of  November. 

With  this  memorable  journey  Zinzendorf  s  endeavors,  by  personal 
visitation  and  appeal,  to  further  the  interests  of  the  Brethren's  mission 
among  the  Indians,  ceased.  Although  he  had  failed  to  interest  the 
Shawanese  in  the  reception  of  Christianity,  he  had  by  this  hazardous 
exploration  opened  a  way  for  his  Brethren  into  the  heart  of  the  Indian 
country ;  and  from  this  time  they  carried  the  gospel  to  the  mixed  popu 
lation  of  Indians  scattered  along  both  branches  of  the  Susquehanna, 
at  Shamokin,  Otstomvakin,  Quenischachschaky  (Linden),  Long  Island 
(Jersey  Shore),  Great  Island,  Nescopec,  Wyoming,  and  Diahoga. 
Among  the  Shawanese  they  never  effected  much.  The  first  convert 
was  Schitemoque,  who  in  baptism  received  the  name  of  Anna  Charity. 
Elizabeth,  the  wife  of  the  old  chief  Paxanosa,  was  baptized  at  Beth 
lehem  in  February  of  1755.  Twice  in  the  interval  between  Zinzen 
dorf  s  visit  to  Wyoming  and  the  autumn  of  1755  the  Shawanese  from 
there  addressed  themselves  to  the  Brethren  at  Bethlehem.  In  July  of 

1752  they  came  apparently  with  a  desire  to  establish  relations  of  friend 
ship,  and  expressed  a  readiness  to  receive  the  gospel.     In  March  of 

1753  they  came  in  the  interests  of  the  Six  Nations  to  ask  permission  of 
the  Brethren  for  the  Christian   Indians  residing   at  Gnadenhiitten  to 
remove  to  Wyoming.     On  his  visit  to  Europe,  in  the  summer  of  that 


no  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

preparation  of  Supplements  XI.  and  XII.  to  the  Collec 
tion  of  Hymns  at  that  time  in  use  among  the  Brethren. 


year,  Spangenberg  reported  these  overtures  to  the  Count,  whose  dis 
trust  of  the  perfidious  savages  among  whom  his  life  had  been  in  jeopardy 
almost  overcame  the  broad  spirit  of  good-will  and  peace  to  all  men 
that  shone  so  resplendently  from  out  the  great  heart  of  the  beloved 
Disciple.  Spangenberg  has  recorded  the  following  memoranda : 

i. 

"Chelsea,  June  16,  1753.  The  Disciple  is  displeased  with  our  late 
dealings  with  the  Shawanese.  He  stated  that  the  Lord  had  intimated 
to  him  to  let  them  alone,  and  added  that  it  was  disrespectful  toward 
him,  the  representative  of  the  Brethren,  and  distrustful  of  both,  for  the 
Six  Nations  to  send  a  message  by  proxy ;  that  the  circumstance  was 
suspicious,  and  might  lead  to  complications  with  government;  and 
finally,  that  the  Shawanese  were  a  perfidious  race  and  desired  no  knowl 
edge  of  God  and  the  Saviour." 

2. 

"Chelsea,  June  29,  1753.  The  Disciple  told  me  last  evening,  to  my 
great  joy,  that  on  examining  his  notes  and  memoranda  (which  he  is  in 
the  habit  of  consulting  after  the  manner  of  the  old  prophets,  who,  ac 
cording  to  Peter,  '  search  what,  or  what  manner  of  time  the  Spirit  of 
Christ  which  is  in  them  did  signify'),  he  had  ascertained  how  we  were 
to  act  with  regard  to  the  Shawanese.  As  to  those  of  the  tribe  who 
were  residing  at  Skehandowana  at  the  time  of  his  sojourn  there,  he 
stated  that  the  Saviour  had  told  him  it  would  be  useless  for  us  to  attempt 
to  effect  anything  with  them,  as  they  were  treacherous  and  cruel  and 
totally  averse  to  the  reception  of  Christianity.  As  to  the  rest  of  the 
tribe,  he  stated  that  from  an  intimation  the  Saviour  had  given  him  at 
the  time  of  his  stay  in  Wyoming,  he  was  inclined  to  believe  that  they 
would  become  an  admirable  people  on  their  conversion,  and  that  our 
efforts  in  their  behalf  would  not  be  in  vain.  Furthermore,  he  observed, 
that  the  promise  the  Saviour  had  made  him  to  effect  the  removal  of  the 
Shawanese,  among  whom  his  life  had  been  in  danger,  was  going  into 
fulfilment ;  that  the  lot  he  had  cast  and  which  had  warned  him  of  the 
Shawanese  did  not  apply  to  that  part  of  the  tribe  with  which  we  had 
lately  been  negotiating;  and  finally,  that  the  Saviour  had  also  made 
this  decision." 


AND    THE  INDIANS.  m 

They  are  prefaced  with  a  few  words  addressed  to  the  Con 
gregations,  beginning  thus:  " Ich  bin  hier  in  der  Wilsten, 
und  lauer  auf  Wilde  wie  sie  auf  die  wilden  Thiere"  and 
subscribed,  "  Aus  dem  Zelte  vor  Wayomik,  in  der  grossen 
Ebene  Skehandowana,  in  Canada,  am  15.  Oct.  1742. 

Euer  unwurdiger 

Johanan" 

From  this  collection  the  following  hymns  are  taken. 
Both  were  written  by  the  Count  to  commemorate  his  ex 
perience  among  the  Indians,  and  the  first  is  alluded  to  by 
Martin  Mack  in  his  Recollections. 

WAYOMIK  IM  NOV. 
1742. 

Wir  dachten  an  die  Hirtentreu 

Des  Jesuah  Jehovah, 
In  der  betriibten  Wiisteney 

Mit  Namen  Skehandowa. 

Des  Zeltes  erster  Ruheplatz 
Das  waren  Dorn  und  Disteln, 

Der  dritte  ein  verborg'ner  Schatz, 
Wo  Blaseschlangen  nisteln. 

Der  viert'  ein  unwegsame  Spitz 

Der  Susquehanna  Quellen, 
Der  and' re  und  der  fiinfte  Sitz, 

Das  waren  gleiche  Stellen. 

Da  sassen  wir  das  erste  Mai 

Acht  Tage,  zu  erfahren 
Was  unser's  Lammes  Hochzeitsaal 

Zum  Theil  mag  offenbaren. 


112  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

Em  unaussprechlich  edles  Gliick 
Fiir  uns're  eigne  Seelen — 

Allein,  in  einem  andern  Stiick, 
Ein  unbeschreiblich  Qualen. 

Das  Gliicke  war  an  dieser  Stell 
Sein  Herze  tief  zu  finden, 

Zum  Theil  die  Krafte  von  der  H611 
Dtirchs  Lammes  Blut  zu  binden. 

Allein  der  Schmerz,  der  Seelenschmerz, 
Den  wir  in  diesen  Landen 

Um  so  manch,  Indianer  Herz 
Im  innern  ausgestanden, 

Die  blut'ge  Thranenmasz'ge  Noth, 
Die  uns  das  Herz  gebrochen 

Bei  ihren  unerkannten  Tod, 

Wird  schwerlich  ausgesprochen. 

Ein  Volk,  im  Irokaner  Rath 
Zum  Untergang  bestimmet, 

Dieweil  doch  nichts  als  Uebelthat 
Im  wilden  Herzen  glimmet ; 

Das  war  daneben  Tag  vor  Tag 

Um  uns  herum  vagiren, 
So  dasz  man  kiihnlich  sagen  mag, 

Wir  war'n  bey  wilden  Thieren. 

Und  was  der  Herr  in  seinem  Wort 
Von  uns'rer  Leute  stillen 

In  Waldern  schlafen  sagte  dort, 
Das  wust  er  zu  erfullen. 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 

Allein  das  morderische  Herz 

Der  wilden  Schawanosen, 
Verdrosz  so  wohl  der  Zeugenschmerz, 

Als  all'  ihr  Liebekosen. 

Der  Konig  liebete  uns  zwar ; 

Alleine  kam's  zur  Sache, 
Wo  uns  um  Trost  so  bange  war, 

So  that  er  wie  der  Drache. 

Doch  kam  ein  Paar  urns  gute  Herz 

In  eine  rechte  Klemme, 
Sie  fiihlten  einen  wahren  Schmerz 

Nach  einer  Seelenschwemme. 

Die  erste  Briider,  die  einmal 
An  diese  Gegend  streiffen, 

Die  solten  sie  zur  Gnadenwahl 
In's  Blut  des  Lammes  tauffen. 

Die  Gnade,  die  uns  hie  und  da 

So  Seelen  zugewiesen, 
Wie  sie  Philipp'  und  Simon  sah, 

Sey  gleichwohl  hoch  gepriesen. 

Doch  lindert  uns  kein  Hurons  Herz, 
Die  Kirch  voll  Mahikaner, 

Noch  einzler  Chikasi  den  Schmerz 
Um  diese  Floridaner. 

Und  bis  der  erste  Schawanos 

Sich  glaubt  zu'n  ew'gen  Hiigeln ; 

So  wollen  wir  das  Gnadenloosz 
Von  diesem  Gang  versiegeln  ; 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

Und  alle  Spur  vom  Zeugengliick 

So  wohl  in  Otstonwaktn, 
Als  in  der  Flache  Wayomik 

Und  endlich  in  Shomakin. 

Kein  ewig's  Zahr  und'Thranelein, 

O  Vater  !  soil  inzwischen' 
Aus  deinem  Thranenpuschelein, 

Wo  Du's  gezahlt,  entwischen. 

Gedenke  nicht  an  unsern  Schweisz, 

Gedenk'  an  Jesu  Narben, 
Der  diesen  Lohn  fur  seinen  Fleisz 

Nicht  lange  mehr  kann  darben. 

Supplement  XI.  No.  1853. 


WYOMIK  IM  NOV. 
1742. 

Dort  in  der  Flache  Wajomik 
Auf  einem  wiisten  Ackerstiick, 
Da  Blaseschlangen  nisteten 
Und  ihre  Balge  briisteten, — 

Auf  einem  Silbererznen  Grund, 
Wo's  Leibes  Leben  miszlich  stund, 
Da  dachten  wir ; — Wir  sahen  gern, 
Das  wiirde  eine  Stadt  des  Herrn. 

Daruber  wurden  eins,  zwey,  drey, 
Und  denken  itzt  noch  einerley, 
Und  kriegen  ihr  noch  mehr  dazu ; 
Nun  fehlt  nichts  mehr,  als  das  ER'S  thu'. 

Supplement  XII.  No.  1902. 


AND    THE   INDIANS. 


ZINZENDORF'S  ACCOUNT 

OF   HIS    EXPERIENCE   AMONG   THE    INDIANS. 

Communicated  at  a  general  Meeting  of  "  the  Society*  for  the  Further 
ance  of  the  Gospel,"  assembled  at  the  Brethren's  Chapel  in  Fetter 
Lane,  London,  March  7,  1743-f 

(A  MS.  in  the  Archives  at  Bethlehem.} 


IT  is  not  'necessary,  my  Brethren,  to  relate  the  matters 
which  happened  among  the  Christians ;  for  we  have  Docu 
ments  enough,  and  those  publickly  printed,  to  illustrate 
them.  But  what  relates  to  the  Heathen  cannot  be  brought 
under  any  Heads  of  Documenta,  seeing  they  are  unable  to 
make  any.  Therefore  that  is,  according  to  my  Judgment, 
the  only  Matter  which  remains  to  be  related. 

'Tis  also  my  Intention  to  be  as  brief  as  I  can  in  relating 
what  has  been  my  Plan  in  the  whole  Affair  of  the  Heathen, 
and  how  far  Matters  wrere  carried  on  during  my  being  there, 


*  This  association,  composed  of  Brethren  and  of  friends  of  their  mis 
sions,  was  organized  by  Spangenberg  in  London,  May  8,  1741.  Dr. 
Doddridge,  Rev.  Benjamin  Ingham,  and  John  Bray  were  members. — 
Ben  ham 's  Life  of  Hutton. 

f  Zinzendorf  sailed  from  New  York,  January  20,  and  reached  Dover 
Feb.  28,  1743.  Hence  he  repaired  to  Yorkshire,  and  next  to  London. 
During  his  stay  there,  between  March  1 1  and  24,  he  preached  to  and 
held  meetings  for  the  Congregation  in  their  Chapel  in  Fetter  Lane, 
James  Hutton  acting  as  his  Interpreter. — Ibid. 

See  Budingische  Sammhing,  Part  xri.  No.  53,  for  a  discourse  he  de 
livered  before  the  Society,  March  24,  1743. 


n6  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

since  it  is  what  we  believe  in  general,  that  the  Time  of  the 
Heathen  is  not  yet  come.  For  it  is  believed  in  our  Church 
that  the  Conversion  of  the  Jews,  and  of  all  Israel  must  needs 
go  before,  ere  the  proper  Conversion  of  the  Heathen  can 
go  forward.  And  we  look  upon  all  what  has  been  done 
hitherto,  even  by  ourselves,  among  the  Heathen,  as  first 
Fruits  only  ;  so  that  one  must  likewise  go  about  the  Conver 
sion  of  the  Heathen  with  great  Care  and  Circumspection. 

Therefore  we  directly  oppose  the  Conversion  of  the 
Heathen  Nations  to  the  Profession  of  the  Christian  Reli 
gion  ;  and  likewise  the  Methods  hitherto  made  Use  of  in 
the  Conversion  of  both  Jews  and  Heathens.  For  if  Chris 
tian  Princes  and  Divines  should  go  so  far  as  to  convert  the 
Heathen  Nations  to  their  Customs  and  Ways  in  our  Days, 
they  would  thereby  do  the  greatest  Piece  of  Service  to  the 
Devil.  Therefore  I  do  not  in  the  least  believe  that  the  Devil 
would  oppose  any  one  in  such  an  Undertakeing,  but  wo'd 
rather  help  them  as  much  as  he  co'd. 

And  I  believe  concerning  those  quick  and  wonderful 
Conversions  of  whole  Nations,  where  all  Sorts  of  People, 
good  and  bad  are  made  Christians,  'tis  much  the  same 
whether  one  calls  it  the  Work  of  the  Lord  or  the  Work  of 
the  Devil. 

This  one  finds  verified  to  this  very  Day  in  those  Nations 
which  are  well  known  unto  us,  and  which  have  been  called 
Converted  these  several  100  Years;  the  Wends,  the  Lett- 
landers,  the  Estlanders,*  for  instance;  great  Numbers  of 
which  even  to  this  very  Day  Worship  Images ;  that  it  is 
impossible  to  evade  it  by  putting  the  common  Gloss  upon 
this  Matter  and  saying  it  is  only  a  Relic  of  Heathenism. 

The  Idea  which  we  have  of  the  Samaritans  is  much  more 
evident,  who  worshipped  the  true  God  and  false  one  at  the 


*  Letts  and  Esthonians. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  ny 

same  Time  for  this  Reason,  that  the  Worshippers  of  the 
true  God  might  not  give  them  any  Disturbance. 

For  certainly  so  long  as  our  Saviour  gets  no  better  Foot 
ing  in  Christendom,  we  are  neither  constrain' d  by  Necessity, 
Duty  nor  Love,  nor  by  any  Inclination,  to  convert  whole 
Nations  of  the  Heathen. 

Therefore  it  is  most  plain  to  us  that  the  Conversion  of 
the  Heathen  must  be  of  the  same  Kind  as  the  Conversion 
among  those  that  are  already  called  Christians.  And  that 
all  the  Souls  among  the  Heathen  whom  we  shall  admit  to 
Baptism,  must  be  awakened  to  eternal  Life  by  the  Lord 
Jesus  and  his  Spirit  in  like  Manner  as  a  Person  in  Christen 
dom  who  would  be  Converted  must  first  be  awaken 'd.  And 
therefore  have  we,  in  the  Conversion  of  the  Heathen,  en 
tirely  rejected  the  Method  of  Teaching  them  such  Matters 
as  they  can  keep  in  their  Head,  and  learn  by  Rote,  to  say 
after  one.  And  a  Heathen  by  our  Way  of  Preaching  or 
Instructing  in  heavenly  Things,  shall  not  be  able  so  much 
as  to  talk  when  he  has  not  the  Matter  in  his  Heart. 

Therefore  it  is  impossible  that  we  can  convert  the  Hea 
then  by  thousands;  yea,  'tis  even  a  Wonder  to  ourselves 
when  we  convert  them  by  twentys  or  thirtys.  And  I  often 
tremble  to  this  Hour  when  I  see  and  must  believe  (and  'tis 
not  possible  to  do  otherwise)  that  out  of  a  1000  awakened 
in  St.  Thomas*  within  these  6  years,  300  are  become  United 


*  A  mission  among  the  slaves  on  this  island  was  the  first  in  which 
the  Renewed  Church  of  the  Brethren  engaged.  In  Dec.  of  1732, 
Leonhard  Dober  and  David  Nitschmarvn.  (subsequently  a  bishop)  com 
menced  the  work  on  the  Danish  "Vtest  India  Company's  plantation 
near  the  town  of  St.  Thomas.  Tfie  first  station  was  named  New  Herrn- 
hut.  Zinzendorf  visited  the  missionaries  in  January  of  1739.  Andrew, 
Gratia,  and  Oley  Carniel,  three  converts,  are  introduced  in  the  paint 
ing  of  the  "  First  Fruits  from  the  Heathen,"  that  Zinzendorf  had  exe 
cuted  about  1750. 


1 1 8  CO  UNT  ZINZEND  ORF 

Brethren  and  Sisters.  For  the  whole  Nation  together  is 
but  about  3000.  And  that  the  ioth  Part  of  a  Nation  sho'd 
be  wholly  our  Saviour's  is  a  Thing  never  heard  of  before. 
Undoubtedly  ev'ry  one  of  us  wou'd  think  it  a  great  Matter 
when  the  ioth  Part  of  Great  Brittain  should  consist  of  true 
Children  of  God,  Brethren  of  the  Lamb. 

And  one  must  also  say  in  general,  that  the  Conversion 
of  the  Nations,  both  Negroes  and  Savages,  hath  been  car 
ried  on  further  than  we  ourselves  believ'd  it  wou'd. 

There  is  a  real  little  Church  settled  among  the  savage 
Nations  in  Greenland*  and  another  among  the  Hottentots  ;f 
concerning  wch.  Parts  of  the  World  Christendom  for  several 
hundred  Years  past,  have  thought  it  impossible  for  them 
ever  to  be  converted.  Indeed  not  one  Instance  co'd  be 
produced  for  they  have  been  the  only  People  among  the 
Heathen,  who  have  been  so  honest  as  to  declare,  that  they 
wo'd  not  believe  tho'  it  shou'd  be  told  them. 

But  one  may  observe  that  the  Mistake  of  all  the  Preach 
ers  that  have  been  among  these  People  consists  in  this, 
that  they  would  convince  them  that  there  was  a  God ;  and 
have  thereby  made  the  poor  Creatures  either  crafty  or 
stupid.  Had  their  teachers  but  once  rightly  read  the 
Bible  they  wou'd  have  seen  what  Paul  says  in  the  first  of 
the  Romans,  that  there  is  no  Heathen  in  all  the  World  to 
whom  it  is  not  evident  that  there  is  a  God.  For  he  allows 


*  Matthew  and  Christian  Stach,  and  Christian  David,  commenced 
to  missionate  among  the  Greenlanders  on  the  coast,  near  the  Danish 
trading-pest  of  Godhaab,  in  May  of  1733.  Sanniel  Kajarnak,  his  wife 
and  two  children  were  baptized  there,  March  30,  1739.  The  first  station 
was  named  New  Herrnhut.  Kajarnak  appears  in  the  "  First  Fruits." 

f  George  Schmidt  was  sent  to  the  Hottentots  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  in  the  summer  of  1737.  Kibbodo,  who  in  baptism  received  the 
name  of  Jonas,  is  one  of  the  eighteen  converts  in  the  painting  of  the 
"  First  Fruits." 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  n9 

of  no  Atheists  but  what  there  are  in  Christendom ;  who  as 
a  particular  distinguishing  Punishment  for  not  seeking  the 
Lord  Jesus,  are  given  over  to  a  reprobate  Mind. 

The  Punishment  of  the  Heathen  is  that  they  must  needs 
commit  Sin  ;  that  of  the  Christians  who  wou'd  not  have  the 
Lord  Jesus  is  that  they  become  Atheists.  And  when  Christ 
shall  also  be  preached  unto  the  Heathen,  and  they  likewise 
will  not  receive  him,  then  will  Atheists  arise  among  them 
also  as  well  as  among  us.  Thence  it  is  that  one  finds 
Atheists  among  all  such  Heathens  where  the  Christian  Mis 
sionaries  have  labored  in  vain.  Here  indeed  one  finds 
Atheists  because  here  an  Occasion  is  giv'n  for  it.  As  for 
Instance,  when  they  are  told  that  the  Son  of  God  has  died 
for  them,  and  that  this  is  a  weighty  Matter,  and  they  after 
wards  observe  the  Manner  of  Life  these  People  who  told 
them  do  lead,  they  presently  begin  to  think  it  is  impossible 
that  these  men  believe  this,  it  must  needs  be  a  Contrivance 
or  a  pretty  Fable. 

We  have  hitherto  made  it  our  Business  among  the  heathen 
and  indian  Nations  that  our  Brethren  might  not  labor  in 
vain,  first  of  all  to  inquire  concerning  the  People,  whether 
or  no,  and  by  what  Means  the  Preaching  is  already  cor 
rupted,  and  if  they  have  already  receiv'd  false  Christianity; 
and  what  part  of  'em  still  adhere  to  mere  Heathenism. 

There  is  a  wonderful  mixture  of  these  in  Canada,  which 
makes  the  Conversion  of  these  Heathen  very  difficult.  The 
principal  Heathens  in  Canada  are  allied  Nations,  who  give 
themselves  the  particular  title  of  (Aquanusmiani)  Covenant 
People;  the  French  call  them  Iroquois,  and  the  English 
the  5  Nations.  But  there  are  properly  6  of  them,  they 
having  added  the  Tuscaroras  to  their  Number.  These 
Nations  govern  the  whole  District  of  Canada;  the  rest 
being  either  in  subjection  to  them  or  else  continually  at 
War  with  them. 


I2o  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

These  Nations  are  divided  into  Fathers,  or  Children,  or 
Brethren,  or  Members  of  the  Covenant,  and  such  as  do 
not  belong  to  one  of  these  three  Classes  they  call  Cousins, 
which  signifies  as  much  as  Subjects ;  and  these  former  are 
again  by  them  called  Uncles. 

The  3  first  Nations  which  are  called  Fathers,  are  the 
Maquas,  the  Onondagoes,  the  Senekas.  The  Maquas  are 
most  part  of  them  Christians  so  called,  having  been  con 
verted  by  the  English  Missionaries ;  and  have  lost  all  their 
Credit  with  the  others,  because  they  have  guzzl'd  away  all 
their  Land  to  the  Christians.  And  w  ith  this  Nation  we 
have  not  hitherto  so  much  as  spoken,  since  we  fear  nothing 
so  much  as  when  such  Sort  of  People  do  endeavour  to  be 
long  to  us.  And  we  have  esteemed  it  a  very  great  Grace 
of  our  Saviour,  that,  altho'  these  are  as  it  were  the  next 
Neighbours  of  the  Heathen  to  our  Congregations,*  yet  we 
have  had  no  Manner  of  Fellowship  with  them. 

The  3d  Nation  are  the  Senekas  who  have  been  con 
verted  by  the  French  Missionaries  some  time  ago,  when 
they  had  to  do  with  them;  and  of  these  I  have  observ'd 
that  their  Christian  Knowledge  is  nothing  more  than  this, 
that  they  believe  that  our  dear  Saviour  was  born  at  Beth 
lehem  in  France,  and  that  the  English  have  crucified  him. 
Upon  which  Account  they  are  very  much  offended  with 
the  English;  and  one  sees  them  make  Crosses  and  such  like 
Ceremonies.  This  is  all  I  could  find  among  them ;  and 
when  any  of  them  comes  to  Philadelphia,  they  go  to  the 
Popish  Chapelf  to  Mass. 

The  2d  Nation,  and  which  properly  governs  the  rest  is 


*  At  Shecomeco,  and  its  dependencies,  Wechquadnach  and  Pack- 
gatgoch . 

•j-  Quaere — The  chapel  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Walnut  and  Front 
Streets,  mentioned  in  Watson's  Annals  ? 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  121 

the  Nation  of  the  Onondagoes.  Those  are  Philosophers 
and  such  as  among  us  are  called  Deists.  They  are  brave 
honest  People  who  keep  their  word ;  and  their  general 
weakness  is  that  they  delight  in  Heroick  Deeds ;  and  this 
will  be  the  main  Difficulty  in  the  way  of  their  Conver 
sion,  to  make  them  forget  these  their  heroick  Notions ;  for 
they  have  the  Principles  of  the  old  Romans,  that  they  look 
upon  every  one  as  a  miserable  Creature,  scarce  worth  a 
Thought,  who  will  not  submit  himself  to  them.  Their 
Government  is  very  equitable  and  fatherlike,  but  whoever 
will  not  stoop  to  them  they  are  ready  to  root  out  that 
Nation  from  among  the  Indians.  On  the  other  Hand, 
they  carry  themselves  very  civil  and  orderly  towards  the 
Europeans  (as  may  be  seen  from  the  Compacts  between 
them)  and  altho'  they  in  general  hate  the  Europeans  in 
their  Hearts,  and  call  them  Assaroni  or  Assyrians  (which 
is  the  same  as  Enemies)  yet  they  have  a  particular  Respect 
for  several  private  Persons.  Nevertheless  'tis  as  much  as 
an  Indian  life  is  worth,  who  belongs  to  their  Nation,  if  he 
is  discover' d  to  have  a  good  Reputation  among  the  Euro 
peans.  And  Alommabi,*  the  King  of  the  Delawares  stabb'd 
his  presumptive  Successor  because  that  in  Philadelphia  he 
was  looked  upon  as  an  Oracle. 

The  Two  other  Nations  which  are  stiled  Children,  are 
the  Cajugas  and  Oneydoes  who  regulate  themselves  after 
these  Two  Nations  and  also  are  Philosophers  like  them  ;  and 
when  at  any  time  they  have  general  Proposals  made  them 
about  Christianity,  they  give  for  Answer  that  they  will 
follow  the  Onondagoes,  and  what  they  shall  do  in  that 
Case,  these  likewise  will  do  the  same. 

As  concerning  this  Nation,  Things  so  fell  out  that  one 


*  Some  time  in  1731,  Allummapees  killed  his  nephew,  Sam  Shaka- 
taivlin  (who  occasionally  acted  as  interpreter  at  Philadelphia),  in  a 
drunken  brawl  at  Shamokin. 

9 


122  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

of  their  Kings  came  to  Philadelphia  as  Ambassadour,* 
going  before  the  grand  Embassy  of  the  5  Nations,  which 
came  last  Year  with  Commissions  to  Philadelphia.  This 
Prince  was  recommended  to  me  and  lodged  14  Days  in  my 
Housef  with  his  Wife  &  Children.  At  that  Time  I  did 


*  Caxhayton,  counselor  of  Canassatego,  Sachem  of  the  Onondagas, 
came  to  Philadelphia  in  February  of  1742  to  announce  the  intention  of 
the  Six  Nations  to  meet  the  Governor  in  conference  there  in  the  course  of 
the  following  summer.  The  "grand  embassy"  arrived  in  that  city  on 
the  3<Dth  of  June.  It  consisted  of  thirteen  Onondagas,  nineteen  Cayugas, 
fourteen  Oneidas,  three  Senecas,  twenty-one  Tuscaroras,  five  Shawa- 
nese,  eight  Conestogas,  six  Delawares  from  Shamokin  and  four  from 
the  Forks.  The  principal  personage  was  Canassatego.  Eleven  other 
chiefs  attended.  "  The  Board  directs  that  ^5  be  given  to  Caxhayton 
on  acct.  of  the  Province  for  his  services  as  messenger." — Minutes  of 
Provincial  Cotincil,  July  12,  I742- 

f  A  short  time  before  the  Count's  arrival  at  New  York,  Christian 
Frolich,  who  was  then  conducting  Capt.  Wallace's  sugar-refinery  in 
Philadelphia,  had  rented  a  house  of  three  stories  on  Second  Street  near 
the  northeast  corner  of  Race,  for  the  Count  and  his  household.  Here  he 
entertained  Caxhayton.  Governor  Thomas  wrote  to  Conrad  Weisser, 
under  date  of  February  26,  1742,  in  reference  to  the  Count's  hospi 
tality, — "  Although  I  have  a  very  high  opinion  of  Count  Zinzendorf's 
integrity  and  religious  zeal,  and  consequently  esteem  him  much,  I  was 
not  altogether  willing  that  the  messenger  and  his  family  should  be  at 
his  home,  lest  his  manner  of  treating  them  should  not  prove  agreeable 
and  they  should  think  we  failed  in  courtesy  to  save  expense,  and  so 
make  a  report  to  our  prejudice  when  they  return  to  their  countrymen. 
I  should  be  very  well  pleased  that  the  Count  could  make  them  good 
Christians ;  but  I  would  not  have  the  business  of  the  Province  depend 
upon  his  success  with  them  nor  run  the  risk  of  their  being  disobliged 
by  being  put  into  the  hands  of  agents,  who,  out  of  good-will,  would 
restrain  them  from  what  they  think  there  is  no  crime  in  making  a 
moderate  use  of — drunkenness, — a  very  bad  thing,  and  I  discourage  it 
in  Indians  and  others  as  much  as  I  can,  but  should  they  become  Chris 
tians  if  they  are  no  better  than  Christians  in  common,  they  will  be  as 
drunk  as  some  of  them  are  apt  to  be  at  present,  be  greater  thieves,  cheats, 
£c.  than  the  most  of  Indians  are.  The  knowledge  of  God  and  Christ 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  123 

not  know  of  what  Benefit  this  wou'd  be  to  me.  But  being 
on  my  first  journey  among  the  Indians  by  an  Indian  River,* 
I  met  the  grand  Embassage  on  their  return.  I  came  into 
an  House  where  all  the  Kings  of  these  Nations  were  assem 
bled  together,  f  Kackshajim  was  among  them,  with  his 
Wife  and  little  Child,  who  all  3  had  been  in  my  House  at 
Philadelphia.  The  Child  ran  to  me  and  fell  about  my 
Neck  in  the  Presence  of  all  the  Indians,  which  made  them 
look  one  upon  another,  and  enquire  among  themselves 
how  that  came  about.  At  the  same  Time  Brother  Zander 
came  also  into  the  Room.  The  Indian  Prince  was  very 
glad  to  see  his  Zander  again,  who  had  been  his  Provider 
and  Messinger  thro' out  Pennsylvania,  and  immediately  ran 
and  kissed  him ;  so  that  the  whole  was  an  astonishing  Scene 
to  their  People. 

Then  I  spoke  to  all  them  present  (and  there  was  none 
wanting  but  the  King  of  the  Tuscaroras  who  was  at  that 
Time  got  drunk)  and  asked  them  if  I  might  have  a  Con 
ference  with  them?  They  answer'd  yes,  and  sat  them 
selves  down ;  and  they  were  presented  with  a  Piece  of  red 
Cloth  as  a  Token  that  we  had  something  of  Importance  to 
relate  to  them:  which  they  receiv'd.  Then  I  spoke  thus 


ought  to  make  men  better ;  but  how  it  happens  I  cannot  tell,  yet  so  it  is, 
the  common  sort  of  people  among  Christians  are  worse  than  the  Indians 
who  are  left  to  the  law  of  nature,  i.e.  to  their  own  natural  reason  to 
guide  them.  If  these  people  are  any  way  dissatisfied,  you  will  excuse 
me  and  put  it  upon  their  own  consent  or  choice,  as  you  tell  me  it  was." 

*  The  Schuylkill,  "hidden  channel,"  so  named  by  the  Dutch  who 
settled  on  Delaware  Bay.  The  Indians  called  the  river  Ganschowe- 
hanne,  "  der  rauschende  Strom.'1'' 

f  Present  at  Weisser's  house  were  the  sachems  Canassatego  and  Cax- 
hayton,  Onondagas,  Saristaque  and  Shikelliniy,  Oneidas,  Kakaradasey 
and  Sahugksoewa,  Cayugas,  and  Weh-ivelaky,  a  Shawanese.  The  Mo 
hawks  and  Senecas  were  not  represented.  Saivantka,  the  Tuscarora 
chief,  remarks  Zinzendorf,  "  war  ausser  Stand  zu  erscheinen." 


I24  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

to  them  by  an  Interpreter  :  "  That  seeing  Kackshajim  was 
already  personally  acquainted  with  me,  and  wou'd  give 
them  an  Account  of  me,  I  wou'd  therefore  take  this  Oppor 
tunity  to  inform  them  what  was  properly  my  Business  in 
this  Country,  and  wherefore  I  travell'd  so  about.  That  I 
believed  many  of  my  Brn  wou'd  come  into  their  Districts; 
that  our  way  of  proceeding  wou'd  appear  very  strange  to 
them,  seeing  we  wear  no  Parson's  Habits  nor  preach'd 
publickly,  but  only  convers'd  with  the  Souls;  that  indeed 
we  were  such  a  Sort  of  People  who  as  earnestly  attend  the 
Conversion  of  Souls  as  any  Body.  But  we  had  quite  a 
different  Method  which  I  wou'd  now  beforehand  explain 
to  them.  For  it  might  so  fall  out,  that  one  of  us  might 
happen  to  be  a  whole  Year  among  them,  and  not  so  much 
as  speak  with  any  of  them ;  which  might  perhaps  give 
Occasion  of  Suspicion.  We  are  a  People  who  believe  that 
before  we  tell  the  People  something  of  our  God,  our  God 
^himself  must  first  have  spoken  to  their  Hearts.  And  we 
would  speak  with  none  concerning  our  God,  but  with 
Hearts  which  sigh  and  long  to  know  him.  And  moreover 
I  desir'd  nothing  further  of  them  than  this,  that  they  would 
give  a  Token  whereby  to  know  our  Brn,  so  that  we  might 
avoid  Suspicion  on  both  Sides.  And  that  our  Brethren 
when  they  should  see  good  to  depart  from  a  Nation  might 
be  at  Liberty  to  do  so  without  giving  any  Reason  for  it : 
and  might  also  be  at  Liberty  to  speak  together  concerning 
what  may  be  of  Use  to  any  Soul  here  or  there.  That  they 
wou'd  also  give  their  People  Freedom  to  act  freely  with  us 
concerning  their  Hearts,  for  we  wou'd  at  no  Time  meddle 
with  Matters  of  State  or  Trade  among  them ;  for  we  had 
nothing  at  all  to  do  with  such  things ;  and  as  for  Necessary 
Things  we  wou'd  take  Care  to  provide  ourselves  with 
them." 

Whereupon  they  withdrew  and  held  a  Consultation  of  an 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  125 

Hour  long,  &  then  returned  again,  and  the  chief  of  them, 
the  King  of  the  Onandagoes  spoke  to  me  after  this  Man 
ner. 

"Brother,  thou  art  come  hither ;  we  have  known  nothing 
of  thee,  nor  thou  of  us ;  and  thou  art  also  come  quite  un 
expectedly  by  us,  as  we  by  thee.  The  chief  Spirit  must 
have  some  hand  in  this.  We  hear  that  thou  art  come  over 
Two  Seas  and  over  the  great  Sea,  and  that  thou  hast  some 
thing  to  declare  from  the  Great  Spirit  and  no  worldly 
thing.  We  wou'd  only  let  thee  know  that  thou  and  thy 
Brethren  when  they  come,  shall  allways  be  welcome  to  us ; 
and  tell  us  then  what  you  have  to  say  when  you  come. 
And  as  a  Proof  that  thou  and  thy  Brethren  shall  be  wel 
come  to  us,  we  give  thee  this  Fathom  of  Wampon.": 

Here  the  Matter  rested ;  nor  had  we  any  Thing  more  to 
make  out  with  these  Nations,  but  only  that  we  might  be 
able  to  dwell  among  them  without  being  suspected  by 
them.  That  was  the  general  outward  Affair,  and  which  I 
thus  Transacted  with  the  government  itself  so  that  no  Sus 
picion  could  arise.  And  seeing  I  had  this  Adventure  to 
wards  the  end  of  my  first  Journey  among  the  River  Indians, 
I  will  also  say  something  of  the  Journey  itself. 

These  River  Indiansf  are  a  People  allmost  quite  Spoil' d 
by  the  Christians  with  Drunkenness,  Thievery  and  Whore 
dom,  &c.  Yet  they  have  this  Advantage,  that  they  know 
little  or  nothing  of  the  Christian  Religion.  For  the  Chris 
tians  have  other  sort  of  business  with  them,  and  upon  that 


*  It  was  a  string  of  1 86  white  beads,  subsequently  often  produced  by 
Bishops  Spangenberg  and  Cammerhoff  in  conferences  with  the  Indians. 
Quaere — Was  this  relic  taken  to  Europe  on  the  division  of  the  Archives 
at  Bethlehem  in  1766,  and  on  the  transfer  to  Herrnhut  of  many  of  its 
records,  made  in  pursuance  of  a  resolution  of  the  General  Synod  of 
1764? 

f  The  Delawares.     The  name  was  also  applied  to  the  Mohicans. 


I26  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

Account  forget  to  mention  their  Religion  to  them ;  where 
fore  when  one  speaks  to  them,  'tis  something  new  to 
them,  which  strikes  and  leaves  an  Impression  behind  upon 
their  Hearts. 

This  I  took  particular  Notice  of  at  the  3d  Synod*  in 
Pennsylvania,  whereat  there  were  three  of  our  Indians 
which  now  are  Elders  and  Deacons  of  the  Congregation  in 
Shecomeko,  and  were  Baptiz'd  in  the  Synod ;  at  wch  time 
there  came  some  of  the  River  Indians  out  of  Curiosity  to 
see  of  what  Nation  they  were.  Our  Indians  felt  a  great 
Stirring  in  their  Hearts  on  Acco*  of  these  People,  and 
begun  a  preaching  to  them  from  Noon  till  towards  Mid 
night.  For  there  was  one  of  our  Indians  who  understood 
the  Delaware  Language. 

These  People  express'd  so  much  Admiration  and  listen'd 
some  Hours  with  so  much  Attention,  that  any  one  that 
knew  them  (for  they  were  known  to  be  some  of  the  worst 
sort  of  their  People)  could  not  but  be  astonished  at  it. 

Thro 'out  my  whole  Journey  where  I  have  spoken  to  any 
of  the  Indians  by  Bror  Zander,  and  with  all  the  River  In 
dians,  I  have  found  a  particular  Quietness,  Attention  and 
Friendliness. 

We  never  went  from  them  but  they  intreated  us  that  we 
wo'd  return  to  them  again  :  and  they  have  a  particular  word 


*  The  third  of  seven  religious  convocations  convened  between  Jan 
uary  13  and  June  12,  1742,  at  Germantown,  Falkner's  Swamp,  Oley, 
and  Philadelphia.  Three  of  the  seven  met  at  Germantown.  Zinzendorf 
and  Henry  Antes  led  the  attempt  made  in  these  meetings  to  harmonize 
the  differences  which  distracted  the  various  religious  elements  in  Penn 
sylvania,  and  to  unite  all  sects  and  denominations  on  the  ground  of 
Evangelical  Christianity.  The  third  Synod  met  at  Mr.  Jno.  de  Turk's, 
in  Oley,  February  20,  1742.  The  baptism  of  the  Indian  converts  took 
place  on  the  22d.  A  large  concourse  of  spectators  having  collected 
to  witness  the  act,  it  was  found  necessary  to  repair  to  the  barn  for  the 
administration  of  the  rite. 


AND    THE  INDIANS.  127 

which  I  have  often  heard  the  old  King  of  the  Delaware* 
Indians  at  Shamokin  make  use  of,  that  when  they  hear 
any  thing  that  affects  them  they  cry  kahelle !  kahelle ! 
ay  !  is  it  so  ? 

We  soon  found  it  proper  to  go  on  gently  with  our  Visi 
tation  of  these  Indians,  since  we  have  not  to  fear  that  they 
will  soon  be  Converted  by  the  Christians.  We  have  given 
it  in  charge  to  Bror  Anton  and  Seidel,f  now  and  then  to 
make  a  particular  visit  to  Sickehillehockent  and  observe  if 
there  is  a  Soul  here  or  there  who  require  that  something 
may  speedily  be  done  for  them.  What  chiefly  gives  us 
hopes  concerning  these  River  Indians  is  that  they  are  very 
diligent  in  coming  to  Bethlehem,  and  are  exceedingly  pleas' d 
with  their  coming  to  see  our  Love  feasts,J  and  with  Quiet 
ness  and  Respect  take  Notice  of  what  we  do.  So  that  we 
believe  the  Church  will  bring  these  Heathens  to  our  Saviour 
without  speaking  a  Word.  They  have  already  given  us 
their  Children  to  take  care  of  for  whole  Days  and  Weeks 
together  ;§  which  is  looked  upon  among  the  Indians  as  the 
greatest  Thing  they  can  do,  for  they  have  a  Wonderfull 
Affection  for  their  Children. 

Indeed  the  white  People  have  done  us  that  Kindness  as 
to  tell  them,  that  we  wo'd  make  Slaves  of  all  the  Children 
which  they  left  with  us ;  tho'  they  have  never  regarded  it, 
but  came  and  told  us  what  the  white  People  had  said  to 


*  Allummapees,  or  Sasoonan,  a  Delaware  word  signifying  "  one  who 
is  well  wrapped  tip." 

f  Nathaniel  Seidel. 

J  "July  10,  1742.  Thirteen  Delawares  visited  us.  As  several  com 
panies  have  been  here  within  the  month  we  have  concluded  to  send  a 
Brother  among  them  to  acquire  their  language." — Bethlehem  Diarist. 

\  "  Capt.  John,  who  lives  near  by,  has  entrusted  his  son,  an  intelli 
gent  boy  of  eleven,  to  my  care.  He  has  been  with  me  during  the 
winter,  and  has  become  quite  attached  to  me." — Chr.  Frolich  to  Leon- 
hard  Dober,  Nazareth,  l\Iarch  21,  I741- 


128  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

them.  The  Heathen  continually  wonder  at  this  that  the 
Christians  are  so  much  against  us  and  speak  all  manner  of 
Evil  of  us ;  for  they  have  warned  them  against  us  as  Here- 
ticks  even  at  the  same  time  when  the  Heathen  do  not 
know  what  Heresy  means. 

This  was  my  first  Journey. 

My  2d  was  to  Checomeko,  which  lies  beyond  the  North 
River,  between  New  England,  New  York  and  Albania. 
Just  on  the  Borders  of  these  three  Provinces  dwell  our 
Heathen ;  they  are  the  Nation  of  the  Mahikans,  a  desperate 
and  furious  People. 

Among  these  Mahikans  our  Savr  has  given  us  a  Whole 
Congregation  within  the  space  of  Two  Years ;  our  Bror 
Rauch  has  been  the  Instrument  in  this  Work,  who  spent 
the  greatest  part  of  the  first  Year  among  them,  in  mani 
fest  Danger  of  his  Life,  for  they  are  the  most  savage 
People  among  all  the  Indians;  who  not  only  have  been 
excessive  Drunkards,  but  have  been  exceedingly  given  to 
Fighting  and  Murder.  And  this  is  one  Thing  which  has 
made  the  Neighbours  thereabouts  such  as  are  our  Opposers, 
be  Astonished,*  to  see  People  upon  whose  Accot.  they 
have  been  afraid  to  remain  in  their  Houses  now  become 
like  Lambs,  and  they  have  told  me  myself  that  they  were 


*  Conrad  Weisser,  who  visited  Shecomeco  in  May  of  1743,  expressed 
himself  in  terms  of  unqualified  astonishment  at  the  change  wrought  in 
this  ferocious  people  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  Brethren.  In 
a  letter  to  Biittner  (who  was  at  New  York  during  the  interpreter's 
visit),  dated  Heidelberg,  June,  1743,  he  writes, — "The  evidences  of 
Divine  Grace  I  observed  in  your  Indians,  their  unaffected  piety  and 
their  simple  faith  in  Christ  and  his  atonement  impressed  me  deeply. 
As  I  saw  their  old  men  seated  on  rude  benches  and  on  the  ground 
listening  with  decorovis  gravity  and  rapt  attention  to  the  words  of  Post, 
I  fancied  I  saw  before  me  a  congregation  of  primitive  Christians.  John, 
who  is  truly  a  child  of  God,  interpreted  with  demonstration  of  the 
spirit  and  of  power." 


AND    THE  INDIANS.  129 

highly  obliged  to  us  for  having  Converted  them,  since  be 
fore  they  had  not  been  secure  even  in  their  own  Houses. 
And  John  who  is  now  the  chief  Teacher  of  the  Indians 
was  the  worst  of  all.  He  was  exceeding  Drunk  when  Bror 
Ranch  first  began  to  speak  something  good  to  Him,  and 
did  not  remember  a  Word  that  Ranch  had  said  to  him  save 
this  one  word  Blood  which  he  so  often  had  heard  repeated. 
Blood,  Blood  that  continualy  was  coming  again  into  his 
mind;  and  he  wanted  much  to  ask  the  Man  what  that 
meant,  Blood  /  for  he  had  looked  so  friendly  even  while 
he  was  talking  about  Blood.  Blood!  thought  he,  what 
must  that  be  ?  and  he  even  dreamed  about  it  what  manner 
of  Man  must  that  be  who  looks  so  pleased  and  yet  speaks 
allways  about  Blood  ?  And  once  he  came  in  haste  to  Bror 
Rauch,  and  sitting  down  by  him,  he  earnestly  desired  him 
to  tell  him  why  he  allways  spoke  of  Blood  with  such  a 
Motion  and  Joy  of  Heart.  Then  Rauch  told  him  that  he 
might  easily  conceive  why  it  was  so  with  him,  for  he  was 
telling  the  People  that  their  Creator  had  Died  and  shed 
his  Blood  for  them,  and  he  also  belong' d  to  these  People; 
and  it  had  been  shed  for  him  likewise.  He  then  asked 
him  if  this  was  true  ?  and  what  must  one  do  to  get  a  Share 
therein  ?  Rauch  answered,  Nothing  but  believe  and  with 
one's  Heart  hang  upon  the  Man,  conversing  with  him  so 
long  in  the  Mind  till  one  experienc'd  what  he  did.  Then 
he  told  him  but  he  was  so  much  inclin'd  to  Drunkenness. 
Rauch  replied,  the  reason  of  that  was  his  not  having  as 
yet  that  Blood  in  his  Heart ;  and  that  he  should  first  get 
that,  and  then  his  Drunkenness  would  soon  fall  away. 
From  this  time  the  Heathen  constantly  attended  and 
begg'd  with  sighs  that  God  would  make  this  Thing  so  to 
him  as  it  was  to  Rauch.  And  from  that  Time  he  had  no 
Leasure  to  get  drunk  any  more ;  for  he  wo'd  not  let  this 
Thing  go  out  of  his  mind.  And  his  Wife  and  Mother  who 


1 3o  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

had  been  Excessively  grieved  at  his  getting  Drunk  so  much, 
were  now  much  more  Displeas'd  that  he  wo'd  have  nothing 
more  to  do  with  drinking,  but  was  now  wholly  taken  up 
with  such  Things  as  they  could  not  Comprehend.  This 
made  him  wonder  how  it  came  to  pass  that  his  People 
were  become  such  Enemies  to  him  upon  his  altering  his 
former  course  of  Life.  And  the  Christians  were  also  no  less 
angry  with  him.  He  asked  Ranch  about  this  Thing,  who 
took  that  opportunity  to  tell  him  plainly,  That  all  men 
were  such  by  Nature,  and  that  it  was  a  very  great  Grace 
when  God  took  a  person  from  the  Bulk  of  Mankind,  and 
made  him  quite  another  Man  ;  and  therefore  People  Envied 
such  a  One  because  they  were  Convinced  of  the  Matter  in 
their  Hearts,  and  yet  would  not  themselves  be  Converted. 
Now  could  the  Heathen  understand  why  the  Heathen  per 
secuted  Rauch ;  and  all  his  Doubts  were  removed  from 
him. 

To  this  Company  whilst  they  were  as  yet  very  few  in 
Numbers,  I  with  some  of  my  Brethren  took  a  Journey,  and 
tarried  with  them  Eight  Days.*  These  8  Days  we  spent 
intirely  in  Conference  with  the  first  Indians,  how  our  Savr 
would  have  his  work  carried  on  among  the  Heathen.  They 
would  fain  have  the  Gospel  preached  among  their  People, 
and  our  Brethren  were  allmost  of  their  Opinion,  but  I  op 
posed  it.  At  last  we  all  agreed  so  to  Manage  the  whole 
affair,  as  to  make  a  Bundle  of  living  ones  wherein  none 
should  be  taken  but  such  as  should  never  be  able  to  come 
out  again.  Upon  this  Footing  has  it  hitherto  proceeded, 
and  that  with  such  a  Blessing  that  indeed  they  have  been 
obliged  to  Baptize  i4f  at  one  time  and  certainly  we  can- 


*  Arrived  at  Shecomeco  August  16,  and  set  out  for  Bethlehem 
August  24. 

f  The  "  Great  Baptism"  here  alluded  to,  was  performed  at  Shecomeco 
on  the  23d  of  December,  1742.  Among  the  Indians  baptized  on  that 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  131 

not  deny  but  that  our  Savr  does  more  at  once  upon  the 
Heathens  then  he  is  generally  wont  to  do  upon  Souls.  For 
Instance  they  have  such  Severe  Morals,  which  spring  up  in 
them  intirely  of  themselves  (for  they  have  no  outward  In 
struction  on  those  Matters)  and  according  to  these  they 
Manage  their  outward  Affairs  with  the  greatest  Exactness 
in  all  Respects.  The  Heathen  have  a  surprizing  Love  for 
Hunting  and  they  are  not  only  Lovers  of  the  Thing  but  it 
is  also  intirely  their  Livelihood.  Our  dear  Br.  Jonathan, 
who  at  the  time  of  my  being  there  was  one  of  the 
most  Eager  Hunters  among  them,  is  since  that  time  Con 
verted  to  our  Savr  and  Baptiz'd.*  This  Man  had  once 
with  a  great  deal  of  Pains  for  several  Days,  at  last  kill'd  a 
Dear  with  a  Bullet  and  brought  it  home,  when  a  so  called 
Christian,  an  English  Man  came  to  him  and  told  him  Sor 
rowing  that  he  had  Shot  at  a  Dear  some  days  before  but  it 
had  run  away  from  him ;  upon  which  the  Indian  said  to 
him,  then  the  Dear  is  yours  for  I  have  found  some  Shot  in 
him,  and  I  had  no  Shot  with  me,  and  Straightway  he  gave 
him  the  Dear.  The  Christian  could  not  Comprehend  that 
a  Savage  should  give  him  a  Dear  to  which  he  had  no  man 
ner  of  right,  seeing  the  other  had  caught  it  and  had  it  now 
in  his  possession.  The  Heathen  told  him  he  should  let 
him  have  that  Satisfaction,  and  that  he  thanked  God  that 
he  had  found  the  proper  Person  for  the  Dear ;  and  that  he 
wo'd  have  nothing  to  do  with  what  did  not  belong  to  him, 
whereupon  the  Man  said,  "Surely  you  are  a  Christian." 
"  No,"  replied  Jonathan,  "  I  am  none  as  yet,  tho'  I  am  upon 
the  point  of  becoming  one."  "But,"  says  the  English  Man, 


occasion  by  Biittner  and  Mack  was  Nicodemus,  Elder  of  the  Indian 
congregation  at  Bethlehem  in  1746. 

*  Jonathan,  a  Mohican,  baptized  by  Biittner  at  Shecomeco,  October 
21,  1742,  a  few  days  after  the  missionary  and  his  wife  reached  the 
station. 


132 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF 


"where  will  you  get  another  Dear ?"  " Our  Savr,"  answered 
he,  "will  surely  give  me  another ;  and  besides  that  Hunting 
has  been  allways  my  Chief  Enemy ;  and  when  he  will  have 
it  so  that  I  shall  have  a  Dear,  he  will  send  me  one,  and  when 
he  sees  it  is  not  good  for  me  yet  still  I  am  Contented." 

The  next  Day  he  got  two  Dears  which  he  brought  to  the 
Brethren  and  said,  "How  good  is  the  Dear  Savr!  Yester 
day  I  gave  away  one  Dear  and  to  Day  he  gives  me  two  in 
return,  but  it  will  not  be  so  allways.  I  will  be  content  tho' 
the  next  Time  I  get  none." 

Now  this  Church  injoys  unspeakable  Blessings.  What  we 
have  now  had  an  Ace*  of  in  Biittner's  Letter  is  but  the 
least  part  of  them,  for  we  have  received  some  other  Letters 
from  thence  since  his  which  are  full  of  Wonders. 

I  will  speak  briefly  of  my  3d  Journey  and  therewith  Con 
clude.  This  fell  out  in  Autumn,  in  the  Months  of  October 
and  November  and  took  up  49  Days,*  during  which  time 
I  and  my  Company  could  do  nothing  else  but  dwell  in 
Desarts  of  all  Sorts. 

I  visited  several  Nations  but  with  no  Success  except  in 
Three  places  which  be  an  100  Miles  distant  from  each 
other.  The  nearest  Place  I  went  to  by  Checomeko  is 
called  Ostonwaxin.  Here  I  met  with  French  Indians,  who 
yet  are  under  the  protection  of  the  English.  I  found  no 
Freedom  to  speak  among  them  but  I  spoke  to  our  Savr 
earnestly  for  them  in  their  presence,  and  they  understood 
me  in  their  Language,  and  were  affected  with  it.  And  the 
Chief  person  among  themf  is  become  so  hearty,  that  he 
Conducted  me  some  100  Miles  thro' out  my  whole  Journey, 
as  far  as  Bethlehem  where  he  continued  with  us  8  or  10 
Days  and  at  length  departed — with  a  Heart  very  much 
Affected  and  Convinced.  There  will  be  a  Brother  and  a 


*  September  21  to  November  8.  f  Andrew  Montour. 


AND    THE  INDIANS.  133 

Sister  be  sent  to  reside  among  them  which  they  have  earn 
estly  desired.* 

The  other  Tour  was  as  far  as  the  great  Desarts  of  Ske- 
hantowanno,  where  no  Christians  either  come  or  dare  to 
come,  Which  tract  of  Land  I  hear  they  will  not  sell  to  the 
Christians. 

For  which  reason  they  have  used  that  Policy  not  to  re 
ceive  one  among  them  who  belong  to  the  Six  Nations ;  but 
do  let  the  Floridas  an  exceeding  savage  people  come  and 
settle  there;  among  these  I  remained  20  Days,  and  one  may 
easily  imagine  how  difficult  it  was.  Yet  we  travelled  so 
long  till  we  found  2  Souls  for  our  Savr.  One  of  them  was 
a  Schikasi  from  Florida  who  was  Prisoner  there,  and  the 
other  was  an  old  Mahikan  Woman,  a  relation  to  the  King 
of  the  Schawanos,  who  more  properly  belonged  to  Cheko- 
meko,  where  our  Congregation  is  but  knew  nothing  of  the 
Conversion  there.  To  those  Hagen  and  his  Wifef  are  now 
going. 

As  I  return' d  from  thence  I  came  back  to  Schomako 
where  the  Indians  have  their  Rendevous,  and  it  is  in  some 
measure  like  the  Hague  in  Holland.  Here  I  renewed  my 
compact  with  them  and  gave  them  to  understand  what  our 
future  Conduct  wo'd  be  among  them,  and  that  the  Pilgrim 
Congregation^  wch  would  intirely  disperse  itself  among  them 
wo'd  come  and  dwell  there  a  Couple  of  Years. 

This  place  is  at  least  80  Miles  distant  from  the  nighest 


*  David  Bruce  and  his  wife  were  sent  to  Otstonwakin^  and  sojourned 
there  a  few  weeks  in  1743.  His  wife  was  conversant  with  French. 

f  John  Hagen,  September  19,  1742,  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
David  Dismann,  of  Providence  Township,  Montgomery  County,  Penn 
sylvania. 

J  Those  of  the  Brethren  who  were  employed  as  missionaries,  or  as 
ministers  of  the  gospel,  and  as  such  led  an  itinerant  life,  constituted 
the  "  Pilgrim  congregation,"  and  were  called  "  Pilgrims." 


1 34  COUNT  ZINZENDORF 

Settlement  of  the  Christians,  but  Three  Hundred  Miles 
from  Onandago,  and  'tis  not  to  be  supposed  that  the  Chris 
tians  should  come  thither,  for  the  very  sending  thither  is 
allmost  quite  Impossible  on  account  of  the  Surprizing 
Mountains  wch  are  impassable  to  any  but  our  Savr's  Chil 
dren. 

This  was  the  Conclusion  of  my  Labour  among  the  Indians. 

From  thence  I  return 'd  in  some  Days  to  Bethlehem  and 
there  began  my  general  Land  preaching  after  which  I  took 
my  leave  of  Pennsylvania  on  the  -^  of  January  this  present 
Year.* 

The  Brethren  who  are  to  go  among  the  Heathen  are 
allready  appointed,  and  20  of  them  by  this  Time  know  the 
places  designed  for  them  and  when  they  are  all  come  to 
gether  there  will  be  40  of  them,  which  will  be  Enough 
among  the  Heathen  for  some  Time;  for  we  intend  allways 
to  take  as  many  Chief  Labourers,  as  may  be  out  of  their 
own  Nations  that  our  Saviour  may  get  Souls  among  them. 


*  On  his  return  from  the  Indian  country  in  November  of  1742,  Zin- 
zendorf  matured  a  plan  of  operations  for  the  Brethren  at  Bethlehem. 
It  included  the  preaching  of  the  Gospel  in  the  four  counties  of  the 
Province,  the  care  of  the  congregations  gathered  in  Oley,  German- 
town,  Philadelphia,  Tulpehocken,  and  Fredericktown,  and  the  estab 
lishment  of  schools  in  the  townships.  On  the  2d  of  December  he  set 
out  on  a  circuit  of  the  German  settlements  in  Macungy,  Oley,  Tulpe 
hocken,  Heidelberg,  and  Conestoga.  He  returned  to  Bethlehem  on 
the  1 2th,  and,  excepting  a  week's  absence  at  Philadelphia  (De 
cember  14-20),  remained  there  until  the  last  of  the  year.  On  that  day 
he  bade  adieu  to  the  "  House  on  the  Lehigh"  the  "  House  of  Bread  " 
on  which  reposed  the  hopes  he  cherished  for  the  extension  of  Christ's 
kingdom  among  whites  and  Indians. 

Having  for  the  last  time  conferred  with  his  colaborers  in  the  Gospel 
of  other  denominations  in  Philadelphia,  on  the  pth  of  January,  1743, 
on  the  1 2th  of  the  month  he  set  out  for  New  York,  and  from  that  port 
took  ship  for  Europe. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  135 

I  carefully  forbear  saying  any  thing  more  at  present  of 
my  Journeys  among  the  Heathen,  tho'  I  and  my  dear 
Companions  shall  continually  keep  them  in  mind  with 
constant  satisfaction. 

Sung  the  2d  and  3d  Verse  of  the  Hymn,* 

"  Most  worthy  Spirit,  Guide  of  Jesus'  Train." 


*  No.  XXXIII.  in  a  "  Collection  of  Hymns  never  before  published." 
London :  Printed  for  James  Hutton  at  the  Bible  and  Sun,  in  Little 
"Wild  Street,  near  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  1742. 


136  CO  UN  7    ZINZENDORF 


DIVISION  OF  THE  FIELD 


AND    PLAN    OF    OPERATIONS 

To  be  pursued  by  the  Brethren,  in  the  Mission  among  the  North 
American  Indians,  with  comments,  made  by  Count  Zinzendorf  on 
his  return  from  the  Indian  country,  in  November  of  1742. 

(  Translated*  from  a  German  Autograph  in  the  Archives  at  Bethlehem.'] 


I.  BETHLEHEM. — On  which  depends 

1.  The  direction  of  the  work  in  all  its  details. 

2.  The  stated  visitation  of  the  River  Indians. 

3.  The  appointment  to  and  support  of  mission 

aries  at  the  following  places  in  the  order 
named  (in  accordance  with  information  ob 
tained  from  the  interpreter  at  Tulpehocken  .?) 
viz.:  a,  on  the  North  River. 

I),  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bethlehem 

in  huts.f 

c,  at    Shamokin,    near    Spangenberg 
Hill. 

*****       « 


*  The  translator  found  difficulty  in  deciphering  portions  of  this  MS. 
The  Count  wrote  a  running  hand,  which  is  often  almost  illegible. 

f  The  hope  or  intention  here  expressed  of  beginning  an  Indian  set 
tlement  at  or  near  Bethlehem  was  partially  realized  in  the  temporary 
stay  of  the  Mohicans  there  in  1746.  It  was  fulfilled  when  Nain  was 
built  in  the  summer  of  1758,  on  the  upper  Benezet  tract. 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  137 

e,  at   Gnadenstadt   (City   of  Grace) 
on    the    great    flats    of    Skehan- 
dowana.* 

II.  OTSTONWAKIN. — The  center  of  operations  among  the 

French  half-breeds,  who  are  to  be  reached  through 
Andrew  Montour,  alias  Sattelihu,  and  the  ren 
dezvous  of  missionaries  appointed  to  labor 

1.  Among  the  Tuscaroras, 

2.  On  "  the  Long  Island," 

3.  At  Ohio,f  and 

4.  Among  the  Senecas. 

III.  CHEKOMEKO. — The    seat    of   our    congregation  of 

Christian  Indians,  whence  colonists  will  be  sent 
to  Skehandowana,  whenever  its  increase  will 
render  a  transfer  elsewhere  necessary. 

IV.  WAYOMIK. — Although    occupied    by    savages    who 

guard  the  silver  mines,  yet  the  seat  of  a  small 
congregation  of  believers  composed  of  the  cap 
tive  Chikasi,  and  an  aged  Mohican  and  her 
daughter.  These  three  will  entertain  and  pro 
vide  for  missionaries  on  their  way  thence,  to 

1.  The  Mohawks, 

2.  The  Oneidas, 

3.  The  Onondagas,  and 


*  This  town  was  never  built.  When  Spangenberg  was  at  Wyoming, 
in  the  autumn  of  1746,  he  expressed  a  hope  that  in  time  it  would  be 
come  the  seat  of  a  mission  and  of  a  congregation  of  Christian  Indians. 
In  1757  he  proposed  to  Teedyuscung  to  purchase  of  him  that  part  of 
the  valley  in  which  the  Shawanese  had  resided  in  1742,  for  a  settle 
ment  of  the  Christian  Indians  then  at  Bethlehem.  The  king  did  not 
entertain  the  proposal. 

f  Chr.  Frederic  Post  missionated  among  the  Indians  on  the  Ohio 
in  1760. 

10 


138  COUNT  ZINZENDOR.F 

4.   The  Cayugas, 

among  whom  we  already  have  acquaintances. 
Two  Sachems  of  the  last  named  nation  were 
present  when  I  received  the  string  of  wampum. 
V.   NEW  ENGLAND. — Albany  is  to  be  the  center  of  opera 
tions  in  this  field.      As   the    Mohicans   are   the 
dominant   tribe,    and    as    their   language    is    the 
prevalent   dialect,   a   colony  will   be   sent    from 
Checomeco   thither,  to    form   the   nucleus  of  a 
congregation. 

1.  Apostles  among  the  Indians. — Rauch*  and 

Mack. 

2.  Elder  among  the  Indians. — Antonius.f 

3.  Superintendents  of  the  Mission. — The  Gen 

eral  Elder  of  the  congregations  in  America 
and  his  wife.J 

4.  Evangelists. — Biittner,§  Tschoop,  et  alii. 

5.  Secretaries. — Pyrlaeus||  and  George  Neisser. 


*  Christian  Henry  Rauch. 

f  Quaere — Anton  Seyffert  ? 

\  Spangenberg  was  General  Elder  from  his  arrival  in  America  in  the 
autumn  of  1744  to  the  abolition  of  that  office  in  November  of  1748. 
Until  his  return  to  Europe  in  July  of  1762,  he  continued  to  superin 
tend  the  Brethren's  work  in  all  its  departments. 

|  Gottlob  Buttner,  from  Silesia,  born  January  9,  1717.  Deceased  at 
Shecomeco  (where  he  had  labored  since  Oct.  of  1742)  March  6,  1745. 

||  Jno.  Christopher  Pyrlaeus,  the  Mohawk  scholar,  was  born  at  Pausa, 
Voigtland,  in  1713.  Studied  for  the  ministry  at  the  University  of  Leip- 
sic  between  1733  and  1738.  Here  became  attached  to  the  Brethren, 
visited  Herrnhut,  and  accepted  an  appointment  as  missionary.  Sailed 
from  London  in  company  with  Buttner  and  Zander,  and  reached  Beth 
lehem  October  19,  1740.  Ordained  to  the  ministry  during  the  sessions 
of  the  Synod  convened  in  Oley.  July  10,  1742,  married  Susan,  young 
est  daughter  of  Jno.  Stephen  Benezet,  and  soon  after  repaired  to  Phila 
delphia  to  assist  Zinzendorf  in  the  ministry.  Pursuant  to  the  Count's 
instructions,  Pyrlaeus  and  his  wife  repaired  to  Tulpehocken  in  Jan- 


AND    THE   INDIANS.  139 

6.  Agents. — Conrad  Weisser,  King  Shikellimy, 
Andrew  Montour,  Isaac,  and  Caxhayton 
in  Onondaga. 


uary  of  1743,  and  for  three  months  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  Mohawk, 
under  Weisser's  direction,  in  whose  house  they  lodged,  and  whose 
children  they  in  turn  schooled.  In  June  they  set  out  for  the  Mohawk 
country.  Having  visited  Shecomeco,  they  traveled  west,  through 
Albany  and  Schenectady,  and  reached  the  Mohawk  castle  of  Canajo- 
harie  on  the  I7th  of  July.  "  Here,"  he  writes  in  his  autobiography, 
"  we  lodged  in  the  cabin  of  a  poor  German  opposite  the  Indian  town, 
suffering  many  privations  and  often  in  danger  of  our  lives.  My  wife, 
who  had  left  a  home  of  plenty,  was  but  ill  able  to  contend  with  the 
hardships  that  fell  to  her  lot,  and  yet  she  bore  up  bravely.  In  order 
to  perfect  myself  in  the  Mohawk,  I  spent  much  of  my  time  among  the 
Indians.  In  August  I  was  summoned  to  Shecomeco  to  confer  with 
some  of  the  Brethren  from  Bethlehem,  and,  after  an  absence  of  eleven 
days,  returned  to  Canajoharie,  accompanied  by  Anton  Seyffert.  To 
gether,  we  now  visited  the  other  Mohawk  castles,  and  resolved  to  go 
to  Onondaga.  On  arriving  at  the  last  white  settlement  on  our  way 
thither,  we  met  a  Sachem  of  the  Six  Nations,  who,  on  learning  our 
purpose,  opposed  its  execution,  first  by  using  dissuasion  and  then  by 
threatening  violence.  Thus  foiled,  we  returned  to  Canajoharie,  and 
soon  afterwards  set  out  for  Bethlehem.  This  was  the  latter  part  of 
September."  The  Brethren  having  failed  to  procure  a  Mohawk  In 
dian  from  Freehold  to  instruct  in  that  language  such  of  their  num 
ber  as  were  set  apart  for  the  mission,  Pyrlaeus  undertook  this,  and 
on  the  4th  of  February,  1744,  opened  his  Indian  School.  Abra 
ham  Buhninger,  Joseph  Moller,  Michael  Schnall,  John  J.  Bull,  alias 
Shebosh,  David  Zeisberger,  the  well-known  missionary,  and  John  and 
Margaret  Hagen,  were  his  pupils.  In  September  of  1745,  his.  first 
translations  of  hymns  into  Mohican  appeared.  This  was  the  begin 
ning  of  a  collection  for  the  use  of  the  mission.  While  at  Gnaden- 
hiitten,  on  the  Mahoning,  between  1747  and  1749,  he  prosecuted  the 
study  of  the  Mohican,  and  gave  Mohawk  lessons  to  David  Bruce, 
Henry  Frey,  Daniel  Oesterlein,  and  others.  From  January  of 
1749  to  September  of  1750,  when  the  Institute  was  closed,  he 
was  engaged  at  the  school  for  boys  in  Frederictown.  This  was  his 
last  appointment  in  America.  In  November  of  1751,  he  sailed  for 


140 


COUNT  ZINZENDORF  AND  THE  INDIANS. 

The  language  for  general  use  in  the  mission, — 
the  Mohawk. 


England,  where  he  labored  until  177°-  He  next  went  to  Germany. 
His  wife  died  at  Herrnhut  May  28,  1779.  He  deceased  there  May 
28,  1785. 

Pyrlaeus'  contributions  to  the  department  of  American  philology, 
to  which  he  applied  himself  with  laborious  devotion,  and  for  the  study 
of  which  his  high  scholarship  well  qualified  him,  were  the  following: 

1 .  A  Collection  of  Words  and  Phrases  in  the  Iroquois  or  Onondaga 
Language  explained  into  German.     410.     140  pp. 

2.  Affixa  Nominum  et  Verborum  Lingucz  Macquaicce.    4to.    25  pp. 
With  this  are  bound  several  Iroquois  Vocabularies  and  Collections  of 
Phrases,  together  making  178  pp. 

3.  Adjectiva,  Nomina  et  Pronomina  Lingua  Macquaicce,  cum  non- 
nullis  de  Verbis,  Adverbiis,  ac  Prcepositionibus  ejusdem  Linguce.     4to. 
86  pp. 

Mrs.  Henry  B.  Luckenbach,  of  Bethlehem,  is  a  great-granddaughter 
of  the  missionary. 


CHRISTIAN    INDIANS 

BURIED    AT    BETHLEHEM,    PA, 


NAMES  AND  PERSONAL  NOTICES 

OF    CHRISTIAN    INDIANS    WHO    LIE   BURIED    AT    BETHLEHEM, 
PENNSYLVANIA. 

(Compiled  from  Authentic  Records.} 


WHO  are  these  Indians,  and  what  brought  them  here  to 
die  ?  are  questions  often  asked  by  those  who  read  the  epi 
taphs  of  the  dead  that  lie  buried  in  the  old  Moravian  grave 
yard  at  Bethlehem. 

Most  of  them  were  converts  from  heathenism.  Some 
came  here  as  to  a  city  of  refuge,  because  they  had  been 
driven  by  white  men  from  their  ancestral  seats,  and  others 
came  because  they  confided  only  in  the  Brethren  at  a 
time  when  their  race  was  an  object  of  almost  universal  ab 
horrence. 

The  persecution  of  the  Moravians  in  New  York  by  Acts* 
of  Assembly  in  1744  resulted  in  the  abandonment  of  the 
Shecomeco  Mission,  which  event  was  followed  by  an  influx 
of  Mohicans  to  Bethlehem.  These  were  transferred  in  1 746 
to  Gnadenhtitten,  on  the  Mahoning.  Here  the  Mission 
received  accessions  from  the  Delawares.  After  the  me 
morable  massacre  in  the  night  of  the  24th  of  November, 
1755,  upward  of  seventy  Christian  Mohicans  and  Delawares 
fled  to  Bethlehem,  and  remained  there,  or  at  Nain,  until 
1761,  in  which  year  the  last  Indian  interment  was  made 
in  the  Bethlehem  grave-yard. 


*  These  Acts  are  published  in  C?  Callagharfs  Documentary  History 
of  Neiv  York. 

(143) 


144 


CHRISTIAN  INDIANS 


Fifty-eight  converts  were  buried  there  in  the  interval 
between  1746  and  1761, — representatives  of  all  the  tribes 
and  stations  among  and  at  which  the  Brethren  then  labored 
as  messengers  of  the  Gospel.  And  now,  although  a  full 
century  has  passed  since  the  remains  of  the  Delaware 
maiden,  Theodora,  were  carried  to  their  long  home,  these 
dead  of  another  race  in  the  white  man's  cemetery  still 
tell  of  a  time  when  Bethlehem  was  the  central  seat  of  a 
Mission,  of  which  there  is  no  trace  but  the  hillocks  that 
cover  the  mouldering  bones  of  her  Indian  converts. 


1.  John,  a  Mohican  of  Shecomeco,  baptized  by  the  mis 
sionary  J.  Martin  Mack,  at  Bethlehem,  July  13,  and  de 
ceased  July  15,  1746.     Infant  son  of  Joseph  and  Mary. 
No.  40.* 

2.  Anna,  infant  daughter  of  Zaccheus  and  Magdalene, 
Mohicans  of  Shecomeco ;  born  at  Bethlehem,  July  1 7th, 
baptized  by  J.  Martin  Mack,  on  the  same  day,  and  de 
ceased  July  1 8,  1746.     No.  42. 

3.  Magdalene,  alias  Aguttdguos,  a  Mohican,  baptized  by 
J.  Martin  Mack  at  Shecomeco,  December  23,  1742.     De 
ceased  July  20,  1746.     Mother  of  Anna.     No.  43. 

4.  Joseph,  alias  Nan'nachdausch,  a  Mohican,  baptized  by 
J.  Martin  Mack  at  Shecomeco,  December  23,  1742.     De 
ceased  July  21,  1746.     Husband  of  Mary.     No.  44. 

5.  Benjamin, f  alias  Schabat,  a  Wampanoag  of  Pachgat- 
goch,    baptized    by    Bro.    Peter    Bohler    at    Shecomeco, 
August  1 8,  1743.     Deceased  July  28,  1746.     No.  46. 


*  The  figure  appended  to  each  notice  indicates  the  number  of  the 
interment. 

f  The  first  Indian  that  resided  at  Bethlehem.  An  inmate  of  the 
Single  Brethren's  House. 


BURIED  AT  BETHLEHEM.  I45 

6.  Peter,*  alias  Nachsdbamit,  a  Mohican  of  Wechquad- 
nach,  baptized  by  J.  Martin  .Mack  at  Shecomeco,  January 
6,  1743.     Deceased  July  28,  1746.     No.  47. 

7.  Wesakau,^  a  Wampanoag  of  Pachgatgoch.    Deceased 
July  28,  1746.     No.  48. 

8.  Isaac, J  alias  Otabawdnemen,  a  Wampanoag  of  She- 


*  The  husband  of  Christiana.  After  Peter's  decease  she  was  mar 
ried  to  John  Joseph  Bull,  whom  the  Indians  called  Shebosh,  "  running 
water."  Both  were  assistants  in  the  Mission  for  many  years,  and  fol 
lowed  the  fortunes  of  the  Moravian  Indians,  north  and  west,  in  their 
exodus  from  the  settled  portions  of  Pennsylvania  in  1765.  Christiana 
deceased  in  the  autumn  of  1787. 

f  Was  not  baptized. 

J  One  of  three  Indians  baptized  at  the  close  of  a  Synod  held  at  Mr. 
Jno.  de  Turcks.  The  rite  of  baptism  was  on  this  occasion  administered 
for  the  first  time  to  Indians  by  the  Brethren.  The  three  candidates 
were  Schabash,  Otabawanemen,  and  Mashak.  They  had  been  brought 
from  Shecomeco  by  their  missionary,  who,  after  having  received  ordi 
nation  at  the  hands  of  Bishop  Nitschmann,  baptized  them,  naming 
them  respectively  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob.  All  of  them  became 
assistants  in  the  mission  among  their  people.  Abraham  deceased  in 
Wyoming  in  December  of  1762,  and  Jacob  was  buried  in  "Potters' 
Field"  (Washington  Square),  Philadelphia,  hi  February  of  1764. 
Zinzendorf  had  dispatched  Buttner  to  Shecomeco  for  Rauch  and  the 
catechumens.  While  at  Philadelphia,  on  their  return  home,  they 
waited  on  James  Logan  (February  3),  who  alludes  to  the  interview 
in  these  words  in  a  letter  to  Governor  Clarke,  of  New  York :  "  Some 
weeks  ago  two  Moravians  called  on  me,  by  the  Count's  direction,  with 
three  of  ye  Mohican  Indians  in  their  company.  One  of  the  latter 
speaking  good  English  served  for  an  interpreter.  All  three  were 
proselytes,  exceeding  grave  but  with  free  and  no  ill  countenances. 
Though  the  young  Germans  drank  one  glass  of  wine  apiece  with  us, 
the  others  would  taste  nothing  but  water.  I  hope  if  these  two  Ger 
mans,  or  either  of  them  should  settle  in  your  Province,  ye  traders  and 
others  of  ye  people  will  treat  them  courteously ;  since  I  think  we  may 
all  be  assured  they  have  no  views  whatever  (as  ye  Romish  Priests  and 
other  Emissaries  have)  that  can  be  inconsistent  with  the  British  inter 
ests.  So  much  I  thought  it  might  be  requisite  to  say  of  them." 


I46  CHRISTIAN  INDIANS 

comeco,  baptized  by  the  missionary  Christian  Henry  Rauch, 
in  Oley,  Berks  County,  February  22,  1742.  Deceased 
August  2,  1746.  Husband  of  Rebecca.  No.  52. 

9.  Samuel,  a  Delaware,  baptized  by  Brother  John  Brand- 
muller  at  Bethlehem,  August  9,  1 746,  and  deceased  the  same 
day.     Infant  son  of  Beata.     No.  54. 

10.  Gabriel,   a   Mohican,   baptized    by   the   missionary 
Gottlob  Biittner,  at  Shecomeco,  May  21,  1744.     Deceased 
August  13,  1746,  aged  3  years.     Son  of  Joshua.     No.  55. 

11.  Elisabeth,  a  Mohican,  baptized  by  Bro.  John  Brand- 
miiller  at  Bethlehem,  August  12,  and  deceased  August  14, 
1746.     Infant  daughter  of  Peter  and  Christiana.     No.  56. 

12.  Thomas,*  alias,  Pechtawdppeed,  alias  Harris,  a  Sopus 
Indian,  baptized  by  Christian  H.   Rauch  at  Shecomeco, 
August  22,  1742.     Deceased  August  15,  1746.     Husband 
of  Esther.     No.  57. 

13.  Zipporah,  alias  Wawottackem,  a  Hogelandf  Indian, 
baptized    by   Bishop    David    Nitschmann    at    Shecomeco, 
August   18,  1743.     Deceased  August  23,    1746.      Wife  of 
Nathaniel.     No.  59. 

14.  Thomas, \   a   Mohican    of    Shecomeco.       Deceased 
August  26,  1746,  aged  10  years.    Son  of  Jephthah.    No.  60. 


*  A  Mohican  of  Sopus,  or  a  "  Lorolander."  Thomas,  and  Esther 
his  wife,  left  Shecomeco  for  Bethlehem  in  August  of  1743,  and 
were  appointed  steward  and  stewardess  of  Indians  residing  or  visiting 
there.  Both  were  highly  esteemed  by  their  people  and  instrumental 
in  the  conversion  of  Gehntachquishigunt  and  Olele>n^tla^^,  the  first  con 
verts  from  the  Delawares,  who  were  baptized  at  Bethlehem  April  26, 
1745,  by  Rauch  and  Mack,  receiving  the  names  of  Gottlieb  and  Mary, 
respectively.  Thomas  is  introduced  in  the  painting  of  the  "  First 
Fruits,"  the  original  of  which  is  at  Herrnhut,  one  copy  at  Zeyst,  in 
Holland,  and  a  second  at  Bethlehem. 

f  Hogeland,  or  Hoogland,  Dutch  for  Highlands,  a  name  applied  to 
the  Highlands  of  New  York.  The  Indians  called  them  Wequehachke, 
the  hill-country. 

J  Was  not  baptized. 


BURIED  AT  BETHLEHEM.  I47 

15.  John,*  alias  Wasamapah,  alias  Tschope,  a  Mohican, 
baptized  by  Chrn.  H.  Rauch,  at  Shecomeco,  April  16,  1742. 
Deceased  August  27,  1746.     No.  62. 

1 6.  Salome, f  a  Wampanoag,  baptized  by  Gottlob  Biitt- 
ner,  at  Shecomeco,  December  23,  1742.     Deceased  Sep 
tember  1 6,  1746.     Wife  of  Joshua.     No.  65. 

*  John,  alias  Wasamapah,  alias  Tschoop  (Job),  was  one  of  the  com 
pany  of  drunken  Indians  whom  Rauch  met  on  the  streets  of  New  York, 
a  few  days  after  his  arrival  from  Europe,  in  July  of  1740.     Invited  by 
these  strangers  to  their  village  on  the  Shecomeco,  the  missionary  went 
thither  and  preached  the  Gospel.    Its  power  was  soon  demonstrated  in 
the  conviction  of  Tschoop,  who  expressed  a  desire  to  become,  by  bap 
tism,  a  member  of  the  Christian    Church.     Indisposition  preventing 
him  from  accompanying  three  other  candidates  to  Oley,  the  adminis 
tration  of  the  rite,  in  his  case,  was  postponed.     John  left  Shecomeco 
for  Bethlehem  in  August  of  1745.     Here  he  acted  as  interpreter  in  the 
sen-ice  held  for  the  Indians  on  Sunday  afternoon  in  the  Brethren's 
chapel.     He  also  gave  instruction  in  Mohican  to  a  number  of  brethren 
and  sisters  who  were  designed  for  missionaries.     On  the  organization 
of  the  refugees   from  Shecomeco    into  a   Christian   congregation,  at 
Friedenshiltten  (the  Huts  of  Peace),  on  the  24th  of  July,  1746,  John 
was  appointed  their  teacher.     Soon  after,  small-pox  broke  out  at  the 
Indian  quarters.    To  this  malady  he  fell  a  victim,  after  a  painful  illness 
of  seven  days,  during  which  he  gave  evidence  of  the  mighty  work  of 
grace  which  the  Spirit  of  God  had  wrought  in  his  heart.     In  the  pres 
ence  of  his  weeping  countrymen,  who  had  been  summoned  to  his  bed 
side,  and  amid  the  prayers  of  Spangenberg  and  Rauch,  the  spirit  of  the 
patient  sufferer  was  released  from  its  tenement  of  clay.     This  was  on 
the  27th  of  August.     In  the  afternoon  of  Sunday,  the  28th,  a  funeral 
sermon  was  delivered  by  Rauch,  and  the  remains  were  then  conveyed 
to  the  grave-yard  amid  the  strains  of  solemn  music.     As  the  body  was 
being  lowered  into  the  earth,  Nicodemus,  the  Elder,  knelt  by  the  grave 
and  offered  prayer.      The  concurrent  testimony  of  those  who  knew 
John  shows  that  he  was  not  unworthy  of  the  name  of  the  beloved  dis 
ciple  which  he  bore,  and  that  this  evangelist  among  his  people  was 
a  marvelous  instance  of  the  transforming  power  of  divine  grace. 
f  Stewardess  at  Friedenshiitten. 


148  CHRISTIAN  INDIANS 

17.  Gottlob,  a  Mohican,  baptized  by  Chr.  H.  Rauch,  at 
Bethlehem,  September  9,  and  deceased  September  23,  1746. 
Infant  son  of  Joshua  and  Salome.     No.  66. 

1 8.  Nathaniel,  a  Mohican,  baptized  by  the  missionary 
John  Christopher  Pyrlaeus,  at  Bethlehem,  December  17, 
and  deceased  December  18,  1746.    Infant  son  of  Nathaniel 
and  Zipporah.     No.  73. 

19.  Beata,   a  Delaware,   baptized   by  Bishop  John   C. 
Frederic  Cammerhoff,  at  Bethlehem,  March  22,  1747,  and 
deceased  the  same  day,  aged  18  months.      Daughter  of 
Beata,  and  brother  of  Samuel  (9).     No.  74. 

20.  Lucas,  alias  Quawdtschonit  (he  takes  a  child  "by  the 
hand  and  leads  //),  a  Wampanoag  of  Pachgatgoch,  baptized 
by  J.  Martin  Mack,  at  Shecomeco,  March  27,  1743.     De 
ceased  October  3,  1747.    Father  of  Rachel  Post.     No.  77. 

21.  Theodora,  alias  Atechtanodh  (soon  ripe],  a  Wampa 
noag  of  Pachgatgoch,  baptized  by  J.  Martin  Mack,  at  Beth 
lehem,  October  5,  1747,  and  deceased  the  same  day,  aged 
80  years.     Grandmother  of  Rachel  Post.     No.  78. 

22.  Rachel  Post,  a  Wampanoag,  baptized  by  Gottlob 
Biittner,   at  Pachgatgoch,  February  13,    1743.     Deceased 
December  26,  1747.    Daughter  of  Lucas  (20)  and  Priscilla, 
alias  Amanariochque. 

Rachel  received  her  first  religious  impressions  under 
David  Brainerd's  preaching,  at  Kaunameek.*  September 
8,  1743,  she  was  married  to  the  missionary,  Christian 
Frederic  Post,  at  Shecomeco.  She  bore  him  two  children 
— a  son,  Ludwig  John,  born  at  Bethlehem,  September  24, 
1744,  baptized  by  Brother  Paul  D.  Pryzelius,  and  deceased 
there  May  13,  1745  ;  and  a  daugher,  Mary,  born  at  Beth 
lehem,  April  10,  1746,  baptized  by  Brother  Abraham  Mei- 
nung,  and  deceased  there  December  26,  1747-  Their 


Twenty  miles  west  of  Stockbridge,  Mass. 


B URIED  AT  BE THLEHEM.  1 49 

numbers  are  23  and  82.    A  still-born  child  was  buried  with 
Rachel.     No.  83. 

23.  Salome,*  a  Monsey,  baptized  by  J.  Martin  Mack,  at 
Gnadenhiitten,  April  9,   1747.     Deceased  May  18,  1748. 
Infant  daughter  of  Benjamin  and  Zipporah.     No.  102. 

24.  Thomas,f  a  Mohican,  baptized  by  J.  Martin  Mack, 
at  Gnadenhiitten,  November  17,  1746.     Deceased  July  7, 

1748.  Infant  son  of  Thomas  Pechtawappeed  and  Esther. 
No.  106. 

25.  Daniel,  a  Delaware,  baptized  by  Bishop  John  M.  de 
Watteville,  at  Bethlehem,  March  5,  and  deceased  April  19, 

1749.  An  adult  brother  of  Salome,  a  Delaware.    No.  121. 

26.  Lydia,J  a  Delaware.     Deceased  May  4,  1749,  aged 
2  years.     Daughter  of  Henry  and  Dorothea.     No.  122. 

27.  Anna,  a  Delaware,  baptized  by  Bishop  de  Watteville, 
at  Bethlehem,  February  16,  and  deceased  June  20,  1749. 
Infant  daughter  of  Henry  and  Dorothea.     No.  i  23. 

28.  Anna  Salome,  a  Delaware,  baptized  by  Brother  Samuel 
Krause,  at  Bethlehem,  October  9,  1749,  and  deceased  the 
same  day,§  aged  3  years.     Daughter  of  Salome.    No.  127. 

29.  Theodora, 1 1  a  Delaware,  baptized  by  Brother  Gottlieb 
Pezold,  at  Bethlehem,  October  23,  and  deceased  November 
24,  1749.     No  129. 


*  An  inmate  of  the  Institute  for  Children,  at  Bethlehem. 

f  Also  an  inmate  of  the  Institute. 

J  Was  not  baptized.  Her  parents  were  from  New  Jersey.  Both 
had  been  baptized  at  Bethlehem  in  January  of  1749.  Henry  was  born 
when  corn  needed  hoeing  the  first  time,  in  1727,  in  an  Indian  village  on 
the  Delaware,  a  few  miles  east  of  Hunter's  settlement,  or  Huntersville, 
in  Lower  Mount  Bethel.  Dorothea  was  born  at  Good  Luck,  on  the  Jer 
sey  coast,  and  thence  removed  to  Cranberry. 

\  At  Friedenshiitten. 

||  Came  to  Bethlehem,  from  her  home  on  the  Schuylkill,  north  of 
the  Blue  Mountain.  She  was  very  aged,  and  totally  blind. 


!tj0  CHRISTIAN  INDIANS 

30.  Rachel,*  a  Delaware,  baptized  by  Bishop  Cammer 
hoff,  near  Bethlehem,  January  10,  and  deceased  January  15, 
1750.     No.  130. 

31.  Anna  Mary,  alias   Taiibchen  (Little  Dove],  a  Mohi 
can,  baptized  by  Brother  Abraham  Reincke,  at  Nazareth, 
January  i,   1747.      Deceased   January  23,   1750,  aged   12 
years.     Daughter  of  Nathaniel  and  Zipporah  (13).     No. 

32.  Jonas,  a  Mohican  of  Wechquadnach,  baptized  by 
Bishop  Cammerhoff,  at  Bethlehem,  August  28,  and  deceased 
August  29,  1750,  aged  9  years.     Son  of  Jonas.f     No.  144. 

33.  Martin,  J  alias  Mahab,  a  Wampanoag,  of  Shecomeco, 
baptized  by  J.   Martin  Mack,  at  Bethlehem,  January  23, 
1749.     Deceased  October  26,  1750,  aged  6  years.     Son  of 
Philip  and  Lydia.     No.  146. 

34.  Salome, §  alias  Jankoch,  a  Hogeland  Indian  of  She 
comeco,  baptized  by  Bishop  Cammerhoff,  at  Bethlehem, 
May  4,  1748.     Deceased  April  18,  1751.     Foster-daughter 
of  Nicodemus.     No.  154. 

35.  Zipporah, 1 1    alias    Wechnawashque,   a   Mohican,   of 
Shecomeco,  baptized  by  Bishop  Cammerhoff,  at  Bethlehem, 
August  4,  1748.     Deceased  May  9,  1751,  aged  18  years. 
Daughter  of  Nathaniel  and  Zipporah, (13).     No.  156. 


*  A  widow,  and  sister  of  Old  Nutimus,  the  Delaware  king  of  Nes- 
copec.  Baptized  in  an  Indian  encampment  on  the  Manakasy,  a  mile 
northwest  of  Bethlehem. 

•j-  Came  to  Bethlehem  from  Shecomeco,  in  May  of  1746.  Was 
nurse  at  Friedenshiitten. 

£  Born  at  Shecomeco,  in  the  time  of  wheat  harvest,  in  1744-  ^n 
1747  was  entered  at  the  school  in  Frederictown.  Thence  transferred 
to  the  Institute  at  Bethlehem. 

\  Born  in  December  of  1733,  in  Wequehachke,  the  Highlands.  An 
inmate  of  the  Single  Sisters'  House. 

II  An  inmate  of  the  Single  Sisters'  House. 


BURIED  AT  BETHLEHEM.  I5I 

36.  Benigna  Christiana,  a  Mohican  of  Shecomeco,  bap 
tized  by  Bishop  Cammerhoff,  at  Nazareth,*  November  23, 
1748.    Deceased  June  4,  1751,  aged  eight  years.    Daughter 
of  Peter  (6)  and  Christiana.     No.  158. 

37.  Agnes  Post,  a  Delaware  of  the   Unamt,  or  Turtle 
tribe,  from  New  Jersey,  baptized  by  Bishop  Cammerhoff  at 
Bethlehem,  March  5,  1749.     Deceased  July  8,  1751,  aged 
22  years.f 

Agnes's  father  and  grandfather  were  Six  Nation  Indians. 
She  had  attended  Brainerd's  preaching  at  Crossweeksung, 
near  Bordentown.  In  September  of  1749  was  married  to 
Christian  Frederic  Post,  at  Bethlehem.  She  bore  him  a  son, 
Christian  Frederic,  who  was  baptized  by  Bishop  Cammer 
hoff,  November  i,  1755,  an(i  wno  deceased  January  n, 
1751  (No.  151).  Agnes's  sister,  Juliana,  was  the  wife  of 
Amos,  King  Teedyuscung's  oldest  son.  No.  160. 

38.  Caritas,^  a  Delaware  of  Meniolagomeka,  baptized  by 
Bishop  Cammerhoff  at  Bethlehem,  May  6,  1749.    Deceased 
January  30,  1752,  aged  8  years.     Daughter  of  Daniel  and 
Ruth.     No.  165. 

39.  Gottlieb,    a   Wampanoag,    baptized    by   J.    Martin 
Mack  at   Gnadenhiitten,   September   7,    1750.     Deceased 
January  5,  1753,  aged  2  years.     Son  of  John  Peter  (46) 
and  Esther.     No.  177. 

40.  Anna  Maria,  alias  Nannachpelema,  a  Delaware  of 
Gnadenhutten,  baptized  by  Bishop  Matthias  G.  Hehl,  at 
Bethlehem,    February   27,    1752.     Deceased   October    28, 
I753-     Wife  of  Tobias,  alias  Laochalent,  alias  Tom  Evans. 
No.  181. 


*  At  the  time  in  the  Institute  for  Children  in  the  Whitefield  House. 
f  Died  of  consumption  at  Friedenshiitten,  where  she  and  her  hus 
band  were  superintendents. 

\  An  inmate  of  the  Institute  for  Children,  at  Bethlehem. 


I52  CHRISTIAN  INDIANS 

41.  Anna  Caritas,*  alias  Schitemoque,  a  Shawanese  from 
Skehandowana  (Wyoming),  baptized  by  Bishop  de  Watte- 
ville,   in    Frederictown,   Montgomery  County,   November 
21,  1748.     Deceased  December  31,  1755.     No.  196. 

42.  Isaac, f  a  Wampanoag  of  Shecomeco,  baptized  by 
Bishop  Cammerhoff,  at  Bethlehem,  January  17,  1749.    De 
ceased  February  18,  1756,  aged  18  years.     A  son  of  Isaac 
Otabawanemen  (8)  and  Rebecca.     No.  203. 

43.  Anna,  a  Delaware,  baptized  by  J.  Martin  Mack,  at 
Meniolagomeka,  May  2,  1753.     Deceased  at  Bethlehem, 
April  23,   1756,   aged  3  years.     Daughter  of  Joshua  and 
Agnes.     No.  204. 

44.  Simeon, J  a  Delaware  from  New  Jersey,  baptized  by 
the    missionary   Bernhard    Adam    Grube,    at   Bethlehem, 
January  6,  and  deceased  October  17,  1756,  aged   70  years. 
No.  209. 

45.  Samuel,  alias  Achgonoma,  a  Delaware  of  Meniolago 
meka,  baptized  by  the  missionary  John  Jacob  Schmick,  at 


*  Born  in  North  Carolina,  near  the  Wachovia  tract.  Thither  her 
mother,  a  Shawanese,  had  been  brought  by  some  Mohawk  warriors 
on  their  return  north  from  a  maraud.  Immediately  after  giving  birth 
to  her  child  she  died,  and  Schitemoque  was  left  to  the  care  of  a  sister, 
who  reared  her  on  the  pulp  of  the  .calabash.  Migrated  with  others 
of  her  people  to  Wyoming,  whence  she  came  to  Bethlehem,  a  widow, 
in  1747.  She  was  the  first  convert  from  the  Shawanese. 

f  Born  in  Shecomeco,  when  corn  was  ripe,  in  1738.  Came  to  Beth 
lehem  in  1746.  WTas  entered  at  the  school  in  Frederictown.  Thence 
transferred  to  a  school  for  boys,  opened  in  1747,  south  of  the  Lehigh, 
near  the  "  Crown,"  and  from  there  into  the  Single  Brethren's  House. 

£  Stepfather  of  Augustus,  alias  George  Rex,  Born  at  Egg  Harbor, 
on  the  Jersey  coast.  A  medicine-man,  in  high  repute  among  his 
people.  Thence  he  removed  north  of  the  Blue  Mountain,  and  became 
acquainted  with  the  Brethren  at  Meniolagomeka.  In  1754  settled 
in  Gnadenhiitten,  east  of  the  Lehigh.  Fled  to  Bethlehem  after  the 
massacre  on  the  Mahoning.  He  was  totally  blind. 


BURIED  AT  BETHLEHEM.  I53 

Bethlehem,  January  5,  and  deceased  January  u,  1757, 
aged  14  years.  Son  of  Augustus,  alias  George  Rex,  Cap 
tain  of  Meniolagomeka,  and  Elder  of  the  Christian  Indians 
at  Bethlehem  between  November  of  1755  and  October  of 
1758.  No.  212. 

46.  John  Peter,*  alias  Peter  Robert,  a  Wampanoag  of 
Pachgatgoch,  baptized  by  Bishop  Cammerhoff  at  Bethle 
hem,  November,  1748.    Deceased  April  i,  1757.     No.  215. 

47.  Christiana,  a  Mohican,  baptized  by  J.  Martin  Mack, 
at  Gnadenhiitten,  October   18,  1755.     Deceased  April  i, 
1757.     Infant  daughter  of  John  Peter  (46)  and   Esther. 
No.  216. 

48.  Samuel,  a  Delaware,  baptized  by  Bishop  Bohler,  at 
Bethlehem,    December    n,   and    deceased    December    14, 
1757.     Infant  son  of  Aquilaf  and  Maria,  of  Gnadenhiitten. 
No.  224. 

49.  Sophia,  a  Delaware,  baptized  by  J.  Martin  Mack,  at 
Bethlehem,  January  6,  and  deceased  January  7,  1758.     In 
fant  daughter  of  Paul  and  Magdalene.      No.  225. 

50.  Michael, J  alias  Hendrick,   a  Monsey,    baptized   by 
Gottlob  Buttner,  at  Shecomeco,  December  23,  1742.     De- 


*  Came  to  Gnadenhiitten  in  the  autumn  of  1746.  May,  1749,  mar 
ried  Esther,  the  relict  of  Thomas  Pechtowappeed,  then  at  Gnadenhiitten. 
In  1752  removed  to  Bethlehem,  and  was  appointed  steward  at  the  new 
Indian  quarters  opened  on  the  Manakasy,  west  of  the  grist-mill. 

f  Half-brother  of  Augustus,  alias  George  Rex. 

J  In  early  life  Michael  had  been  a  noted  brave  in  his  tribe,  and 
once  in  an  engagement  had  kept  his  post  resolutely,  although  the  tree 
at  which  he  stood  had  been  struck  by  twenty  bullets.  After  his  bap 
tism  he  was  true  to  his  profession,  and  he  died  the  death  of  the  right 
eous.  As  he  lay  a  corpse,  the  serenity  of  his  countenance  contrasted 
markedly  with  the  barbaric  devices  with  which  his  face  had  been  scari 
fied  in  the  days  when  deeds  of  blood  were  the  delight  of  "  the  Crown 
of  the  Indian  Mission." 

II 


1 5 4     CHRISTIAN  INDIANS  B URIED  AT  BE THLEHEM. 

ceased  July  24,    1758,   a  widower,   aged  70   years,   called 
"  The  Croivn  of  the  Indian  Mission"     No.  233. 

51.  Eve,  a  Hogeland  Indian,  baptized  by  Bro.  Anton 
Seyffert,   at    Shecomeco,  August    18,    1743.     Deceased   at 
Nain,  November  18,  1758.*     No.  241. 

52.  Hannah,  a  Monsey,  baptized  by  J.  Martin  Mack,  at 
Nain,    November    12,  and   deceased   there   December   24, 
1758.      No.  244. 

53.  Eleonora,  a  Mohican,  baptized  by  J.  Martin  Mack, 
at  Nain,  November  12,  1758,  and  deceased  there  February 
25,    1759.     Infant    daughter   of    Daniel    and    Elisabeth. 
No.  247. 

54.  Henry,  a  Mohican,  baptized  by  J.  Martin  Mack,  at 
Nain,  February  26,  and  deceased  February  27,  1759.     In 
fant  son  of  Abel  and  Philippina.     No.  248. 

55.  Joseph,  a  Mohican,    baptized  by  Bishop  Spangen- 
berg,  at  Bethlehem,  August  25,  1758.     Deceased  at  Nain, 
March  10,  1759.     No.  25°- 

56.  Theodora,  alias  Aktees,  a  Delaware  of  Gnadenhiitten, 
baptized  by  Bernhard  A.  Grube,  at  Bethlehem,  February 
22,    1756.7     Deceased  January  17,    1761,  aged   19   years. 
Daughter  of  Sam  Evans,  and  niece  of  Teedyuscung,  King 
of  the  Delawares.     No.  291. 


*  In  April  of  1759  the  Brethren  Spangenberg  and  Bohler  selected 
the  site  for  a  grave-yard  at  Nain.  The  first  interment  there  was  that 
of  the  Delaware,  Nicodemus,  alias  Joe  Evans,  in  January  of  1760. 

f  After  her  baptism,  Theodora  was  admitted  into  the  Single  Sisters' 
House.  There  she  deceased. 


ANNALS  OF  EARLY 

MORAVIAN  SETTLEMENT 


IN 


GEORGIA   AND    PENNSYLVANIA. 


(155) 


THESE  are  the  simple  annals  of  lowly  ones  of  the  earth 
who  crossed  the  seas  as  ambassadors  of  a  King. 

To  many  they  may  appear  dead  things,  and  dry  as  the 
bones  that  the  seer  of  old  saw  in  the  Valley  of  Vision,  or 
prove  only  a  passionless  picture  of  still  life.  But  as  we 
look  we  observe  the  figures  moving ;  and  beautiful  upon  the 
wooded  mountains  and  in  the  green  valleys  of  a  new  world, 
in  crowded  mart,  and  among  the  cottages  of  the  poor,  are 
the  feet  of  these  Evangelists  as  they  pass  in  quick  succes 
sion  like  the  forms  of  some  shifting  panoramic  scene.  And 
we  should  not  be  surprised  to  meet  with  grotesque  shapes  too, 
in  this  rare  old  picture  of  religious  life  a  hundred  years  ago 
in  the  wilds  of  Pennsylvania, — forms  of  cowled  monk  and 
hooded  nun  by  the  side  of  Moravian  peasant  and  scholar 
and  unmitered  Bishop  and  untitled  Count.  For  hither 
thousands  had  come  from  an  old  world,  bringing  with 
them  the  remembrance  of  ancient  things,  which  sprang  up 
anew  into  life  or  were  recast  in  fantastic  moulds  in  the 
seclusion  and  solitude  of  their  woodland  homes. 

And  simple  as  these  annals  are,  we  should  not  forget  that 
they  are  the  annals  of  those  lowly  ones  of  the  earth,  who, 
with  others  of  like  spirit,  reared  a  fabric  of  Missions,  whose 
pillars  are  planted  in  the  four  quarters  of  the  earth,  and 
under  whose  dome  are  gathered  together  worshipers  of  the 
true  God  out  of  many  nations  and  kindreds  and  tribes  and 
tongues. 


ANNALS  OF  EARLY  MORAVIAN  SETTLEMENT 

IN    GEORGIA    AND    PENNSYLVANIA 

Recording  the  movements  of  the  Brethren,  and  events  of  interest  that 
occurred  in  the  interval  between  September  of  1734  and  July  of 
1742. 

(Extracted  chiefly  from   George  Neisser1  s   Compilation,  a  MS.  in  the 
Archives  at  Bethlehem.} 


1734- 

September  22.  George  Bohnisch,  Christopher  Baus,  and 
Christopher  Wiegner  arrived  at  Philadelphia  on  the  "St. 
Andrew,"*  Captain  Stedman. 

1735- 

March  22.  Spangenberg,  Anton  Seyffert,  John  Tolt- 
schig,  Gottfried  Haberecht,  Gotthard  Demuth,  Peter  Rosa, 
Michael  and  George  Haberland,  Frederic  Riedel,  and 
George  Waschke  arrived  off  Savannah,  on  the  ' '  Two 
Brothers,"  Captain  Thompson. f 

*  This  vessel  brought  the  Schwenkfelders,  whom  Zinzendorf  had 
received  at  Berthelsdorf,  on  their  banishment  from  Silesia.  Bohnisch 
accompanied  them  to  Pennsylvania,  at  their  request,  and  during  his 
stay  among  them  resided  at  Wiegner's.  He  returned  to  Europe  in 
1737.  See  " ' Erlauterung fur  Herrn  Caspar  Schivenckfeld"  (jBreslau, 
1771),  for  a  narrative  of  the  voyage. 

f  Riedel,  from  Sehlen,  Moravia,  deceased  at  Savannah  in  September 
of  1735.  His  widow  married  Peter  Rosa. 

Waschke,  from  Kunewalde,  Moravia,  left  Georgia  for  Pennsylvania 

(157) 


1 5 8  EARL  Y  MORA  VI AN  SE  TTLEMENT 

July.  John  Francis  Regnier*  arrived  in  Savannah. 


in  February  of  1737.  Settled  in  Germantown.  His  wife  deceased  at 
the  "Falls  of  Schuylkill"  in  1766,  and  was  buried  in  "  Levering's 
Graveyard."  In  1779  he  was  still  living  at  Germantown,  totally  blind. 
Some  of  his  descendants  moved  to  Baltimore. 

Haberecht,  from  Peila,  Silesia,  left  Georgia  in  April  of  1737.  Set 
tled  in  Germantown.  Entered  the  convent  of  the  Seventh-day  Baptists 
at  Ephrata,  on  the  Cocalico.  Resumed  connection  with  the  Brethren 
in  1742.  Returned  to  Europe  with  Zinzendorf.  Missionated  among 
the  Christian  slaves  in  Algiers  ? 

Demuth,  from  Radelsdorf,  Bohemia,  left  Georgia  in  June  of  1737. 
Settled  in  Germantown.  Deceased  there  in  December  of  1744.  His 
widow  married  David  Tanneberger,  of  Bethlehem,  and  deceased  in 
1774.  John  Christopher,  a  son,  born  in  1738,  deceased  at  Lancaster 
in  1818. 

G.  Haberland,  from  Schonau,  Moravia,  deceased  at  Savannah  in 
1737- 

Toltschig,  from  Zauchtenthal,  Moravia,  sailed  for  Europe  in  the 
spring  of  1738. 

Rosa,  from  Bohemia,  left  for  Pennsylvania  in  November  of  1739, 
with  his  wife  and  infant  daughter,  Maria.  Settled  in  Germantown. 
Deceased  there  in  March  of  1740.  His  widow  married  John  M. 
Huber,  of  Bethlehem,  and  deceased  there  1798.  A  portrait  of  her  is 
in  the  "  Archives." 

M.  Haberland,  from  Schonau,  sailed  for  Europe  in  February  of 
1740. 

*  Regnier  immigrated  from  Switzerland  to  Pennsylvania  in  1728. 
Joined  the  Seventh-day  Baptists,  on  the  Cocalico.  Thence  went  to 
Georgia.  In  1738  sailed  for  Europe,  attached  himself  to  the  Brethren 
at  Herrnhaag,  and  was  sent  by  them  to  Surinam.  (See  his  Report  of 
November,  1740,  Budingische  Sammlung,  Part  viii.  No.  3.)  In  1743 
returned  to  Pennsylvania.  Of  him  the  chronicler  of  Ephrata  writes  : 
"  Endlich  hat  er,  mit  blosem  Haupt  und  Fiiszen,  eine  Reise  von  600 
Meilen  zu  Fusz  durch  die  grosse  Wiiste  gethan  nach  Georgien,  und  sich 
daselbst  zu  den  Mahrischen  Brudern  gesellet.  Endlich  hat  er  in  aus- 
wartigen  Landen  sein  unruhiges  Leben  geendet.  Gott  seye  ihm  gnadig 
am  Tag  des  Urtheils!"  Regnier  was  the  author  of  a  defamatory  pam 
phlet  aimed  at  the  Brethren. 


IN  GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  159 

1736. 

February  16.  David  Nitschmann,  Episc.,  Christian 
Adolph  von  Hermsdorf,  Henry  Rascher,  Andrew  and 
Anna  Dober,  David  and  Rosina  Zeisberger,  David  and 
John  Tanneberger,  David  Jag,  Augustine  and  George 
Neisser,  John  Michael  Meyer,  Rosina  Haberecht,  John 
Martin  Mack,  Matthias  Seybold,  Jacob  Frank,  Judith 
Toltschig,  Gottlieb  and  Regina  Demuth,  Catharine  Rie- 
del,  Anna  Waschke,  Juliana  Jaschke,  John  Bohner,  and 
Matthias  Bohnisch  arrived  off  Savannah  on  the  "  Si- 
monds,"  Captain  Cornish.* 


*  Frank,    from  Wirtemberg,   deceased   at   Savannah    in    March    of 

I736- 

Rascher,  from  Upper  Lusatia,  Rosina  Haberecht,  from  Silesia,  and 
Matthias  Bohnisch,  from  Kunewalde,  deceased  at  Savannah  in  the 
same  year. 

Andrew  and  Anna  Dober,  from  Monchsroth,  Franck,  and  von 
Hermsdorf,  from  Upper  Lusatia,  returned  to  Europe  in  1737. 

Juliana  Jaschke,  from  Moravia,  married  George  Waschke,  and  left 
for  Pennsylvania  with  him  and  his  mother,  Anna  Waschke,  in  Feb 
ruary  of  1737.  The  latter  deceased  at  "the  Bethel,"  near  German- 
town,  at  an  advanced  age. 

David  and  John  Tanneberger,  from  Zauchtenthal,  left  for  Pennsyl 
vania  in  June  of  1737.  Settled  in  Germantown.  Removed  to  Beth 
lehem  in  1742.  David  deceased  there  in  1760.  John,  his  son, 
deceased  in  Philadelphia  in  I77&- 

Demuth,  from  Radelsdorf,  left  for  Pennsylvania  in  June  of  1737. 
Settled  in  Matetsche.  Removed  to  Bethlehem  in  1742.  Deceased  at 
Schoneck,  Pa.,  in  1776. 

Regina  Demuth  left  with  her  husband,  Gotthard,  in  June  of  1737. 

David  Jag,  from  Zauchtenthal,  and  Michael  Meyer,  from  Silesia, 
left  for  Pennsylvania  in  1737.  Jag  settled  in  Goshenhoppen,  and  Meyer 
in  Macungy. 

Augustine  Neisser,  from  Sehlen,  left  for  Pennsylvania  in  September 
of  1737.  Settled  in  Germantown.  A  cutler  and  clock-maker.  In  1770 


160  EARLY  MORAVIAN  SETTLEMENT 

April.  Early  in  the  month  Spangenberg  arrived  at  New 
York,  and  proceeded  to  enter  upon  his  labors  among  the 
Schwenkfelders,  who  were  settled  along  the  Skippack,  in 
Worcester  and  Towamensing  Townships,  Philadelphia 
County.  He  made  his  home  here  at  the  house  of  Christo 
pher  Wiegner.*  David  Nitschmann  followed  him  from 
Georgia.f 


married  Catharine  Reisinger.     Had  three  sons,  George  Henry,  born 
in  1771,  Augustine,  born  in  1774,  and  Jacob,  born  in  1777. 

Seybold,  from  Wirtemberg,  left  for  Pennsylvania  in  November  of 
1739.  Lived  among  the  Schwenkfelders,  and  worked  for  Wiegner 
until  Bohler's  arrival,  in  April  of  1740.  Returned  to  Europe,  and 
deceased  in  1787. 

Judith  Toltschig,  from  Schonau,  returned  to  Europe  with  her 
brother,  Michael  Haherland,  in  February  of  1740. 

General  Oglethorpe  and  John  and  Charles  Wesley  were  on  board 
the  Simonds. 

*  The  "  Wiegner  Farm"  lies  two  miles  south  of  Kulpsville,  and 
about  eight  southwest  of  the  Hatfield  Station,  on  the  North  Pennsyl 
vania  Railroad,  in  Montgomery  County.  It  is  now  in  possession  of  Mr. 
George  Anders.  The  farm-house  is  no  longer  standing.  It  was  inter 
esting  as  having  been  the  home  of  the  first  Moravians  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  also  as  the  head-quarters  of  The  Associated  Brethren  of  Skippack," 
who  met  there  for  the  worship  of  God  and  for  religious  edification. 
Among  these  old  worthies  were  Henry  Frey,  John  Kooken,  George 
Merkel,  Christian  Weber,  John  Bonn,  Jacob  Wenzen,  Jost  Schmidt, 
William  Bossen,  and  Jost  Becker,  of  Skippack ;  Henry  Antes,  Wil 
liam  Frey,  George  Stiefel,  Henry  Holstein,  and  Andrew  Frey,  of 
Frederic  Township ;  Matthias  Gmelen  and  Abraham  Wagner,  of  Ma- 
tetsche;  John  Bertolet,  Francis  Ritter,  and  William  Pott,  of  Oley; 
John  Bechtel,  John  Adam  Gruber,  Blasuis  Mackinet,  and  George  Ben- 
zel,  of  Germantown.  Edmund  B.  Bensell,  the  meritorious  artist,  is  his 
only  descendant  resident  in  Germantown. 

f  His  brief  sojourn  in  Pennsylvania,  in  the  spring  of  1736,  was 
spent  by  Bishop  Nitschmann  in  ascertaining  the  religious  condition  of 
its  German  population.  With  this  object,  he  traveled  through  the 
rural  districts,  and  was  thus  brought  into  contact  with  representatives 


IN  GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  161 

June.  David  Nitschmann  sailed  from  New  York  on  his 
return  to  Europe. 

August.  Toward  the  close  of  the  month  Spangenberg 
sailed  for  St.  Thomas,  as  he  had  been  deputed  by  Nitsch 
mann  to  hold  a  visitation. 

November.  Spangenberg  returned  from  St.  Thomas. 

1737- 

February.  In  this  month  George  Neisser  arrived  at 
Wiegner's.  He  had  been  dispatched  by  the  Brethren  in 
Georgia  to  report  their  distress  to  Spangenberg,  and  to 
urge  him  to  repair  to  London  and  lay  their  grievances  be 
fore  the  "Trustees  for  the  Colony  of  Georgia." 

May.  Spangenberg  sailed  for  Georgia  to  counsel  with 
the  Brethren. 


of  the  numerous  sects  who  were  distracting  the  Christianity  that  had 
been  transplanted  into  the  wilds  of  this  part  of  the  new  world. 
Accompanied  by  Spangenberg,  he  visited  the  Seventh-day  Baptists 
also.  "  Urn  dieselbe  Zeit,"  writes  the  chronicler  of  Ephrata,  "  sind 
die  ersten  Mahrischen  Briider  in  Pensilvanien  angekommen,  nehm- 
lich  Spangenberg  und  Nitschmann,  welche  drei  einsame  Briider  als- 
bald  in  Schippach  bei  einer  Familie,  Wiegner  genannt,  besuchten. 
Bald  bei  dem  ersten  Anblick  bemerkte  man  zu  beyden  Theilen  einen 
magnetischen  Anzug  der  Geister;  denn  man  war  zu  beyden  Seiten  noch 
in  der  ersten  Liebe.  Darum  nahmen  sie  sich  auch  vor  mit  gedachten 
Einsamen  zu  reisen  und  im  Lager  einen  Besuch  abzustatten,  welcher 
auch  sehr  gesegnet  ist  ausgefiihrt  worden.  Bey  dem  Abreisen  gaben 
ihnen  die  Briider  ein  Stuck  Wegs  das  Geleit,  schlossen  einen  Kreis 
und  nachdeme  sie  Gott  durch  ein  Lied  gelobet  hatten,  herzten  sie  ein- 
ander  unter  Empfehlung  der  Gnade  Gottes."—CArontcon  Ephratense, 
enthaltend  den  Lebenslanf  des  ehrwurdigen  Vaters  in  Christo,  Fried- 
sam  Gottrecht  iveyland  Stiffters  und  Vorstehers  des  geistlichen  Ordens 
der  Einsame  in  Ephrata  in  der  Grafschaft  Lancaster  in  Pensilva 
nien.  Zusammengezogen  von  Briider  Lantech  und  Agrippa.  Ephrata, 
1786. 


1 6  2  EA  RL  Y  MORA  VIA  N  SE  TTL  EMENT 

August.  David  Zeisberger,  Jr. ,  and  John  Michael  Schober 
arrived  in  Georgia.* 

September.   Spangenberg  returned  to  Pennsylvania. 

1738- 

October  15.  Peter  Bohler  and  George  Schuliusf  arrived 
at  Savannah.  Bohler  had  been  appointed  minister  to  the 
Brethren  in  that  town,  and  was  also  commissioned,  with 
Schulius,  to  missionate  among  the  negroes  on  the  planta 
tions  between  Savannah  and  Charleston. 


1739- 

August.  In  this  month  Spangenberg  closed  his  labors 
among  the  Schwenkfelders  and  sailed  for  Europe. 

1740. 

April.  On  the  i3th  of  the  month  Peter  Bohler,  Anton 
Seyffert,  Martin  Mack,  John  Bohner,  David  and  Rosina 
Zeisberger,  David  Zeisberger,  Jr.,  Hannah  Hummel, J  and 
Benjamin  Sommers  and  James  -  -  (indentured  boys), 
sailed  from  Savannah  on  "the  Savannah,"  Whitefield's 
sloop,  for  Philadelphia.  They  landed  on  the  25th. 

May.   On  the  3d,  Whitefield  "agreed  with  William  Al- 


*  Young  Zeisberger,  subsequently  and  for  forty  years  of  his  life  a 
missionary  to  the  Indians,  was  from  Zauchtenthal.  Schober  was  from 
Hoffmansdorf,  Moravia.  Both  were  mere  boys,  whom  the  spirit  of 
adventure  had  brought  unbidden  to  the  new  world.  Samuel  L.  Sho- 
ber,  an  eminent  merchant  of  Philadelphia,  was  one  of  his  descendants. 

f  From  Moravia.  Deceased  at  Purysburg,  Beaufort  County,  S.  C., 
August  4,  1739. 

J  From  Purysburg. 


IN  GEORGIA    AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  ^3 

len,  of  Philadelphia,  for  5,000  acres  of  land  in  the  Forks  of 
Delaware,  for  £2,200." 

On  the  5th  he  proposed  to  Peter  Bohler,  at  Wiegner's,* 
to  engage  the  Brethren  who  had  accompanied  him  from 
Georgia,  to  do  the  carpentering  at  a  house  he  designed  to 
erect  on  his  land  for  a  school  for  negroes. 

Bohler  and  Seyffert,  with  Henry  Antes  of  Falckner 
Swampf  as  their  guide,  set  out  to  view  the  tract,  and  camped 
on  it  in  the  night  of  the  yth. 

On  the  loth  the  Brethren,  with  the  approval  of  the  lot, 
accepted  Whitefield's  proposal. 

On  the  1 8th  John  Hagen,  missionary  to  the  Cherokees, 
reached  Savannah. 

On  the  2 yth  the  Brethren  set  out  from  Germantown  for 
Whitefield's  tract,  which  he  named  Nazareth. 


*  "  Thursday,  May  5.  Preached  at  Skippack,  sixteen  miles  from 
Montgomery,  where  the  Dutch  people  live.  It  was  seemingly  a  very 
wilderness  part  of  the  country;  but  there  were  not  less,  I  believe,  than 
2000  hearers.  Rode  twelve  miles,  and  preached  in  the  evening  to 
about  3000  people  at  a  Dutchman's  plantation,  who  seemed  to  have 
drank  deeply  into  the  consolations  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  We  spent  the 
evening  in  a  most  agreeable  manner.  I  never  saw  more  simplicity ; 
surely  that  house  was  a  Bethel." —  Whitefield's  Journal,  London,  1761. 

"  It  was  surprising  to  see  such  a  multitude  of  people  gathered  to 
gether  in  such  a  wilderness  country,  30  miles  distant  from  Philadel 
phia.  Our  brother  was  exceedingly  carried  out  in  his  sermon  to  press 
poor  sinners  to  come  to  Christ  by  faith,  and  claim  all  their  privileges, 
namely,  not  only  righteousness  .and  peace,  but  joy  in  the  Holy  Ghost; 
and  after  he  had  done,  our  dear  friend,  Peter  Bohler,  preached  in 
Dutch  to  those  who  could  not  understand  our  brother  in  English." — 
Journal  of  a  Voyage  from  Savannah  to  Philadelphia,  by  Wm.  Seward, 
Gent.  London,  1740. 

f  Frederic  Township,  Montgomery  Co.  So  named  for  Daniel 
Falckner,  who  settled  there  about  1700.  In  1702  he  published  his 
"  Curieuse  Nachricht  von  Pensilvanien."  Frankfurth  und  Leipzig. 


1 64  EA RL  Y  MORA  VI AN  SE  TTLEMENT 

On  the  3oth  they  arrived  there  and  assembled  for  wor 
ship  under  "Bohler's  Oak." 

June.  Toward  the  close  of  the  month,  the  first  house  at 
Nazareth  was  completed  and  occupied. 

July  21.  Christian  H.  Rauch,  the  Apostle  to  the  Indians, 
arrived  at  New  York. 

August  29.  He  reached  Shecomeco  and  commenced  his 
labors  among  the  Mohicans. 

October.  Andrew  Eschenbach*  arrived  at  Philadelphia. 

November.  Early  in  the  month  the  second  house  at  Naza 
reth  was  completed  and  occupied. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  month  Bohler  repaired  to  Phil 
adelphia  to  report  progress  to  Whitefield.  •  Since  they  had 
last  met  the  latter  had  conceived  a  dislike  of  the  Brethren 
based  on  difference  of  opinion  respecting  doctrine.  Fail 
ing  to  bring  Bohler  over  to  his  views  at  this  interview,  he 
became  irritated,  and  in  the  heat  of  controversy  discharged 
the  Brethren  from  his  employ.  He  closed  the  conference, 
which  had  been  conducted  in  Latin,  with  the  words,  lt  Sic 
jubeo  ;  stet  voluntas  pro  ratione."\ 

December.  On  the  i5th  of  the  month  David  Nitschmann, 
Episc.,\  David  Nitschmann,  Sr.,§  Christian  Frohlich,  Jo- 


*  From  Naumburg. 

|  Whitefield  was  in  Philadelphia  between  the  1 9th  and  the  2gth  of 
the  month.  See  his  Joiirnal. 

J  David  Nitschmann,  born  1696  in  Zauchtenthal,  immigrated  to 
Herrnhut  in  1724.  In  March  of  1735  was  consecrated  a  Bishop  (the 
first  of  the  Renewed  Church  of  the  Brethren)  by  Bishop  Ernst  Jablon- 
sky,  of  Berlin,  with  the  approval  of  his  associate,  Bishop  Christian 


\  Uncle  of  the  Bishop.  Born  1676  in  Zauchtenthal,  a  descendant 
of  the  old  Moravian  and  Bohemian  Brethren.  In  October  of  175°  ^e 
was  naturalized  at  the  Supreme  Court  in  Philadelphia,  and  was  thus 
qualified  to  hold  the  Brethren's  estates  in  this  country.  All  purchases 


IN  GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  165 

hanna  S.  Molther,  and  Anna  Nitschmann,  arrived  at  Phila 
delphia  and  repaired  to  Nazareth. 

Bohler  left  on  the  27111  for  New  York,  thence  to  set  sail 
for  Europe,  pursuant  to  his  recall.  He  was  accompanied 
there  by  David  Nitschmann,  Episc.  They  spent  the  3ist 
of  the  month,  which  was  Bohler' s  twenty-ninth  birthday, 
at  Christopher  Wiegner's. 

1741. 

January  29.   Bohler  embarked  for  Bristol. 

February  A,.  David  Nitschmann,  Episc.,  reached  Naza 
reth  on  his  return  from  New  York.  The  Brethren  now 
concluded  to  purchase  a  tract  of  land  lying  at  the  conflu 
ence  of  the  Lehigh  and  Manakasy,  which  had  been  offered 
to  Bohler  by  Nathaniel  Irish,*  of  Saucon,  an  agent  for 


Sitkovius,  of  Lissa,  Poland.  In  1740  was  dispatched  to  America  to 
establish  a  Brethren's  settlement  in  the  Northern  English  Colonies. 
In  virtue  of  this  commission  he  founded  Bethlehem.  Much  of  his  life 
was  spent  in  travel,  as  the  visitation  of  the  missions  and  the  discharge 
of  episcopal  functions  in  that  field  of  the  Church  constituted  his  sphere  of 
labor.  In  his  long  service  he  is  said  to  have  made  fifty  voyages.  Sub 
sequent  to  1761  he  resided  at  Bethlehem.  Here  he  deceased  Oct.  8, 
1772.  To  his  end  he  was  a  strenuous  advocate  of  the  simple  ways 
and  mode  of  life  that  had  prevailed  among  the  old  Moravian  and 
Bohemian  Brethren. 


of  lands  and  all  contracts  were  now  made  by  him  for  the  Brethren. 
He  deceased  April  14,  1758,  in  the  Sad  year  of  his  age.  There  is  a 
portrait  of  him  in  the  "  Archives."  He  is  popularly  known  as  the 
founder  of  Bethlehem. 

*  According  to  Eastburn's  map  of  1740,  Nathaniel  Irish  was  in  that 
year  settled  on  306  acres,  at  the  mouth  of"  Saucong  Creek."  Here  he 
built  a  mill,  and  hither  Bohler  was  wont  to  come  to  await  the  grind 
ing  of  grist  for  his  Brethren  at  Nazareth,  as  it  was  the  nearest  market 
for  bread.  Irish's  house  stood  on  the  site  of  Mr.  \Vm.  Shiner's  resi 
dence,  in  Shimersville.  It  was  removed  in  1816.  The  ruins  of  the 


1 66  EARLY  MORAVIAN  SETTLEMENT 

William  Allen,*  for  the  sale  of  lands  in  this  part  of  Bucks 
County. 

February  9.  David  Nitschmann,  Episc. ,  came  to  Frederic- 
townf  to  consult  with  Antes  about  the  projected  settle 
ment. 

March.  In  the  beginning  of  the  month  the  Brethren  at 
Nazareth  received  a  visit  from  a  company  of  Seventh-day 
Baptists  from  Ephrata,J  who  expressed  admiration  at  the 


mill  are  yet  to  be  seen  on  the  premises  of  Mr.  Jno.  Knecht,  of  that  place. 
It  was  demolished  in  1812,  and  a  part  of  the  stone  worked  up  into  the 
mill  at  present  owned  by  Mr.  Knecht.  About  a  mile  southwest  of 
Shimersville,  near  Mr.  Isaac  Pearson's  farm-house,  in  the  forks  of  the 
Hellertown  road,  was  Irish's  stone-quarry,  which,  in  1740,  was  the 
terminus  of  the  high  road  from  Philadelphia  into  the  northern  part  of" 
Bucks. 

*  A  large  dealer  in  lands  purchased  of  the  Proprietaries.  This  tract 
was  a  part  of  5000  acres  he  had  bought  of  Joseph  Turner  in  1736.  In 
1 741  was  Recorder  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia.  Chief  Justice  of  Penn 
sylvania  before  the  Revolution,  and  died  1780,  a  refugee  Loyalist  in 
London. 

f  George  Neisser  was  at  this  time  working  in  wood  for  Mr.  Antes, 
who  was  a  millwright  by  trade. 

\  Followers  of  John  Conrad  Beissel.  In  1719  Peter  Becker  immi 
grated  to  Pennsylvania  with  a  company  of  Schwarzenau  Baptists.  In 
1720,  Conrad  Beissel,  one  of  this  sect,  followed  and  settled  in  German- 
town.  Hence  he  removed,  in  1721,  with  Jacob  Stuntz  and  George 
Stiefel,  to  Conestoga,  and  built  a  house  on  Mill  Creek,  a  stream  that 
heads  near  Adamstown,  and  eight  miles  below  falls  into  the  Conestoga, 
forming  the  dividing  line  between  East  Cocalico  and  Brecknock  Town 
ships,  in  Lancaster  County.  He  was  now  fully  possessed  of  the  idea 
to  found  a  sect.  His  asceticism,  however,  deprived  him  of  his  followers. 
Of  Stiefel,  the  Chronicle  of  Ephrata  states :  "  Er  hat  sein  Leben  in 
Bethlehem  geendet.  Gott  gebe  ihm  Barmherzigkeit  am  Tage  dcs 
Gerichts  /"  Beissel  now  built  at  Swedes'  Spring.  In  1724  he  was 
joined  hy  Michael  Wohlfarth,  and  in  the  same  year  baptized  in  the 
Pequea.  In  1729  his  followers  seceded  from  the  Baptists,  and  as 
Beissel  had  enjoined  upon  them  the  observance  of  the  Seventh  day, 


IN  GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  ^7 

industry  and  contentment  of  the  former  in  their  indigent 
circumstances.     The  first  house*  built  on  the  Allen  tract. 


and  they  practiced  adult  baptism,  they  were  named  accordingly.  In 
1732  he  settled  at  Ephrata,  eighteen  miles  from  Lancaster,  on  the 
Cocalico.  Here  there  were  large  houses  built  for  the  society,  first 
Kedar,  for  the  Sisters,  and  then  Zion,  for  the  Brethren,  the  latter 
having  lived  as  eremites  in  huts  until  the  completion  of  the  monastery 
in  1738.  These  old-time  buildings  still  haunt  the  green  meadow  on 
the  Cocalico  like  the  specters  of  strange  things  that  belonged  to  another 
age.  Beissel's  followers  were  rigid  ascetics,  abstaining  from  many  of 
the  common  enjoyments,  and  comforts  of  life,  and  resembling  in  dress 
also  some  of  the  monastic  orders  of  the  old  world.  The  men  were 
tonsured,  wore  a  tunic  that  reached  to  the  feet,  and  an  outer  garment, 
furnished  with  apron  and  Capuchin  cowl,  and  a  veil  that  hung  low 
down  over  the  shoulders.  A  girdle  controlled  this  flowing  attire. 
The  females  were  similarly  habited.  Both  cultivated  music,  in  which 
art  Beissel  was  a  proficient.  Many  of  the  Sisters  were  engaged  in  illu 
minating  manuscripts  or  in  embroidering.  At  an  early  day  the  society 
had  a  printing-press.  Beissel  deceased  July  6,  1768,  aged  seventy- 
seven  years.  His  followers  are  extinct,  if  old  Barbara  no  longer  lives. 

*  The  following  extracts  throw  light  on  the  time  when  and  on  the 
circumstances  under  which  the  settlement  on  the  "Allen  Tract"  was 
made  : 

"  After  a  passage  of  nine  weeks  from  Portsmouth,"  writes  David 
Nitschmann,  Sr.,  in  his  Autobiography,  "we  landed  at  Philadelphia, 
and  joined  the  Brethren  who  had  preceded  us  to  America  at  Nazareth. 
There  we  passed  the  winter,  and  in  the  spring  of  1741  we  went  out 
into  the  forest  and  began  to  build  Bethlehem."  His  biographer  adds, 
"  It  was  in  the  spring  of  1741  that  our  deceased  Bro.,  Father  Nitsch 
mann,  David  Nitschmann,  Episc.,  Anton  Seyffert,  Martin  Mack,  Mat 
thias  Seybold,  David  and  Anna  Zeisberger,  and  David  Zeisberger,  Jr., 
began  the  settlement  on  the  '  Allen  Tract.'  The  weather  was  severe, 
and  they  often  stood  leg-deep  in  the  snow  while  felling  timber." 

Mack  writes  in  his  Autobiography,  "  In  the  spring  of  1741  I  assisted 
in  locating  the  settlement  in  the  'Allen  Tract,'  and  in  felling  the 
first  tree."  It  is  not  improbable,  and  the  inference  is  deducible 
from  remarks  that  occur  in  Neisser's  compilation,  that  the  Brethren 
began  to  fell  trees  on  the  Bethlehem  tract  immediately  on  Bishop 


Z68  EARLY  MORAVIAN  SETTLEMENT 

March  12.  David  Zeisberger,  Sr.,  came  to  Frederictown 
to  consult  with  Antes  about  the  settlement. 

April  2.  The  purchase  of  the  tract  of  500  acres,  which 
had  been  offered  by  Nathaniel  Irish,  was  concluded  at 
Philadelphia  between  William  Allen  and  Henry  Antes,  for 
the  Brethren. 

April  4.  Anna  Nitschmann  and  Sr-.  Molther  came  to 
Frederictown. 

April  9.  (Good  Friday,  O.  S.)  Eschenbach  came  to 
celebrate  Easter  with  our  friends. 

April  1 1 .   The  three  set  out  for  Oley. 

May  15.  Eschenbach  returned  and  had  a  conversation 
with  George  Neisser,  respecting  the  latter' s  settling  in  the 
Forks  of  Delaware. 

May  20.  Eschenbach  set  out  for  Wiegner's. 

May  27.  Antes  left  for  the  Forks  to  assist  the  Brethren. 
He  went  by  way  of  Wiegner's  to  celebrate  Whitsuntide 
there. 

June  25.   David  Nitschmann,  Episc.,  arrived. 

June  27.  He  set  out  for  the  Forks,  accompanied  by 
George  Neisser.  They  reached  them  in  the  evening. 

The  Brethren  had  by  this  time  removed  from  Nazareth, 
and  were  living  together  as  a  family  in  a  small  house  they 
had  built  hurriedly  in  the  spring.  It  was  now  time  to  pro 
ceed  to  the  erection  of  a  more  commodious  dwelling. 


Nitschmann's  return  from  New  York  in  February.  It  was  then  that 
they  finally  dismissed  projects  they  had  entertained  of  purchasing 
elsewhere  in  the  Forks,  or  in  Skippack,  Oley,  Conestoga,  or  on  the 
Susquehanna,  and  they  certainly  lost  no  time  in  removing  from 
the  Whitefield  tract,  on  which  their  stay  had  been  prolonged  only  by 
permission  of  Mr.  Irish.  The  first  house  was  removed  in  1823.  It 
stood  on  Rubel's  Alley,  in  the  rear  of  the  "  Eagle  Hotel,"  was  built 
of  hewn  logs,  was  of  one  story,  and  had  a  peaked  gable  and  far-pro- 
jecting  roof.  Its  dimensions  were  forty  by  twenty  feet. 


AV  GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  169 

June  28.  They  accordingly  commenced  squaring  the 
timber  that  had  been  felled  in  the  course  of  the  winter. 

The  following  were  the  members  of  the  household  at 
this  date.  Nitschmann,  JSpisc.,  Seyffert,  Nitschmann,  Sr., 
Mack,  Seybold,  Bohner,  G.  Neisser,  David  and  Anna 
Zeisberger,  David  Zeisberger,  Jr.,  Frohlich,  Hannah 

Hummel,   Sommers,*  and   James    .      Eschenbach, 

Anna    Nitschmann,    and    Sr.     Molther    were    occasional 
visitors. 

July  2.   Rauch  arrived  from  Shecomeco. 

July  8.  The  Brethren  celebrated  Lord's  Supper. 

July  9.  Rauch  preached  from  /.  Peter  t  i.  18,  19.  In 
the  afternoon  Augustine  Neisser  came  from  Germantown  to 
visit  us. 

July  10.  Eschenbach  and  Rauch  set  out  for  Wiegner's. 

July  12.  Anna  Nitschmann,  f  accompanied  by  David 
Zeisberger,  Sr.,  set  out  to  visit  at  Ephrata. 

July  15.  Gotthard  Demuth  and  David  Tanneberger 
came  on  a  visit  from  Germantown. 

July  17.  They  left  for  home. 

July  1 8."  Eschenbach  and  Rauch  returned  from  their 
visit  to  our  friends  in  Skippack,  Germantown,  and  Phila 
delphia. 

July  21.  Anna  Nitschmann  and  Zeisberger,  Sr.,  returned 
from  Ephrata.  They  had  visited  John  Zimmermann  in  Con- 
estoga  Swamp.  He  is  the  head  of  a  sect  that  holds  its  prin 
cipal  meeting  at  the  time  of  new  moon,  and  hence  he  and 
his  followers  are  called  "NEW  MOONERS." 


*  In  August  of  1745,  Benjamin  Sommers  was  indentured  to  Joseph 
Graff,  blacksmith,  in  Goshenhoppen. 

f  "  Eine  ihrer  vornehmen  ledigen  Schwestern  hat  sich  drei  Tage  im 
Schwesternhaus  aufgehalten." — Chronicon  Ephratense. 

12 


lyo  EARLY  MORAVIAN  SETTLEMENT 

July  22.  The  Brethren  in  the  Forks  held  "Gemeintag."* 

Aug.  i.  Eschenbach,  Sr.  Molther,  and  George  Stiefel 
arrived. 

Aug.  5.  Stiefel  returned  to  Frederictown.  The  Breth 
ren  celebrated  Lord's  Supper. 

Aug.  9.  Ranch  and  Nitschmann,  Episc.,  set  out  for  She- 
comeco. 

Aug.  13.  Anna  Nitschmann,  Sr.  Molther,  and  Zeisberger, 
Sr.,  went  to  Skippack. 

Aug.  1 8.   They  returned  with  letters  from  Hagen. 

Aug.  19.  We  built  a  foot-bridge  across  the  Manakasy, 
and  then  held  "  Gemeintag" 

Aug.  22.  Our  friends  Abraham  Dubois,  from  the  Great 
Swamp,  and  Henry  Holstein  and  Andrew  Frey,  from  Falck- 
ner  Swamp,  or  Frederictown,  paid  us  a  visit.  They  were 
deeply  impressed,  and  expressed  themselves  much  edified 
by  the  simplicity  of  Sr.  Anna  Zeisberger. 

Aug.  23.   They  left  for  home. 

Aug.  25.  Antes,  Wiegner,  and  Adam  Schaus,f  and  Wil 
liam  Pott,J  from  Oley,  arrived. 

Aug.  26.   Schaus,  Holstein,  and  Pott  left. 

Aug.  28.  Wiegner  left.     We  had  been  enabled  to  pro- 


*  "  Congregation  or  Church-day."  A  day  set  apart  for  prayer  and 
intercession  for  the  welfare  of  the  church,  of  her  congregations,  and  of 
her  missions  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

f  Secretary  for  the  Synod  that  met  in  Falckner  Swamp.  Removed 
to  Bethlehem.  Miller  at  the  old  mill  built  there  in  1743.  The  pres 
ent  name  of  the  family  is  Shouse. 

\  "  William  Pott  immigrated  to  Pennsylvania  with  the  Schwenkfelders 
in  the  autumn  of  1734.  Settled  first  in  Germantown  and  then  in  Oley, 
Berks  Co.  John,  a  son,  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Schuylkill  County; 
in  1806  settled  north  of  Sharp  "Mountain,  and  erected  Greenwood 
Forge.  Pottsville  is  named  for  him." — Rupp's  History  of  Schuylkill 
County. 


IN  GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  171 

vide  bountifully  for  our  late  visitors,  having  taken  a  num 
ber  of  rock-fish  in  the  Lehigh. 

Sept.  2.  We  celebrated  Lord's  Supper. 

Sept.  10.  David  Nitschmann,  Episc.,  returned  from  his 
visit  to  New  York  and  Shecomeco. 

Sept.  13.  He  set  out  for  Skippack.  On  the  road  he 
met  Gottfried  Haberecht  who  had  joined  the  Baptists  at 
Ephrata.*  Haberecht  appeared  depressed,  and  was  desirous 
of  seeing  the  Brethren. 

Sept.  15.  Nitschmann,  Episc.,  returned  in  company  with 
John  Stephen  Benezet.  t  From  them  we  learned  of  the 
purchase  of  the  "Whitefield  Tract.  "J  They  also  brought 
letters  from  Europe. 


*  "  Eine  Zeitlang  hernach  hat  sich  einer  Nahmens  Haberecht  der 
von  den  Mahrischen  Briidern  abstammte  bei  dem  Vorsteher  um  die 
Taufe  angemeldet,  welcher  ihm  auch  hat  darinnen  willfahret.  Darauf 
ist  er  in  das  Convent  Zion  eingezogen,  aber  dabey  hat  er  sich  viele 
Versuchungen  zugezogen.  Als  aber  Anna  Nitschmannin  einen  Besuch 
im  Lager  abstattete,  hat  sie  ihn  wieder  an  ihre  Gemeinschaft  iiberge- 
bracht,  und  da  verstund  man  erst  warum  der  Vorsteher  ihn  auf  den 
Glauben  seiner  Gemeinschaft  getaufft  hat.  Er  ist  mit  ihnen  wieder 
nach  Deutschland  gereist,  und  hat  hernach  ihren  Arbeitern  in  Algier 
gedienet,  von  da  ist  er  wieder  nach  Pensilvanien  gereist,  und  hat  sein 
Leben  in  ihrer  Anstalt  geendat.  Gott  gebe  ihm  eine  selige  Auferste- 
hung  r ' — Chronicon  Ephratense. 

y  John  Stephen  Benezet,  born  in  Abbeville,  France,  in  1683,  was  of 
a  wealthy  and  noble  Huguenot  family  which  fled  to  Holland  and 
thence  to  England  in  1715,  after  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 
In  London  the  family  became  attached  to  the  Friends.  Immigrated 
to  Pennsylvania  in  1731.  On  his  arrival  in  Philadelphia,  Count  Zin- 
zendorf  was  the  guest  of  Mr.  Benezet,  who  resided  on  Second  Street. 

Between  the  latter  and  the  Brethren  there  long  existed  friendly  re 
lations.  Three  of  Mr.  Benezet's  daughters  were  married  to  Moravians 
at  Bethlehem,  who  have  numerous  descendants  resident  there. 

J  Purchased  a  few  months  previous  of  Whitefield,  in  England,  by 
Spangenberg. 


!  7  2  EARL  Y  MORA  VI AN  SETTLEMENT 

Sept.  1 6.  Held  Prayer-day.  Benezet  joined  us.  We  felt 
the  presence  of  the  Lord  in  our  midst  most  sensibly.  The 
letters  from  Europe  were  communicated  at  our  meeting. 

Sept.  17.  Benezet  set  out  for  home  by  way  of  the  Great 
Swamp. 

Sept.  22.  Eschenbach  arrived  from  Tulpehocken  and 
Skippack. 

Sept.  19-27.  In  this  interval  we  dug  the  cellar  of  the  large 
house. 

Sept.  24.  Gotthard  Demuth,  who  had  been  working  for 
us  during  the  summer,  returned  from  a  visit  to  his  family 
in  Matetsche  and  resumed  work. 

Sept.  26.  Gottfried  Haberecht  and  Augustine  Neisser  ar 
rived.  The  former  had  met  with  ill  treatment  at  Ephrata 
and  came  here  for  refuge. 

Sept.  28.  Thursday.  The  "Daily  Words"*  were  Ezekiel, 
xliii.  7.  Early  in  the  morning  \ve  proceeded  to  lay  the 
first  stone  for  the  foundation  of  the  large  house.  David 
Nitschmann,  Episc.,  and  Andrew  Eschenbach  opened  the 
ceremonies  with  fervent  prayer.  A  tin  box  containing  an 
inscription  and  the  names  of  the  spectators  written  on 
parchment,  was  cemented  into  the  stone,  which  we  laid  in 
the  southeast  corner,  f 


*  A  collection  of  texts  of  Scripture,  arranged  so  as  to  afford  a  subject 
of  meditation  for  each  day  of  the  year.  It  was  entitled  "  Tdglichen 
Loosungen,  welcher  sick  die  Verbundenen  Briider  in  alien  Welttheilen 
aufs  Jahr  1742  bedienen,  iind  die  Gemeinschaft  des  Geistes  dadtirch 
imterhalten" 

f  The  dimensions  of  this  house  were  forty-five  by  thirty  feet.  It 
was  of  two  stories,  built  of  hewn  logs  and  chinked  with  clay  and 
straw.  Originally  the  angles  of  its  peaked  roof  were  truncated  at 
the  gables,  as  may  be  seen  in  an  old  drawing  of  it,  called  "  Das  Hatis 
an  der  Lecha"  Two  apartments  on  the  second  floor  at  the  west 
end  were  hurriedly  completed  for  Count  Zinzendorf,  in  December  of 
1741.  The  building  was  occupied  in  the  summer  of  1742.  An  addition 


AY  GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  173 

September  29.  Augustine  Neisser  returned  to  German- 
town.  Gottfried  Haberecht  remained  in  the  Forks. 

October  10.  Michael  Schaefer,  from  Tulpehocken,  came 
to  visit  us. 

October  12.  As  Gottfried  Haberecht  had  withdrawn  from 
the  Baptists,  at  Ephrata,  and  had  concluded  to  remain  in 
the  Forks,  David  Nitschmann,  Episc.,  wrote  them  respect 
ing  his  decision,  and  dispatched  John  Bohner  to  Ephrata 
with  a  letter. 

October  17.  Anna  Nitschmann  and  Sr.  Molther  returned 
from  their  protracted  visit  in  Skippack.  Christian  Weber,* 
carpenter,  came  with  them. 

October  21.  Christopher  Baus,  a  member  of  "  Wiegner's 
Economy,"  in  Skippack,  came  to  visit  us. 

October  22.  John  Stephen  Benezet,  an  estimable  man, 
and  a  warm  friend  of  ours,  arrived,  and  brought  with  him 
Captain  Wallace,  of  Philadelphia.  The  latter  proposed  to 
engage  Christian  Frohlich  to  superintend  his  sugar-refinery. 
The  Brethren  took  the  proposal  into  consideration. 

October  25.   Baus  returned  home. 

October  26.  The  Brethren  Gottlieb  Buttner,  John  C.  Pyr- 
laeus,  and  J.  William  Zander  arrived  from  the  Congrega 
tion  in  Europe,  to  our  great  joy. 

October  28.  We  celebrated  Lord's  Supper. 

November  14.  Eschenbach  and  Frohlich  set  out  for  Phil 
adelphia,  the  latter  in  response  to  the  proposal  made  on 
the  22d  ult. 


to  the  east  end,  built  soon  after,  lengthened  the  front  to  ninety-three 
feet.  The  house  has  long  been  known  as  the  "Gemein  Haus"  and 
was  in  part  the  residence  of  ministers  and  missionaries  of  the  church 
for  many  years.  It  stands  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Church  Street  and 
Cedar  Alley. 

*  Married  a  daughter  of  John  Bechtel,  of  Germantown.     Descend 
ants  are  residing  in  Bethlehem. 


174 


EARLY  MORAVIAN  SETTLEMENT 


November  17.  Anna  Nitschmann  and  Sr.  Molther  went 
to  Germantown. 

November  18.   They  went  to  Philadelphia. 

December.  On  the  2d  of  the  month  Count  Zinzendorf 
landed  at  New  York.  Having  remained  several  days  with 
our  friends  in  that  city,  he  set  out  for  Philadelphia  on  the 
6th  and  arrived  there  on  the  loth  inst.*  David  Nitsch 
mann,  Episc.,  arrived  there  from  the  Forks  on  the  same 
day. 

The  following  Brethren  and  Sisters  came  with  the  Count 
from  Europe : 

Benigna,  his  daughter, 

Rosina  Nitschmann,  wife  of  David  Nitschmann,  Episc., 

John  Jacob  Miiller,  the  Count's  amanuensis, 

Abraham  and  Judith  Meinung,  and 

David  Bruce. 

John  Henry  Muller,!  printer,  wras  a  fellow-passenger. 

December  13.   Eschenbach  reached  Philadelphia. 

December  17.  Countess  Benigna,  in  company  with  Sr. 
Molther,  left  Philadelphia  to  visit  her  acquaintances  from 
Herrnhut  residing  in  Germantown. 


*  Previous  to  the  Count's  arrival,  Christian  Frohlich  had  rented  a 
house  of  three  stories,  on  Second,  near  the  northeast  corner  of  Race 
Street,  for  him  and  his  company. 

|  John  Henry  Miiller  (Miller)  was  born  in  Rheden,  in  Waldeck, 
in  1702.  In  boyhood  he  removed  with  his  parents  to  Basel,  and  there 
was  apprenticed  to  a  printer.  Worked  at  his  trade  as  journeyman  in 
Zurich,  Leipsic,  Altona,  London,  and  Amsterdam.  While  in  America 
the  first  time  he  worked  in  Franklin's  printing-office.  Returned  to  Eu 
rope  in  1742,  and  there  married.  Managed  a  printing-office  for  the 
Brethren,  to  whom  he  became  attached,  in  Marienborn,near  Frankfort  - 
on-the-Main.  Returned  to  America  in  1751,  and  established  himself  in 
business.  Again  went  abroad,  and  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  1760 
with  new  press  and  type.  In  1780  he  sold  out  and  removed  to  Beth 
lehem.  Deceased  March,  1782. 


IN  GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  175 

December  18.  In  the  evening  of  this  day  the  Count  and 
his  company  arrived  at  Germantown.* 

December  19.   They  set  out  for  Wiegner's. 

December  20.  They  left  Wiegner's  and  rode  as  far  as 
Henry  Antes'. 

December  21.  In  the  evening  they  arrived  in  the  Forks. 

December  24.  (Sunday.}  We  celebrated  Lord's  Supper 
and  held  the  Festival  of  Christmas-eve.  The  Brethren's 
settlement  in  the  Forks  received  the  name  of  Bethlehem  on 
this  day.f 

December  25.  The  Count  and  his  company  set  out  for 
Oley  and  Conestoga.  In  Oley  he  preached  at  the  house  of 
Jean  Bertolet,J  from  Acts,  xvi.  14. 


*  Here  he  lodged  with  John  Bechlel,  a  Palatine  from  Franckenthal, 
and  a  man  much  esteemed  by  his  countrymen  of  the  Reformed  Church. 
His  daughter  Margaret,  who  in  1742  married  the  missionary  Biitt- 
ner,  relates,  in  her  autobiography,  that  the  Count,  on  his  arrival  in 
Philadelphia,  had  requested  her  father,  by  letter,  to  meet  him  there 
without  delay.  Fearful  of  incurring  the  displeasure  of  such  of  his 
friends  as  had  been  prejudiced  against  the  Count,  Mr.  Bechtel  hesitated 
to  comply  with  the  request.  "  I  urged  him  to  go,"  she  continues.  "  I 
gave  him  no  rest,  and  as  my  verbal  persuasions  were  of  no  avail,  I  ran 
to  the  pasture,  caught  his  riding  horse,  and  brought  it,  bridled  and  sad 
dled,  to  the  door.  This  appeal  father  could  not  resist,  and  from  regard 
to  me  he  rode  to  town  to  see  the  remarkable  man,  who  impressed  me 
deeply  when  I  saw  him  next  day  at  our  house,  and  indelibly  so,  when, 
not  two  weeks  afterwards,  I  heard  him,  for  the  first  time,  proclaim  the 
words  of  eternal  life." 

f  "  The  Count  arrived  in  the  Forks  a  few  days  before  Christmas. 
While  celebrating  the  vigils  of  Christmas-eve  in  the  first  house,  and 
as  we  were  closing  the  services  (it  was  already  past  nine  o'clock),  the 
Count  led  the  way  into  the  stable  that  adjoined  our  dwelling  and  com 
menced  singing  the  hymn  that  opens  with  the  words,  lNicht  Jerusalem, 
sondern  Bethlehem,  aus  dir  kommet  was  mir  frommet]  and  from  this 
touching  incident  the  settlement  received  the  name  of  Bethlehem." 
— Martin  Mack1  s  Autobiography. 

\  Jean  Bertolet,  a  French  Huguenot,  from  Chastedeaux,  immigrated 


I  76  EARL  Y  MORA  VI AN  SE  TTLEMENT 

December  26.  Henry  Antes  issued  a  call*  for  a  Synod,  or 
Religious  Conference,  irrespective  of  denominationalism, 
to  convene  at  Germantown  on  the  i2th  of  January  next. 

December  30.  The  Count  and  his  company  reached  Ger 
mantown. 

December  31.  (Sunday,"}  He  preached  to  a  large  audience 
in  the  German  Reformed  Church,  from  the  words,  "And 
without  controversy,  great  is  the  mystery  of  godliness"  I. 
Tim.  iii.  i6.f 

1742. 

January  5.  (Friday,  Christmas-day,  O.  S.')  The  Count 
preached  in  the  German  Reformed  Church  in  German- 


to  Pennsylvania  in  1726,  and  settled  in  Oley.  "Als  ich  in  Philadelphia 
zwei  Wochen  gewesen  berufte  mich  der  Heiland  in  den  Busch  zu  ar- 
beiten,  nachdem  ich  mich  lange  nach  Arbeit  gesehnt  hatte.  Der  Ort 
(nehmlich  die  Gegend)  hiesz  Oley.  Als  ich  dahin  kam  logirte  ich  bey 
einem  Mann  namens  yean  Bertolet,  dessen  seine  Frau,  welche  auch 
eine  dergleichen  alte  Heilige  war,  machte  der  Heiland  durch  seine 
blutige  Gnade  doch  bald  zur  Siindern,  und  nahm  sie  darauf  zu  sich  in 
seine  obere  Gemein." — Coimtcss  Benigna  to  the  Congregation  abroad. 

*  Biidingische  Sammlung,  Part  xii.  No.  I. 

f  This  was  his  first  appearance  in  an  American  pulpit.  The  church  in 
which  he  preached  had  been  built  in  1733,  and  stood  opposite  the  mar 
ket-house,  on  the  main  street.  The  Reformed  Congregation  that  wor 
shiped  here  having  not  yet  been  supplied  with  an  ordained  minister  by 
the  mother-church,  Mr.  John  Bechtel  had  been  chosen  to  act  as  lector 
and  exhorter. 

All  of  Zinzendorf's  discourses  held  in  this  country  were  written 
down  from  his  lips  by  his  amanuensis.  His  public  discourses  were 
published  abroad  with  the  title  Reden  von  dem  Herrn  der  unsere  Selig- 
keit  ist,  tind  iiber  die  Materie  von  seiner  Marter  in  Nord-America 
gehalten.  Biidn.,  1744.  2  vols.  Another  edition  has  the  title  Eine 
Sammlung  offentlicher  Reden,  1742  in  Canada gehalten.  2  Thle.  Biidn., 
1744.  This  collection  has  been  republished,  and  is  one  of  great  in 
terest  to  the  theological  student. 


IN   GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  177 

town,  from  the  words,  "Justified  in  the  Spirit."  I.  Tim. 
iii.  16. 

January  7.  (Sunday.)  He  preached  from  the  words, 
"Seen  of  Angels."  I.  Tim.  iii.  16. 

Immediately  after  his  arrival  he  prepared  for  publication 
a  small  selection  of  hymns,  old  and  new :  it  was  entitled 
Hirtenlieder  von  Bethlehem,  enthaltend  eine  kleine  Samm- 
lung  evangelischer  Lieder. 

January  8.  George  Neisser  took  this  selection  to  Chris 
topher  Sauer's*  printing-office  in  Germantown. 

January  12.  In  response  to  Henry  Antes'  call,  a  Synod 
met  in  Theobald  Enten's  house  in  Germantown. f 

January  14.  (Sunday.}  Bro.  LudwigJ  preached  in  the 
German  Reformed  Church  in  that  place  from  the  words, 
"Preached unto  the  Gentiles."  I.  Tim.  iii.  16. 

January  16.   Bro.  Ludwig  went  to  Skippack. 

January  17.   (Epiphany,  O.  S.*)    He  preached  at  Wieg- 


*  "  Christoph  Sauer  was  the  first  printer  in  the  country  to  print  the 
German  Bible.  It  passed  through  three  editions  following  in  1743, 
1762,  and  1776.  The  sheets  of  the  greater  part  of  the  last  edition  in 
Sauer's  possession  were  confiscated  in  the  Revolution,  and  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  cartridges." — History  of  the  Moravian  Church  in  Phila 
delphia,  by  Abraham  Ritter.  Philadelphia,  1857. 

f  This  house  still  stands  on  the  west  side  of  Germantown  Avenue, 
near  the  corner  of  Queen  Street.  It  is  of  stone,  of  two  stories,  with 
a  quaint  penthouse  overhanging  the  door  and  windows  of  the  lower 
floor.  The  heavy  sash,  set  with  small  lights,  and  the  solidity  of  the 
inside  wood-work,  show  that  it  was  built  at  an  early  day.  Mr.  Enten 
was  a  clockmaker.  His  descendants,  calling  themselves  Ent,  are  now 
living  in  Germantown. 

J  The  Count,  on  his  arrival  in  America,  thought  proper  to  substitute 
the  title  of  Thiirnstein  for  that  of  Zinzendorf.  His  signature  was  sim 
ply  Thiirnstein.  Being  not  averse  to  the  plain  mode  of  address  in 
vogue  among  the  Friends,  he  was  spoken  to  and  of  by  many  as  Friend 
Ludwig,  or  simply  Ludwig,  and  hence  his  Brethren  called  him  Bro. 
Ludwig. 


1 78  EARL  Y  MORA  VI AN  SE  TTLEMENT 

ner's  from  the  Gospel  appointed  for  the  day,  and  afterward 
returned  to  Philadelphia. 

January  21.  (Sunday.}  In  the  forenoon  Bro.  Ludwig 
preached  for  the  first  time  to  the  Lutherans  in  their  place 
of  worship,*  from  the  words,  "For  why  will  ye  die?" 
Ezek.  xxx.  ii. 

In  the  afternoon  he  preached  at  Germantown  in  the 
Reformed  Church,  from  the  words,  "Believed  on  in  the 
world"  I.  Tim.  iii.  16. 

January  22.  Bro.  Ludwig  set  out  for  Falckner  Swamp  to 
attend  the  sessions  of  the  Synod  that  had  been  appointed 
for  the  25th  of  the  month.  Rode  as  far  as  Skippack. 

January  24.  At  Martin  Kulp's  house  he  had  an  interview 
with  heads  of  the  Mennonites,f  and  discussed  with  them 
their  doctrine  and  practice.  In  the  evening  he  arrived  at 
Henry  Antes',  in  Falckner  Swamp. 

January  25.  The  Synod  met  for  the  second  time,  and  in 
George  Hiibner's  house. 

January  27.   Bro.  Ludwig  returned  to  Germantown. 

January  28.  (Sunday.'}  In  the  morning  he  preached 
from  John,  ii.  i-n. 

In  the  afternoon  he  preached  in  the  Reformed  Church 
in  Germantown,  from  the  words.  "  Received  up  into  glory. " 
/.  Tim.  iii.  16. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  at  Philadelphia  he  had  instituted 
meetings  for  worship  in  his  house  (Haus-Versammlung}, 
which  were  free  for  all.  At  these  he  or  the  Brethren  Pyr- 


*  A  barn  that  had  been  fitted  up  with  a  pulpit  and  with  seats,  on 
Arch  above  Fifth  Street.  It  had  been  rented  for  worship  by  the 
German  Reformed  and  Lutherans  jointly. 

j-  Followers  of  Menno  Simonis,  who  began  to  immigrate  to  Penn 
sylvania  in  1683,  settling  in  and  about  Germantown.  In  1709  others 
followed  from  the  Palatinate  and  settled  in  Pequea  Valley,  Lancaster 
County.  They  are  Baptists. 


IN  GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  179 

laeus,  Seyffert,  Eschenbach,  or  Biittner,  usually  delivered 
an  address. 

February  4.  (Sunday.^)  Bro.  Ludwig  preached  in  "Bach 
elor's  Hall,"*  near  Philadelphia,  from  Matt.  viii.  1-13, 
with  marked  effect. 

In  the  afternoon  he  preached  in  the  Reformed  Church 
in  Germantown,  from  Matt.  xxii.  11-14. 

February  18.  (Sunday.'}  In  the  forenoon  Bro.  Ludwig 
preached  from  Matt.  xiii.  24-30. 

In  the  afternoon  he  preached  in  Germantown.  After 
the  service  he  and  his  company  set  out  for  Oley,  and  rode 
as  far  as  Farmer's  mill,f  in  White  Marsh. 

John  Hagen  arrived  at  Philadelphia,  by  way  of  the  East 
ern  Shore,  from  Georgia. 

February  19.  Hagen  set  out  for  Oley  in  company  with 
George  Neisser. 


*  Bachelor's  Hall  was  a  building  near  the  present  Kensington 
market-house,  to  which  resorted  the  gay  youth  of  the  day  for  social 
recreation. 

Its  fate  is  shown  by  the  following  extract  from  the  MS.  diary  of 
Christopher  Marshall,  under  date  of  April  4,  1775  :  "Cloudy,  windy 
weather,  with  rain.  This  morning  a  fire  begun  at  nine  o'clock,  at 
Bachelor's  Hall,  which  soon  consumed  that  building." 

f  In  October  of  1704,  "  Edward  ffarmer,  of  White  Marsh,  was  ap 
pointed  a  Justice  of  ye  County  Court  of  Philadelphia."  In  May  of  1712, 
Governor  Gookin  "  rode  out  to  Edward  ffarmer's  house  to  meet  the 
Delaware  Indians  according  to  appointment,  before  they  set  out  on 
their  journey  to  the  Five  Nations."  On  this  occasion  "they  laid  be 
fore  him  the  collection  they  had  made  of  their  tribute  to  offer  to  the 
Mingoes,  namely,  thirty-two  belts  of  wampum  of  various  figures,  and 
a  long  Indian  pipe  called  the  calamet,  with  a  stone  head,  a  wooden  or 
.cane  shaft  and  feathers  fixt  to  it  like  wings.  This  pipe,  they  said,  on 
making  their  submission  to  the  Five  Nations  who  had  subdued  them, 
would  introduce  them  as  friends  and  subjects,  and  they  would  be  well 
received  as  such." — Minutes  of  Provincial  Council. 


igo  EARLY  MORAVIAN  SETTLEMENT 

February  20.  Bro.  Ludwig  and  his  company  reached  Oley. 

February  21  and  22.  The  Synod  met  and  sat  for  the 
third  time,  and  in  John  de  Turck's*  house.  On  the  second 
day  Andrew  Eschenbach,  Christian  H.  Rauch,  Gottlob 
Biittner,  and  John  Christopher  Pyrlaeus  were  ordained  to 
the  ministry  by  David  Nitschmann,  Fpisc.,  Bro.  Ludwig, 
Episc.  emerilo,  and  Anton  Seyffert.  Three  Indians  from 
Shecomeco  were  baptized  into  the  death  of  Jesus  by  Bro. 
Rauch,  and  Bro.  Hagen  was  solemnly  set  apart  as  a  mis 
sionary.  It  was  here  resolved  to  abandon  the  attempt  to 
colonize  in  Georgia. 

Bro.  Ludwig  set  out  the  same  day  for  Tulpehocken. 

While  in  Tulpehocken  he  preached  to  the  Lutheran  ad 
herents  of  the  late  Caspar  Leutbecker,f  in  the  old  log- 
church.  On  the  same  day  he  had  an  interview  with  One- 
simus,  Father  of  Zion  in  Ephrata.J 

He  returned  to  Oley,  and  thence  set  out  for  Germantown 
by  way  of  New  Hanover,  Frederic,  and  Skippack.  In  New 
Hanover  he  preached,  and  also  at  Henry  Holstein's. 

March  2.   He  arrived  at  Germantown. 

March  5.  The  "  Hirtenlieder  von  Bethlehem"  came  from 
Sauer's  press; — a  duodecimo  of  95  pp.,  containing  369 
hymns. 

March  6.  Fifty  copies  were  sent  to  Philadelphia  and 
fifty  to  Frederic,  for  distribution  in  the  townships. 

March  n.  (Sunday  Esto  Mihi.~)  Bro.  Ludwig  preached 
in  Philadelphia,  from  the  Gospel  for  the  day. 


*  A  son  of  Isaac  de  Turck,  a  French  Huguenot,  or  Walloon,  who 
had  immigrated  to  New  York  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  and  settled 
in  Sopus.  Thence  the  family  removed  to  Oley,  in  1712. 

•j-  See  ll Nachrichten  von  den  Evangelisch  Lutherischen  Gemeinen 
in  Nord-America"  vol.  i.  p.  250. 

J  See  "Acts  of  the  Synod  of  1742,"  page  50,  for  the  substance  of  this 
interview. 


AV   GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  181 

In  the  afternoon  he  preached  from  /.  Cor.  xiii.  1-13. 

At  this  time  he  began  to  revise  the  Eleventh  Supplement 
to  the  Collection  of  German  Hymns,  adapting  its  contents 
for  general  use.*  He  also  compiled  a  Catechism  entitled 
'  'Kurzer  Catechismus  fur  etliche  Gemeinen  aus  der  refor- 
mirten  Religion ."f 

March  15.  Bro.  Ludwig's  household  (f'Die  Pilger  Fami- 
lie")  held  love-feast. 

March  16.  Eschenbach  and  Rosina  Nitschmann  arrived 
at  Philadelphia  from  Oley,  and  David  Nitschmann,  Episc., 
arrived  there  from  Bethlehem. 

On  this  day  Bro.  Ludwig  and  his  household  removed  to 
Germantown,  and  occupied  a  house  rented  of  Mr.  Ash- 
mead,^  near  the  German  Reformed  Church.  Social  wor 
ship  held  here  in  the  evening  was  conducted  in  the  English 
language. 

March  18.  (Sunday.}  In  the  forenoon  Bro.  Ludwig 
preached  in  Philadelphia  ii<yn\Matt.  iv.  i-n.  In  the  after 
noon  he  preached  in  Germantown  from  /.  Cor.  ix.  18. 

March  19.  The  rite  of  baptism  was  administered  by 
Bro.  Ludwig,  in  Germantown,  to  Hermann  Bonn  and  to 
Anna  Mary,  his  sister,  of  Skippack,  aged  respectively 
twenty-two  and  twenty-eight.  A  large  number  of  specta 
tors  were  present,  and  the  occasion  was  deeply  impressive. 

March  20.  The  Deputies  to  the  Synod  arrived  in  Ger 
mantown. 

March  21.  The  Synod  met  for  the  fourth  time,  and  in 
Mr.  Ashmead's  house. 

March  25.   (Sunday.)  Bro.  Ludwig  organized  a  congre- 


*  This  revision  was  completed  in  Wyoming  Valley  in  October. 

•}•  Printed  in  English  type,  in  Franklin's  office.  Duodecimo.  42  pp. 
Sauer  had  refused  to  print  it. 

J  Near  the  Market-house,  and  almost  opposite  the  German  Reformed 
Church.  The  house  is  still  standing. 


1 8  2  EARLY  MORA  VI AN  SE  TTLEMENT 

gation   in   Germantown,   and  preached   in   the  Reformed 
Church,  from  Ps.  Ixix.  21. 

March  26.  Eschenbach,  Benigna,  and  Abraham  and 
Judith  Meinung  went  to  Oley.  David  Nitschmann,  Episc., 
and  Haberecht  set  out  for  Bethlehem. 

March  29.  Bro.  Ludwig  set  out  for  Oley,  by  way  of 
Skippack,  where  he  preached  in  the  Mennonite  meeting 
house. 

March  30.  He  organized  a  congregation  in  Falckner 
Swamp. 

March  31.  He  organized  a  congregation  in  Oley,  and 
preached. 

April  i.  (Sunday.}  He  preached  on  the  Manatawny  to 
an  audience  of  Lutherans  and  Reformed,  from  the  wrords, 
"  Christ  is  all  and  in  all. ' ' 

April  3.  Bro.  Ludwig  returned  to  Germantown. 

April  6.   He  went  to  Philadelphia. 

April  7.  He  wrote  a  letter  to  Conrad  Beissel  in  Eph- 
rata.* 

April  8.  (Sunday.'}  In  the  forenoon  he  preached  in 
Philadelphia,  from  John,  vi.  1-14. 

In  the  afternoon  he  preached  in  Germantown,  from  Ps. 
cxxi.  3. 

April  12.  Bro.  Ludwig  united  Matthias  Seybold,  of 
Bethlehem,  and  Anna  Mary  Bonn,  of  Skippack,  in  wed- 


*  Biidingische  Sammlttng,  Part  xv.  No.  15.  On  his  last  rural  circuit, 
made  toward  the  close  of  the  year,  the  Count  called  at  Ephrata.  The 
Prior  informed  Beissel  of  the  arrival  of  the  distinguished  visitor. 
"  Der  seye  ihm  kein  Wunder"  answered  Beissel;  "  wenn  er  ihm 
aber  ein  Wunder  seye,  musse  er  zu  ihm  kommen."  A  few  weeks  pre 
vious  Beissel  had  written  him  a  letter  (Budingische  Sammlung,  Part 
xiii.  No.  17),  in  which  he  subscribes  himself,  Friedsam  Fr.  sonsten 
genannt  Conrad  Beissel,  dermalen  ein  Fremdling  und  Pilgrim  auf 
dieser  Welt. 


IN  GEORGIA   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  183 

lock,  in  the  German  Reformed  Church.  After  the  cere 
mony,  there  was  a  wedding-feast  in  Bro.  Lud wig's  house. 

April  T.'].  As  none  but  parents  who  were  Brethren  or 
persons  attached  to  the  Brethren  had  responded  to  a  cir 
cular  that  had  been  issued  on  the  ist  inst.,  relative  to 
opening  a  school  in  Germantown,  it  was  resolved  to  com 
mence  one  on  the  model  of  the  Brethren's  schools  in 
Europe. 

April  1 8.  The  Synod  met  for  the  fifth  time,  and  in  the 
Reformed  Church  in  Germantown. 

April  20.  George  and  Maria  Elizabeth  Weber  and  Gott 
lieb  Israel,  missionaries,  arrived  from  St.  Thomas. 

April  21.  George  Neisser  set  out  for  Tulpehocken,  to 
preach  on  the  coming  Sunday,  in  Biittner's  absence. 

April  22.  (Palm  Sunday.)  In  the  forenoon  Bro.  Lud- 
wig  preached  in  Philadelphia,  from  Matt.  xxi.  1-9. 

In  the  afternoon  he  held  catechisation. 

April  23.  David  Nitschmann,  Episc.,  took  leave  of  the 
Brethren  and  set  out  for  New  York,  thence  to  sail  for  St. 
Thomas. 

April  26.  Biittner  returned  to  Tulpehocken. 

April  29.  {Easter  Sunday.}  Bro.  Lud  wig  preached  in 
Germantown,  from  John,  xx.  24,  et  seq. 

We  held  love-feast  in  his  house. 

May  4.  The  proposed  school  was  opened  in  Bro.  Lud- 
wig's  house  with  twenty-five  girls.  The  Brethren  Seyffert, 
Zander,  and  George  Neisser,  and  the  Sisters  Benigna, 
Magdalene  Miiller,  and  Anna  Dismann,  were  employed  in 
the  Institution.* 

May  1 6.  The  Synod  met  for  the  sixth  time,  and  in 
Lorenz  Schweitzer's  house  in  Germantown. 


*  "  Nun  hat  mich  das  Lamm  auf  einen  Posten  gefiihret.  Ich  habe 
eine  Kinderanstalt  von  25  Magdchen  und  da  habe  ich  mich  willig 
dazu  aufgeopfert." — Cottntess  Benigna  to  the  Congregation  abroad. 


1 84  EARLY  MORA  VI AN  SE  TTLEMENT 

May  20.  (Sunday.}  In  the  forenoon  Bro.  Ludwig 
preached  in  Philadelphia,  from  John,  xvi.  16-23. 

May  23.  David  Nitschmann,  Sr.,  who  had  for  several 
weeks  been  a  member  of  Bro.  Ludwig's  household,  returned 
to  Bethlehem.  He  was  accompanied  thither  by  Rosina 
Nitschmann  and  David  Bruce. 

May  24.  Rauch  and  Mohican  John  arrived  in  German- 
town  from  Shecomeco. 

May  26.  Bro.  Ludwig  made  a  formal  renunciation  of 
his  rank  and  title  as  Count  of  Zinzendorf,  before  Governor 
Thomas,  members  of  the  Provincial  Council,  and  clergy 
men  and  gentlemen  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  Governor's 
house.* 


*  This  act  on  the  part  of  the  Count  excited  much  remark  and  specu 
lation  at  the  time.  Logan  writes  :  "  About  this  time  he  framed  an  in 
strument  of  resignation  of  all  his  honors  and  dignities  to  some  relative. 
This  was  done  in  Latin.  He  desired  me  to  put  it  into  English,  but  as 
I  could  not,  he  had  it  printed  as  it  was,  and  invited  Governor  Thomas 
and  all  who  understood  Latin  to  meet  him.  Several  met,  when  he 
read  off  the  instrument,  having  given  each  of  them  a  printed  copy ; 
but  after  all  he  withdrew  his  papers  and  himself  too,  saying,  on  reflec 
tion,  he  must  first  advise  with  some  of  his  friends  in  Germany." 

The  meeting  was  in  the  Governor's  house,  and  the  following  persons 
were  present : 

Doctor  Thomas  Graeme,  one  of  the  Provincial  Judges. 

William  Allen,  Recorder  of  the  city. 

Tench  Francis,  Attorney-General. 

James  Hamilton,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  Prothonotary  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas.  Governor  between  Nov.  1748  and  Oct.  1754. 

Thomas  Lawrence,  one  of  the  Governor's  Council,  and  a  Justice  of 
the  Peace. 

Doctor  Patrick  Bard,  the  Governor's  Secretary. 

William  Peters,  Esq. 

James  Read,  Esq. 

Rev.  Mr.  Eneas  Ross,  Minister  of  Christ  Church,  Philadelphia. 

Rev  Jno.  C.  Pyrlaeus. 

Mr.  Benezet,  merchant. 

Mr.  Jo.  Sober,  merchant. 


IN  GEORGIA  AND   PENNSYLVANIA.  185 

May  27.  (Sunday.}  He  preached  in  Philadelphia,  from 
John,  xvi.  5-15. 

May  30.  Intelligence  came  of  the  arrival  at  New  London 
of  a  colony*  of  Brethren  from  Europe.  On  this  day  Bro. 
Ludwig  received  a  call  from  the  Lutherans  of  Philadelphia 
to  the  pastorate  of  their  congregation. f 

June  3.  (Sunday.)  Bro.  Ludwig  preached  in  the  Ger 
man  Reformed  Church,  from  Jeremiah,  li.  9. 

June  6.  Peter  Bohler,  who  had  arrived  with  the  colony, 
or  "sea-congregation,"  came  to  Philadelphia. 

June  7.  (Ascension-day.)  The  colony  of  Brethren 
arrived  in  Philadelphia. 

June  8.  They  were  qualified  in  the  Court-house.  J 


Mr.  Graydon,  merchant. 

Mr.  Samuel  McCall,  merchant. 

Mr.  Charles  Willing,  merchant. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Postmaster. 

Mr.  Charles  Brockclen.  Deputy  Master  of  the  Rolls  of  the  Province, 
and  Recorder  of  Deeds  for  the  City  and  County  of  Philadelphia. 

A  desire  to  be  disencumbered  from  the  form  and  circumstance  that 
necessarily  attended  rank,  and  which  might  prove  embarrassing  in  his 
ministry,  was  a  consideration  that  moved  him  to  take  this  step. 

*  This  colony  having  been  organized  into  a  congregation  for  the 
passage  across  the  Atlantic,  on  the  eve  of  its  departure  from  London, 
in  February,  is  known  in  Moravian  chronicles  as  the  "Sea- Congrega 
tion"  the  first  of  two  colonies  similarly  fitted  out.  There  were  fifty- 
six  on  the  "  Catharine,"  Captain  Gladman. 

f  Biidingische  Sammlung,  Part  xii.  No.  4,  a. 

J  "  The  great  influx  of  Germans,  without  leave  from  the  crown,  into 
the  Province  in  the  first  half  of  the  year  1727,  arrested  the  attention  of 
Governor  Gordon  and  his  Council,  as  a  matter  deserving  of  legislation. 
They  reasoned  that  the  security  of  the  Province  might  be  endangered 
by  such  numbers  of  strangers  daily  pouring  in,  who,  being  ignorant  of 
both  language  and  laws,  and  settling  in  a  body  together,  were  forming 
a  people  distinct  from  his  Majesty's  subjects.  Hence  it  was  resolved 
that  they  be  required,  in  the  first  place,  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance, 

13 


1 86  EARLY  MORAVIAN  SETTLEMENT 

June  12.  The  Synod  met  for  the  seventh  time,  and  in 
the  house  of  Mr.  Edward  Evans,  in  Philadelphia. 

June  17.  {Whitsunday^)  Bro.  Ludwig  preached  for 
the  last  time  in  the  Reformed  Church  in  Germantown. 
The  members  of  the  "sea-congregation"  proceeded  as  far 
as  that  place  on  their  way  to  Bethlehem ;  held  love-feast 
with  their  Brethren,  in  Theobald  Enten's  house,  and  lodged 
there  for  the  night. 

June  1 8.  George  Piesch,  who  had  led  the  colony,  set 
sail  for  Europe. 

The  major  part  of  the  colonists  set  out  for  Bethlehem 
with  George  Neisser  and  J.  William  Zander.  As  the  day 
was  warm,  and  long  confinement  on  shipboard  had  almost 
incapacitated  them  from  travel  on  foot,  it  was  long  after 
nightfall  when  they  reached  Peter  Bonn's,  in  Skippack. 
Here  they  were  hospitably  entertained.  They  lodged  at 
his  house  and  at  John  Kooken's. 

June  19.  Early  in  the  morning  the  travelers  proceeded 
on  their  journey,  and  toward  evening  arrived  at  Henry 
Antes'  house.  Here  they  lodged. 

Bro.  Ludwig,  John  Brandmliller,  and  Anna  Nitschmann 
left  Germantown*  in  the  afternoon  for  Bethlehem. 

June  20.  Pyrlaeus,  with  some  of  the  Sisters,  set  out  in  a 
wagon  from  Germantown  for  Bethlehem. 


or  some  equivalent  to  it,  to  his  Majesty,  and  promise  fidelity  to  the  Pro 
prietor  and  obedience  to  the  established  Constitution." — Minutes  Pro 
vincial  Coztncil,  Sept.  22,  1727. 

*  During  his  stay  in  Germantown  the  Count  was  a  frequent  visitor 
at  the  house  of  Mr.  John  Wister,  grandfather  of  the  late  John  and  Charles 
J.  Wister.  There  are  still  in  the  old  homestead  of  the  family,  which  was 
built  in  1741,  a  walnut  stand  and  chairs,  left  by  the  Count  as  mementoes 
to  his  host.  In  April  of  1752,  Mr.  John  Wister  entered  a  daughter  in 
the  Single  Sisters'  House  at  Bethlehem.  With  Caspar,  a  brother  (Caspar 
Wiister),  the  Brethren  at  an  early  day  dealt  for  glassware  and  drugs. 
One  branch  of  the  family  has  adopted  the  name  Wistar. 


IN  GEORGIA   AND  PENNSYLVANIA. 


187 


The  other  colonists  proceeded  this  day  as  far  as  Joseph 
Miiller's  house,  in  the  Great  Swamp,  and  lodged  there. 

Henry  Antes  had  provided  a  wagon  to  convey  the  females 
of  the  company  from  his  house  to  Bethlehem. 

June  21.  (Thursday.}  The  different  divisions  of  the 
colony,*  and  Bro.  Ludwig  and  his  companions,  arrived  at 
Bethlehem  at  noon.  The  "  Daily  Words"  were,  "T/u's  is 
the  day  which  the  Lord  hath  made ;  we  will  rejoice  and  be 
glad  in  it."  Ps.  cxviii.  24. 


The  following  are  the  names  of  those  who  came  on  the  "  Catha- 


Peter  and  Elisabeth  Bohler, 
Adolph  Meyer, 
John  Brandmtiller, 
Paul  D.  and  Regina  D.  Prycelius, 
Joachim  and  Ann  Cath.  Sensemann, 
George  and  Elisabeth  Harten, 
David  and  Ann  C.  Bishoff, 
Michael  and  Hannah  Micksch, 
John  and  Marg*  B.  Brucker, 
David  and  Mar.  Elish  Wahnert, 
Michael  and  Rosina  Tanneberger, 
Henry  and  Rosina  Aimers, 
Thomas  and  Ann  Yarrel, 
John  and  Elisabeth  Turner, 
Owen  and  Elisabeth  Rice, 
Samuel  and  Martha  Powel, 
Joseph  and  Martha  Powel, 
Robert  and  Martha  Hussey, 
Nathaniel  Seidel, 
Gottlieb  Pezold, 


Joseph  Miiller, 
John  George  Endter, 
Matthew  Witke, 
John  Philip  Meurer, 
John  Christophr  Heyne, 
Reinhard  Ronner, 
George  Wiesner, 
Michael  Huber, 
Jacob  Lischy, 
George  Kaske, 
George  Schneider, 
C.  Frederic  Post, 
Leonhard  Schnell, 
Christian  Werner, 
John  G.  Heydecker, 
John  Okely, 
William  Okely, 
Joseph  Shaw, 
Hector  Gam  bold, 
Andrew,  a  negro. 


ACCOUNT 


UNITED  BRETHREN 

AT    BETHLEHEM 

WITH    THE 

COMMISSIONERS  OF  THE   PROVINCE  OF  PENN 
SYLVANIA 

DURING  THE  INDIAN  WAR  OF  1755,  '56,  AND  '57. 


(189) 


ACCOUNT 

OF    THE 

UNITED  BRETHREN  AT  BETHLEHEM 

WITH    THE 

COMMISSIONERS  OF  THE  PROVINCE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA, 
During  the  Indian  War  of  1755,  '56,  and  '57. 


WHEN,  in  1755,  Pennsylvania  became  the  theater  of  the 
prolonged  contest  in  which  the  French  and  English  were 
engaging  for  territorial  aggrandizement  in  the  New  World, 
her  defenseless  borders  along  the  entire  extent  of  the  east 
erly  outliers  of  the  great  Appalachian  chain  of  mountains 
were,  for  the  first  time,  scourged  with  the  barbarities  of  In 
dian  warfare. 

Braddock  met  with  disaster  on  the  9th  of  July.  This 
was  the  signal  for  the  uprising  of  the  Delawares,  whose 
affections  had  been  alienated  from  the  English  ever  since 
they  saw  them  in  league  with  the  hated  Iroquois,  for  the 
iniquitous  purpose  of  dispossessing  them  of  their  hereditary 
seats.*  Allured  by  the  representations  of  French  emissaries, 
in  which  the  prospect  of  recovering  their  national  independ 
ence  and  the  homes  of  their  forefathers  was  flatteringly 


*  See  chapter  i.  of  An  Account  of  the  History,  Manners,  and  Cus 
toms  of  the  Indian  Nations  who  once  inhabited  Pennsylvania  and  the 
Neighboring  States.  By  Rev.  John  Hecke welder,  of  Bethlehem. 
Philadelphia,  1818. 


1 92  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

held  out,  and  emboldened  by  the  success  of  the  French 
arms,  the  Delawares  of  the  East  met  the  Delawares  of  the 
West  in  council  on  the  Alleghany,  and  prepared  for  war. 
But  first  they  rehearsed  their  wrongs,  dwelling  on  the  loss 
of  the  lands  on  the  Tulpehocken  and  on  the  Conedogwinet ; 
but  chiefly,  and  amid  bitter  denunciations,  on  the  fraud  of 
1737,*  perpetrated,  as  they  maintained,  to  confirm  the 
deedless  purchase  of  all  that  tract  of  country  which  ex 
tended  from  the  Tohickon  and  the  Hills  of  Lechauweki 
northward  and  westward  as  far  as  the  great  plains  of  Ske- 
handowana,  or  Wyoming.  Wherever  the  white  man  was 
settled  within  this  disputed  territory,  there  they  resolved  to 
strike  him  as  best  they  could  with  the  most  approved  wea 
pons  and  appliances  of  their  savage  warfare.  And  that  the, 
blow  might  be  effectually  dealt,  each  warrior-chief  was 
charged  to  scalp,  kill,  and  burn  within  the  precincts  of  his 
birthright,  and  all  simultaneously,  from  the  frontiers  down 
into  the  heart  of  the  settlements,  until  the  English  should 
sue  for  peace  and  promise  redress. 

In  these  hostile  preparations,  and  in  strengthening  their 
arms  with  alliances,  the  summer  and  early  months  of 
autumn  passed  away.  October  came,  and  no  sooner  had 
the  first  biting  frost  reddened  the  maple  and  hardened  the 
yellow  corn  in  the  husk,  than  French  Indians,  and  chiefly 
Delawares  and  Shawanese  painted  black  for  war,  in  bands 


*  See  the  relations  of  Thomas  Furniss  and  Joseph  Knowles  "  con 
cerning  the  walk  made  between  the  Proprietors  of  Pennsylvania  and 
the  Delaware  Indians,  by  James  Yates  and  Edward  Marshall,"  in  An 
Enquiry  into  the  Causes  of  the  Alienation  of  the  Delaware  and  Shaw  a- 
nese  Indians  from  the  British  Interest.  Written  by  Charles  Thomson, 
the  American  patriot,  who  in  1774  was  elected  Secretary  to  Congress, 
whom  John  Adams  styled  the  "  Sam  Adams  of  Philadelphia,  the  life 
of  the  cause  of  liberty"  and  whose  last  literary  labor  was  a  translation 
of  the  Septuagint,  which  was  published,  in  4  vols.,  in  1808. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  193 

of  two  or  four  abreast,  moved  eastward  with  murderous 
intent.  The  line  of  the  Blue  Mountain,  from  the  Dela 
ware  to  the  Susquehanna,  became  the  scene  of  the  carnival 
which  the  exasperated  savages  held  with  torch  and  toma 
hawk  during  the  latter  part  of  the  winter  of  1755.  The 
defenseless  settlers  were  taken  as  in  a  snare.  They  were 
harassed  by  an  unseen  foe  by  day  and  by  night.  Some 
were  shot  down  at  the  plow,  some  were  butchered  at  the 
fireside ;  men,  women,  and  children  were  promiscuously 
tomahawked  or  scalped,  or  hurried  away  into  distant  cap 
tivity,  for  torture  or  for  coveted  ransom.  There  was  literally 
a  pillar  of  fire  by  night  and  a  pillar  of  cloud  by  day  going 
up  along  the  horizon,  marking  the  progress  of  the  relent 
less  invaders,  as  they  dealt  out  death,  and  pillage,  and  con 
flagration,  and  drove  before  them,  in  midwinter's  flight, 
hundreds  of  homeless  wanderers,  who  scarce  knew  where  to 
turn  for  safety  or  for  succor  in  the  swift  destruction  that 
was  come  upon  them. 

On  the  1 6th  of  October  the  savages  fell  upon  the  whites 
on  John  Penn's  Creek,  four  miles  south  of  Shamokin,  in 
Snyder  County.  Here  they  killed  or  took  captive  twenty- 
five  persons ;  and  it  was  only  the  twenty-third  of  the  month 
when  all  the  settlements  along  the  Susquehanna  between 
Shamokin  and  Hunter's  Mill,  for  a  distance  of  fifty  miles, 
were  hopelessly  deserted.  Early  in  November  the  Great 
and  the  Little  Cove,  west  of  the  Conecocheague,  and  the 
Canalaways,  in  Franklin  County,  were  attacked,  the  in 
habitants  either  put  to  death  or  taken  prisoners,  and  the 
settlements  totally  destroyed.  This  was  the  field  of  oper 
ations  that  had  been  assigned  to  the  French  Indians,  and 
to  the  Delawares  from  the  Ohio  under  Shingas.* 


*  Brother  of  Tamaque,  called  King  Beaver  by  the  whites,  many 
years  head  chief  of  the  Western  Delawares.     During  the  Indian  war 


194 


ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 


On  the  1 6th  of  November  the  savages  for  the  first  time 
crossed  the  great  river  which  it  had  vainly  been  hoped 
would  prove  a  barrier  to  their  incursions.  Falling  upon 
the  rich  farms  along  the  Swatara  and  the  Tulpehocken,* 
they  fired  the  harvested  grain  and  fodder  in  barns  and  in 
barracks,  destroyed  large  numbers  of  cattle  and  horses, 
and  murdered  thirteen  persons.  It  was  now  apparent  that 
a  second  division  of  the  enemy  was  on  the  war-path ;  and 
when,  in  the  evening  of  the  24th  of  the  month,  the  Mora 
vian  house  on  the  Mahoningf  was  surprised  and  ten  of  its 
inmates  were  scalped,  or  shot,  or  tomahawked,  or  burned  to 
death,  the  prelude  only  had  been  performed  to  the  tragedy 
which  the  savages  were  resolved  to  enact  within  the  pre 
cincts  of  the  by  them  detested  walking-purchase.  Along 
its  northern  line,  which  had  been  fraudulently  surveyed  so 
as  to  embrace  a  goodly  portion  of  the  Minnisinks  or  Upper 
Valley  of  the  Delaware,  was  laid  the  first  scene  of  this  re 
sentful  Indian  warfare.  It  was  here  that  Teedyuscung  with 
his  Eastern  Delawares  (and  chief  among  these  the  impla 
cable  Monseys),  mindful  of  the  indignities  that  had  been 
heaped  upon  him  and  his  kinsmen  of  the  Forks  by  the  im 
perious  Canassatego,  at  the  Treaty  of  1742,  wreaked  his 


Shingas  had  the  reputation  of  being  the  greatest  warrior  among  his 
people,  and  such  a  terror  was  he  become  to  the  frontier  settlements 
of  Pennsylvania  that  Government  set  a  price  of  ^200  on  his  head  or 
scalp.  See  Heckewelder? s  Names  of  Chieftains  and  Eminent  Men  of 
the  Lenni  Lenape,  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsylvania,  September,  1847,  and  also  page  264  of  his 
History  of  Indian  Nations. 

*  Corrupted  from  Tulpewihacki,  Delaware,  signifying  a  land  abound 
ing  in  turtles. 

f  Corrupted  from  Mahonhanne,  Delaware,  signifying  a  stream  flow 
ing  near  a  lick,  a  tributary  of  the  Lehigh,  heading  on  the  northern 
declivity  of  Tamaqua  Mountain,  in  Schuylkill  County,  and  emptying 
into  that  river  below  Lehighton. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  195 

long-cherished  resentment  on  the  whites  who  had  planted 
in  Long  Valley,  or  who  were  trespassing  within  the  Minni- 
sinks  west  of  the  Delaware.  And  thus,  within  a  short 
month,  fifty  farms,  with  their  houses,  were  plundered  and 
burned,  and  upward  of  one  hundred  persons  were  killed  on 
the  frontiers  of  Northampton,  on  both  sides  of  the  Kitta- 
tinny,  or  "endless  hills."  "All  our  border  country," 
writes  a  chronicler  of  the  day,  "extending  from  the  Poto 
mac  to  the  Delaware,  not  less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty 
miles  in  length  and  between  twenty  and  thirty  in  breadth, 
has  been  entirely  deserted,  its  houses  reduced  to  ashes,  and 
the  cattle,  horses,  grain,  and  other  possessions  of  the  in 
habitants  either  destroyed,  burned,  or  carried  off  by  the 
Indians ;  while  such  of  the  poor  planters  who,  with  their 
wives,  children,  and  servants,  escaped  from  the  enemy,  have 
been  obliged,  in  this  inclement  season  of  the  year,  to  aban 
don  their  habitations  almost  naked  and  to  throw  themselves 
upon  the  charity  of  those  who  dwell  in  the  interior  of  the 
Province." 

A  combination  of  causes  served  to  render  this  time  of 
general  distress  peculiarly  trying  to  the  Brethren.  Their 
mission  among  the  aborigines,  owing  to  the  enlightening 
influence  it  exerted  upon  a  people  who  had  long  been  the 
easy  subjects  of  design  and  of  fraud,  was  unpopular  with 
that  class  of  the  whites  who  were  interested  in  their  de 
gradation.  These  were  now  loud  in  denouncing  the 
Brethren,  in  publishing  them  to  the  world  as  an  associa 
tion  in  league  with  the  savages,  in  the  interests  of  the 
French,  and  as  deserving  of  being  treated  as  a  common 
enemy.  Thus  a  strong  feeling  was  roused  against  them, 
and  twice  did  their  exasperated  fellow-Christians  conspire 
to  exterminate  them  in  their  settlements  root  and  branch. 
Meanwhile  their  situation  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
Province  exposed  them  to  sudden  attack  from  the  hostile 


I96  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

Indians,  by  whom  they  plainly  saw  that  they  had  been 
singled  out  as  objects  of  an  especial  hate.  And  for  this 
reason.  They  had  refused  to  use  compulsion,  when 
messenger  after  messenger  had  come  down  from  the  Sus- 
quehanna  with  sinister  invitations  to  the  unwilling  Dela- 
wares  and  Mohicans  of  Gnadenhiitten,  to  come  up  to  them 
and  plant  in  Wyoming.  And  when  Teedyuscung,  in  April 
of  1754,  had  used  his  persuasive  arts  so  effectually  with  the 
members  of  the  congregation  as  to  draw  away  seventy  of 
his  fellow-converts  (among  whom  \vas  Abraham  Shabash, 
the  first  of  the  patriarchs),  their  silent  rebuke  of  his  breach 
of  faith,  and  their  reluctance  to  allow  their  sheep  to  go 
among  wolves,  roused  the  hatred  of  the  chieftain  and  his 
consorts  who  were  preparing  for  war.  ' '  Are  they  not  our 
brethren,  and  is  it  not  best  that  they  return  to  their  own 
people?  For  who  can  love  them  more  than  we  their 
brethren?"  was  their  insidious  plea.  Meanwhile  they  and 
the  others  reasoned  among  themselves  as  follows  :  "  If  these 
Moravian  Indians  continue  at  Gnadenhiitten,  they  may 
thwart  us  in  our  plans  when  the  time  has  come  for  us  to 
take  up  the  hatchet ;  they  may  become  informers,  or  they 
may  be  employed  as  scouts  and  runners ;  and  even  if  they 
hold  themselves  neutral,  their  proximity  to  the  settlements 
will  embarrass  our  movements."  Foiled  in  effecting  this 
coveted  removal,  the  hostile  chieftain  spoke  angrily  of  the 
Brethren,  and  the  evil  report  was  spread  throughout  the 
Indian  country  that  the  pale-faced  preachers  at  Bethlehem 
were  craftily  holding  red  men  in  bondage.  And  thus  was 
engendered  in  the  hearts  of  the  Indians  who  had  been 
alienated  from  the  English,  that  bitter  animosity  against 
their  benefactors  which  paralyzed  the  latter  in  their  labor 
of  love,  while  it  cost  them  a  heavy  loss  and  precious  lives. 
In  this  way  the  Brethren  were  between  two  fires,  and 
in  an  apparently  hopeless  dilemma.  It  needed  indeed  a 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS.  197 

Divine  interposition  to  extricate  them  from  the  twofold 
peril  in  which  they  were  involved,  and  to  set  them  in  a 
safe  place  where  all  men  could  see  and  confess  to  their 
innocence.  And  this  interposition  came  at  an  early  day. 
It  came,  it  is  true,  in  blood,  but  the  Brethren  received  it  as 
a  dispensation  of  mercy,  for  their  faith  in  the  righteousness 
of  the  Lord's  dealings  was  strong. 

Locked  in  among  high  hills  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Lehigh,  a  few  miles  north  of  where  the  river  escapes  from 
the  embraces  of  the  Blue  Mountain,  is  a  sequestered  valley. 
It  was  always  a  lonely  spot,  and  still  remains  such,  although 
now  so  near  one  of  the  great  thoroughfares  of  traffic  and 
seats  of  mighty  labor,  swarming  with  strong  workingmen, 
and  dim  and  lurid  with  the  smoke  and  the  fires  of  glowing 
furnaces.  The  valley  of  the  Mahoning  is  a  silent  little 
world  of  wild  mountain  and  of  barren  hills,  shelving  down 
into  a  narrow  expanse  of  lowland  through  which  the  Ma- 
honing  winds  its  wizard  stream.  In  this  amphitheater  the 
Lord  was  pleased  to  vindicate  the  Brethren.  He  did  this 
on  the  24th  of  November,  and  as  follows. 

There  were  fifteen  persons  in  the  dwelling-house  on  that 
fatal  night.  It  was  in  the  gloaming,  and  they  were  about 
finishing  their  evening  meal  when  the  angry  barking  of  the 
dogs  in  the  farm-yard  apprised  them  of  the  approach  of 
strangers.  Joachim  Sensemann  being  reminded  that  the 
meeting-house  (it  stood  not  more  than  fifty  yards  higher 
up  on  the  hill)  was  not  locked  for  the  night,  hastened 
thither  to  secure  it.  This  precaution  saved  him ;  for  no 
sooner  was  he  in  the  hall  and  in  the  act  of  striking  a  light, 
than  he  heard  the  report  of  fire-arms.  It  startled  him; 
only  momentarily,  however,  as  he  recollected  that  a  scout 
ing  party  of  Scotch-Irish  had  ridden  past  a  few  hours  be 
fore,  and  he  concluded  that  they  were  discharging  their 
pieces  on  their  return  home.  He  finished  his  errand,  and 


198  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

was  on  his  way  down  the  hill,  when  he  met  George  Partsch, 
who,  breathless,  informed  him  in  broken  speech  of  the 
presence  of  hostile  Indians  below.  "Twelve  Shawanese 
painted  for  war,"  he  said,  pointing  behind  him,  adding  at 
the  same  time  that  the  dwelling  was  beleaguered,  that  the 
Brethren  and  Sisters  were  at  the  mercy  of  the  savages,  and 
that  he  had  escaped  by  leaping  out  of  a  window  at  the  first 
surprise  with  a  bullet  whistling  past  his  head.  A  brief  recon- 
noissance  of  the  position  showed  them  the  folly  of  any  at 
tempt  to  render  assistance,  and  they  accordingly  resolved 
to  cross  the  river  without  delay  and  to  give  the  alarm  to  the 
inhabitants  of  Gnadenhiitten  East. 

Meanwhile  the  following  had  transpired  at  the  doomed 
house.  The  barking  of  the  dogs  had  been  indeed  por 
tentous  ;  for  soon  after  there  were  voices  and  then  foot 
steps  heard  without.  Martin  Nitschmann  opened  the  door 
to  see  whose  they  were,  was  shot,  and  fell  a  corpse.  Two 
bullets  at  the  same  moment  grazed  Joseph  Sturgis,  and  as 
the  door  remained  open  the  savages  poured  a  random 
volley  into  the  room,  killing  or  wounding  John  Gatter- 
meyer,  Martin  Presser,  and  John  Lesley.  Of  them  nothing 
more  is  known.  Hereupon  the  others  (there  were  nine) 
retreated  precipitately  into  the  adjoining  apartment,  and 
from  there  up  the  stairway  into  the  attic,  closely  pursued 
by  the  Indians.  It  was  in  this  retreat  and  on  the  steps 
that  Susanna  Nitschmann  was  disabled  by  a  ball,  and,  reel 
ing  backward,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  Her 
loud  and  piteous  cries  for  help  were  soon  hushed ;  for  if 
we  are  to  credit  the  relations  of  Isaac  Nutimus,  of  Joachim 
and  of  Teedyuscung,  she  was  gagged  and  handed  over  to 
an  attendant  by  her  captor  to  grace  his  triumph  on  his 
return  to  Diahoga.  The  eight  who  had  succeeded  in 
reaching  the  attic,  barricaded  the  trap-door  with  bedsteads 
and  with  what  other  furniture  was  at  hand,  the  strong 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


199 


arms  of  George  Schweigert,  a  teamster,  rendering  the  bar 
rier  proof  against  the  attempt  of  the  murderous  assailants 
to  force  it  with  their  hatchets  and  the  butts  of  their  guns. 
Failing  to  reach  those  for  whose  blood  they  thirsted,  the 
Indians  now  charged  their  pieces  and  fired  volley  after 
volley,  some  into  the  floor,  and  some  from  without  into 
the  roof,  in  the  hopes  of  killing  or  of  bringing  to  terms  the 
objects  of  their  fiendish  ferocity.  Foiled  in  this  also,  the 
exasperated  Shawanese  applied  the  torch.  The  cruelly- 
hunted  men  and  women  above  were  soon  sensible  of  the 
new  danger  by  which  they  were  beset,  and  saw  that  they 
must  either  perish  by  fire  or  fall  into  the  hands  of  demons. 
There  were  three  helpless  women  in  that  doomed  com 
pany,  and  they  were  long  the  most  composed.  Anna 
Sensemann  was  last  seen  seated  upon  a  bed  with  folded 
hands  and  apturned  eyes,  and  ever  and  anon  she  said, 
"My  Saviour,  I  thought  that  this  would  be  my  end!" 
The  second  was  a  mother  with  an  infant  in  her  arms. 
Wrapping  the  child  in  her  apron,  she  hugged  it  closely  to 
her  bosom  and  sat  in  silence ;  for  the  flood  of  feeling  and 
affection  for  her  offspring  that  poured  through  her  heart  in 
that  perilous  time  deprived  her  of  the  power  of  utterance. 
This  was  Johanna  Anders.  The  suspense  was  growing 
momentarily  more  unendurable,  and  Gottlieb  Anders 
shouted  for  help  in  the  vain  hope  that  he  would  be  heard, 
and  that  all  that  was  dear  to  him  in  the  world  would  even 
yet  be  succored.  But  at  intervals,  above  his  voice  and 
above  the  yells  of  the  exultant  Shawanese  and  the  crack 
ling  of  burning  timbers,  were  heard  the  agonizing  cries  of 
the  innocent  child.  Now  it  was  that  three  of  the  eight 
chose  the  desperate  alternative  of  risking  their  lives  in  an 
attempt  to  escape  from  the  beleaguered  house  in  preference 
to  that  of  certain  death  by  the  horrors  of  fire.  Watching 


200  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

his  chance,  at  a  moment  when  the  sentinel,  who  was  guard 
ing  the  dormer-window  below,  had  left  his  post,  young 
Sturgis  boldly  leapt  out,  ran  for  his  life,  and  won  it. 
Susan  Partsch  followed  him,  and  reached  the  meeting 
house  unobserved.  Behind  this  she  secreted  herself, 
leaving  her  covert  on  the  approach  of  the  Indians  later 
in  the  evening  and  retreating  down  the  valley  toward  the 
river.  George  Fabricius  was  the  third  to  take  the  des 
perate  leap,  and  evidently  with  hesitation,  as  the  fire  had 
already  passed  over  him.  He  had  reached  the  ground, 
had  sprung  to  his  feet,  and  was  safe  as  he  thought  from  his 
relentless  persecutors,  when  they  discovered  him.  In  an 
instant  he  was  pierced  simultaneously  by  two  balls  and 
fell.  Rushing  upon  him,  the  infuriated  savages  buried 
their  tomahawks  in  his  body  and  scalped  him  down  to  the 
eyes.  Next  day  his  mangled  corpse  was  found  in  a  pool 
of  blood  on  the  spot  where  he  had  been  butchered,  and 
by  its  side,  guarding  the  lifeless  remains  of  its  master,  was 
couched  his  faithful  dog.  Five  of  the  inmates  of  the 
house  on  the  Mahoning,  therefore,  met  death  in  the  fire. 

Having  finished  their  bloody  work,  the  Indians  (so  we 
are  told  by  Susan  Partsch,  who  watched  their  movements 
from  her  hiding-place)  proceeded  to  pillage  and  burn  the 
other  houses  of  the  settlement.  First  the  barn  and  stable, 
and  next  the  kitchen,  the  bake-house,  the  Single  Brethren's 
house,  the  store,  the  mill,  and  finally  the  meeting-house, 
until  the  who?e  valley  was  light  as  day  with  the  glare  of 
the  conflagration,  athwart  which  could  be  seen,  in  bold  re 
lief,  the  dusky  figures  of  the  fiendish  Shawanese  as  they  hast 
ened  to  and  fro  in  the  closing  scene  of  the  tragedy  they  had 
that  night  so  perfectly  enacted.  And  when  this  was  done, 
they  collected  around  the  spring-house,  where,  having  di 
vided  their  plunder,  they  feasted  with  blood-stained  hands. 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS,  2oi 

Then  loading  up  their  spoils  on  stolen  horses,  they  filed  off 
leisurely  in  the  warrior's  path  that  led  to  Wyoming.* 


*  The  following  are  the  names,  with  brief  notices,  of  the  victims  of 
the  massacre : 

Anna  Catharine  Sensemann,m.  n.  Ludwig,born  17 17,  in  Lichtewarn, 
Upper  Silesia.  Immigrated  to  Pennsylvania  with  her  husband  in  June 
of  1742.  They  had  been  residents  on  the  Mahoning  since  the  5th  of 
August,  and  were  acting  as  steward  and  stewardess. 

Gottlieb  Anders,  gardener,  born  1719,  in  Neumarck,  Silesia.  Im 
migrated  to  Pennsylvania  in  November  of  1743.  Was  Chaplain  to  the 
Family  on  the  Mahoning  since  November  of  1754- 

Johanna  Christina  Anders,  m.  n.  Vollmer,  born  1720,  in  Homburg 
an  der  Hoh',  his  wife,  and 

Johanna,  born  1754,  at  Friedensthal,  on  the  Nazareth  tract,  their 
infant  daughter. 

Martin  Nitschmann,  cutler,  born  1714,  in  Zauchtenthal,  Moravia. 
Immigrated  to  Pennsylvania  in  1749.  Since  August,  a  resident  on 
the  Mahoning. 

John  Leonhard  Gattermeyer,  blacksmith,  born  1721,  in  Ratisbon. 
Immigrated  to  Pennsylvania  in  1749.  Joined  the  Family  on  the  Ma 
honing  in  October. 

George  Christian  Fabricius,  scholar,  born  1716,  in  Nyburg,  Fiinen. 
Entered  the  Theological  Seminary  on  the  opening  of  that  Church-in 
stitution  in  the  village  of  Barby,  in  May  of  1754.  In  September  im 
migrated  to  Pennsylvania,  and  was  assigned  to  the  Family  on  the 
Mahoning,  there  to  acquire  the  Delaware,  preparatory  to  entering  the 
mission.  The  facility  with  which  Fabricius  learned  the  language  had 
already  qualified  him  to  make  translations  of  portions  of  the  New 
Testament.  He  was  Lector,  and  also  taught  the  Indian  children  at 
Gnadenhiitten  East. 

George  Schweigert,  farmer,  born  1724,  in  Heidenheim,  in  Wirtem- 
berg.  Immigrated  to  Pennsylvania  in  1750.  In  1754  was  sent  to 
Gnadenhiitten. 

Martin  Presser,  carpenter,  born  1709,  in  Weimar.  Immigrated  to 
Pennsylvania  in  1750.  Worked  at  his  trade  at  Gnadenhiitten. 

John  Frederic  Lesley,  shoemaker,  born  1732,  in  Conestoga,  Lancaster 

14 


202  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

Intelligence  of  this  terrible  blow  was  brought  to  Beth 
lehem  by  David  Zeisberger  at  three  o'clock  in  the  morning 
of  the  next  day,  and  it  was  broken  to  the  Brethren  and 
Sisters,  who  had  been  summoned  to  meet  in  the  chapel  at 
five  o'clock  (an  hour  earlier  than  the  customary  time  for 


County.  In  1747  came  to  Bethlehem.  Had  been  a  resident  on  the 
Mahoning  only  a  few  weeks. 

In  1788  a  memorial-stone  was  placed  over  the  spot  in  the  grave 
yard  where  the  body  of  Fabricius  and  the  bones  of  the  others  had  been 
interred.  The  burial-place  is  on  the  summit  of  the  rising  ground,  west 
of  Lehighton.  The  stone  covers  the  entire  grave.  Upon  it  are  in 
scribed  the  names  of  the  eleven,  and  of  them  it  is  touchingly  said, 
"  They  had  lived  at  Gnadenhiitten  unto  the  Lord,  and  ended  their  lives 
by  a  surprise  of  Indian  warriors."  Below  is  the  Scriptural  assurance 
that  "  Precious  in  the  sight  of  the  Lord  is  the  death  of  his  Saints !" 

The  following  are  the  names,  with  brief  notices,  of  those  who  escaped 
the  massacre : 

Peter  Worbas,  carpenter,  born  in  1722,  in  Colding,  Jutland.  In 
1753  immigrated  to  Pennsylvania,  and  was  assigned  to  Gnadenhiitten. 
Resided  successively  at  Bethlehem,  New  Gnadenhiitten,  Hope  (War 
ren  County,  New  Jersey),  and  on  the  erection  of  Nazareth,  in  1771, 
settled  in  that  place,  and  built  the  first  house  there.  It  was  removed 
in  1865.  Worbas  deceased  at  Nazareth  in  1806. 

George  Partsch,  born  1719,  in  Langendorf,  Upper  Silesia.  Immi 
grated  to  Pennsylvania  in  1743.  After  his  escape  from  the  Mahoning, 
he  removed  to  Bethlehem,  where,  excepting  the  interval  between  May 
of  1762  and  July  of  1763,  spent  on  St.  Thomas,  he  resided  until  his 
decease  in  July  of  1765. 

Susan  Louisa,  m.  n.  Eller,  his  wife,  was  born  1722  in  Biidingen,  in 
the  Wetterau.  She  deceased  at  Bethlehem  in  1795.  Tne  late  Mr- 
Matthew  Krause,  of  Bethlehem,  was  a  great-grandson. 

Joachim  Sensemann,  deceased  in  Jamaica. 

Joseph  Sturgis  (Sturgeous),  from  Philadelphia,  attached  himself  to 
the  Brethren  at  Bethlehem,  in  May  of  1757.  At  the  time  of  his  escape 
he  was  in  the  seventeenth  year  of  his  age.  He  deceased  at  Litiz, 
Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  June  of  1817,  and  left  numerous 
descendants. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  203 

daily  devotions),  by  Bishop  Spangenberg.  Only  a  few 
were  informed  of  what  had  happened,  and  although  there 
were  vague  rumors  among  the  rest  of  some  great  calam 
ity,  these  failed  to  lessen  the  painful  suspense  which  ha 
rassed  them  as  they  sat  in  silence  awaiting  the  entrance  of 
their  respected  father.  The  organ  gave  forth  mournful 
notes  as  the  worthy  man  came  in,  and  took  his  accustomed 
seat.  Surveying  his  Brethren  and  Sisters  to  the  right  and 
to  the  left  with  a  countenance  which  bore  evidence  of 
some  recent  contest  which  had  taken  place  in  his  inmost 
soul,  he  spoke  most  feelingly  and  said  :  "  My  dear  Brethren 
and  Sisters,  it  may  appear  to  some  as  if  the  Saviour  had 
dealt  severely  with  us;"  and  then,  having  recited  the  tragic 
occurrence  of  the  previous  evening,  he  rallied  and  pro 
ceeded  to  say,  "  But,  no  !  He  has  been  pleased  for  a  wise 
purpose  to  lead  some  of  our  number  as  victims  to  the 
slaughter.  We  are  short-sighted,  and  perhaps  too  much 
stricken  to  be  able  to  interpret  this  mysterious  providence. 
But  are  we  not  triumphantly  vindicated  in  the  eyes  of  our 
neighbors  who  clamor  for  our  lives  and  for  the  destruction 
of  dear  Bethlehem,  publishing  to  the  world  that  we  are  in 
league  with  the  French,  because,  when  all  men  around  us 
hastened  to  arms  in  utter  consternation,  we  alone  were  un 
dismayed,  and  waited  for  the  Lord?"* 


*  It  is  well  known  that  the  Moravians  were  averse  to  bearing  arms, 
and  that  they  regarded  offensive  warfare  as  incompatible  with  the 
gentle  teachings  of  the  religion  of  Jesus  Christ.  The  attitude  they 
assumed  in  the  Indian  war  was  altogether  defensive.  They  stockaded 
their  settlements  on  the  Nazareth  tract,  the  exposed  portions  of  Bethle 
hem,  built  watch-towers,  and  exercised  constant  vigilance  by  day  and 
by  night,  so  as  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  repelling  an  attack  which 
precaution  on  their  part  might  have  prevented.  And  after  all  they 
looked  chiefly  to  the  Lord,  remembering  that  except  He  keep  the  city 
the  watchman  waketh  in  vain.  Hence  when,  soon  after  the  outbreak 


204  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

It  is  to  this  distressing  period  in  the  history  of  Provin 
cial  Pennsylvania  that  the  records  thus  introduced  belong. 


of  hostilities,  warm  friends  in  New  York  dispatched  a  supply  of  arms 
and  ammunition  to  Bethlehem,  bidding  the  Brethren  to  take  them,  go 
forth,  and  fight  the  Indians,  Bro.  Spangenberg  felt  called  to  make  the 
following  exposition.  The  gentleness  of  the  rebuke  it  administers,  the 
feeling  of  tender  compassion  for  the  slayers  of  his  Brethren,  and  the 
spirit  of  forgiveness  and  of  calm  trust  in  the  wisdom  and  mercy  of  the 
Saviour  it  expresses,  will  furnish  the  reader  with  prominent  points  in 
the  character  of  the  man  who  at  that  time  was  set  to  watch  over  the 
Brethren's  Church  in  America.  He  here  speaks,  not  like  some  pom 
pous  prelate  ex  cathedra,  but  in  lowly  speech,  and  yet  with  Christian 
majesty;  his  words  falling  impressively  upon  the  ear  and  reaching  the 
heart,  as  do  those  of  the  fatherly  Ambrose,  or  even  as  those  of  the 
Apostle  of  the  Gentiles,  when  speaking,  not  in  his  own  dignity,  but 
with  the  solemn  earnestness  inspired  by  his  Master. 

"  MY  DEAR  BRETHREN  AND  SISTERS, — 

"  I  think  it  necessary  to  be  plain  with  you,  for  I  observe  that  some  of 
you  do  not  know  what  to  make  of  the  Brethren.  I  have  received  let 
ters  in  one  day,  all  written  in  love,  and  out  of  a  tender  concern  for 
us,  but  in  substance  opposite  to  one  another.  Some  of  them  advised 
us  to  make  no  resistance  to  the  barbarous  enemy,  but  rather  to  come 
away  from  our  settlements.  Others  write  us  to  stand  upon  our  defense, 
and  to  oppose  such  wicked  and  abominable  creatures  who  are  doing 
the  work  of  their  father,  who  was  a  mnrderer  from  the  beginning. 

"  We  know,  God  be  thanked,  what  we  are  doing,  and  are  not  in  doubt 
about  the  course  we  should  pursue.  Our  Saviour  is  with  us  and  we  feel 
both  in  private  and  in  public  his  Gracious  Presence.  His  Spirit  is  not 
less  to  us  than  a  tender  mother  guiding  us  into  all  truth  according  to 
our  Saviour's  gracious  promise.  We  have  his  Word,  which  certainly  is 
truth,  and  we  can  depend  upon  it  that  we  shall  not  be  misled  if  acting 
according  to  his  dictates,  and  we  need  not  now  first  inquire  what  his 
designs  are  in  regard  to  us,  but  He  made  us  sensible  of  his  purposes 
before  these  troubles  broke  in  upon  us. 

"  We  are  of  opinion  that  governments  ought  to  protect  their  subjects. 
Rulers  are  servants  of  God,  and  the  sword  is  given  them  by  a  Superior 
Power,  who  is  King  of  Kings  and  Lord  of  Lords.  This  sword  given 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


205 


They  relate  to  the  posture  of  the  Brethren  in  the  times  im 
mediately  succeeding  the  massacre  on  the  Mahoning,  and 


them  they  hold  not  in  vain,  but  they  are  to  protect  the  weaker  ones  and 
save  the  innocent.  It  is  not  only  permitted  unto  them  to  oppose  and 
punish  all  such  as  will  hurt,  kill,  steal,  £c.,  but  it  is  their  duty  to  do 
so,  and  if  they  neglect  this  their  office  they  will  be  answerable  for  it  to 
their  Master. 

"  A  minister  of  the  Gospel  is  a  sheep  sent  among  wolves,  who  is  to  be 
prudent  like  a  serpent  and  harmless  like  a  dove.  His  arms  are  not 
carnal  but  spiritual,  and  he  conquers  by  no  other  weapons  than  by  the 
blood  of  the  Lamb,  by  the  sword  of  the  Gospel,  by  faith  in  Christ,  by 
prayers  and  by  tears.  If  one  smites  him  on  the  right  cheek  he  is  to 
turn  him  the  other  also.  If  one  takes  away  his  coat  he  is  to  give  him 
also  his  cloak.  Confer  Matthew,  v.  38,  39.  Such  an  one  if  he  would 
handle  weapons  becoming  a  soldier,  would  show  his  ignorance  of  his 
commission. 

"  A  common  man  such  as  they  call  a  layman,  if  he  hath  wife  and  chil 
dren,  is  to  provide  for  his  family  and  to  protect  them  against  mischief. 
It  would  not  be  right  in  him  to  see  his  wife  ravished  by  a  wicked  fel 
low  and  to  sit  still  at  it.  It  would  be  very  wrong  in  him  if  wicked 
wretches  should  fall  upon  his  children  and  he  be  indolent  and  patient 
at  the  murdering  of  them.  If  it  is  right  in  a  pastor  to  kill  rather  a 
wolf  than  to  see  the  lambs  killed,  it  is  certainly  right  for  a  father  to 
stand  up  for  the  life  of  his  children. 

"  Now  I  will  tell  you  what  we  have  been  doing  hitherto  since  our 
Brethren  were  killed  and  burned  at  the  Mahoning.  We  have  received 
those  that  escaped  the  cruel  hands  of  the  savages  with  great  thankful 
ness  to  the  Lord.  We  have  praised  the  Lord  for  taking  so  many  of  our 
Brethren  and  Sisters  all  at  once  like  a  sacrifice  to  himself.  We  have 
mourned  for  those  poor  creatures  who  were  Satan's  instruments  in 
doing  evil ;  and  oh  how  we  wish  they  may  once  repent  and  be  par 
doned  ! 

"  When  we  were  told  how  the  enemy  had  boasted  that  they  certainly 
would  have  done  with  all  the  Forks,  especially  with  Bethlehem  and 
Nazareth,  before  the  Great  Day  (they  mean  Christmas),  we  com 
mitted  our  life  and  all  into  the  hands  of  our  good  Saviour  believing 
that  there  is  no  one  to  save  us  from  the  wicked  one  but  He  alone. 
Then  we  agreed  to  be  on  our  guard  and  to  keep  good  watch,  thinking 


206  ACCOUNT   OF   THE   BRETHREN 

to  a  part  of  their  experiences  during  the  continuance  of 
the  war. 


that  to  be  a  means  of  deterring  the  enemy.  And  we  hope  that  the 
Lord  hath  blessed  our  endeavors,  poor  as  they  are,  for  that  purpose. 

"  The  watchmen  then  proposed  whether  it  would  not  be  good  to  have 
some  guns,  partly  to  give  a  signal  to  the  rest  of  the  guard,  partly  to 
hinder  the  cruel  enemy  from  falling  upon  the  Sisters  and  children, 
and  using  them  after  his  abominable  manner.  They  said,  '  What 
shall  we  do  ?  If  the  savages  would  be  satisfied  with  taking  our  lives 
it  might  be  so;  but  shall  we  leave  our  Sisters  and  our  children  a  prey 
to  their  devilish  designs  ?'  I  could  not  say,  '  Let  the  savages  do  what 
they  please  with  our  Sisters  and  our  children.'  No  indeed !  For 
how  could  a  father  or  a  husband  do  so  and  not  think  himself  guilty  of 
neglecting  his  duty  ?  But  this  I  have  told  my  Brethren,  '  Pray  rather 
to  God  that  he  may  send  fear  and  trembling  upon  the  enemy  and 
thereby  keep  him  a  great  way  from  us,  for  I  should  neither  like  to  see 
an  Indian,  nor  one  of  my  Brethren  nor  their  wives  and  children,  killed 
at  Bethlehem,  at  Nazareth,  or  at  any  of  our  places.' 

"  We  do  not  trust  in  weapons  nor  in  arms.  For  we  know  for  certain 
that  if  the  Lord  will  have  us  suffer,  no  arms  will  keep  us  free.  If  He 
will  have  us  safe,  not  all  the  devils  will  be  able  to  hurt  us  in  the  least. 
What  could  Satan  do  to  Job,  to  his  children,  and  to  his  cattle  and  his 
horses,  before  he  was  permitted  by  God  ?  But  after  he  was  told  that 
they  had  been  given  into  his  hands  he  soon  made  away  with  all  that 
Job  had  in  the  world. 

"  We  cannot  remove  from  Bethlehem  and  Nazareth  with  such  a  body 
of  men,  women,  and  children.  Where  should  we  go  to  be  safer  ?  Here 
we  know  Providence  has  placed  us.  Should  we  think  ourselves  more 
secure  in  the  towns,  and  should  we  expose  our  children  to  the  tempta 
tions  and  the  wicked  practices  so  common  there,  and  finally  should  we 
throw  ourselves  into  the  hands  of  men  to  live  dependent  upon  their 
goodness  and  their  mercy  ?  No  !  We  would  rather  fall  into  the  hands 
of  the  Lord.  Who  knows  but  He  will  preserve  us  alive  for  the  good 
of  this  whole  Province,  and  how  many  thanks  will  be  given  to  Him  if 
He  does ! 

"  Now,  my  dear  Brethren  and  Sisters,  as  I  have  told  you  my  heart  and 
the  heart  of  my  Brethren  and  Sisters,  I  thank  you  for  sympathizing  so 
much  with  us  in  our  present  situation.  The  tokens  of  your  compas- 


WITH   THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


207 


Gnadenhiitten  East,  the  seat  of  the  mission  since  June  of 
1754,  was  deserted  in  the  fatal  night,  and  the  missionaries 
and  their  converts,  upward  of  seventy  men,  women,  and 
children,  fled  to  Bethlehem.  The  presence  of  these  refugees 
at  that  place,  at  a  critical  juncture,  when  men's  voices  were 
being  raised  in  bitter  imprecations  indiscriminately  against 
a  race  that  was  perpetrating  daily  atrocities  around  them, 
perplexed  the  Brethren  even  more  than  concern  for  pro 
viding  for  the  fugitives  in  the  future,  should  their  sojourn 
be  prolonged  by  the  chances  of  war.  They  nevertheless 
welcomed  them  with  open  arms,  for  they  loved  their 
"brown  brethren  and  sisters"  or  "the  brown  hearts,"  as 
they  affectionately  called  them,  as  dearly  as  the  apple  of 
their  eye.  And  hence  when  the  former  came  fleeing  to  them 
before  the  dreaded  vengeance  of  their  kinsmen,  who  had 
threatened  to  cleanse  their  ears  with  a  red-hot  iron,  the  latter 
opened  the  gates  of  the  city  of  refuge  and  took  them  in. 

Always  disposed  to  act  in  conformity  with  the  require 
ments,  and  in  matters  of  moment  with  the  sanction,  of  Gov 
ernment,  the  Brethren  notified  the  magistrates  of  the  sudden 
transfer  of  their  mission.  At  the  same  time  they  approved  of 
a  desire  their  Indians  expressed  of  throwing  themselves  on 
the  protection  of  Government  as  loyal  subjects,  and  as  such, 


sion  were  welcome  and  I  wish  you  many  blessings  for  them.  Con 
tinue  in  your  love,  and  let  your  prayers  and  our  prayers  be  offered  for 
one  common  object,  viz.:  that  the  Lord  may  rebuke  the  wicked  Prince 
of  Darkness  who  is  the  great  leader  of  these  idolaters  that  are  now 
crying  against  Christ's  people;  and  that  He  may  fill  these  poor  ignorant 
wicked  creatures  with  fear  and  trembling,  and  thus  cause  them  to  re 
turn  to  their  hills  and  mountains  as  the  proper  companions  of  wolves 
and  bears,  and  other  wild  beasts,  till  the  Lord  please  to  open  their 
eyes  and  to  call  them  from  the  power  of  Satan  into  his  glorious 
kingdom. 

"  SPANGENBERG. 
"  Bethlehem,  Dec.  23,  1755." 


208  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

of  claiming  assistance  in  time  of  need.    These  accordingly 
addressed  Governor  Morris.*  In  his  reply,  the  Governor  not 


*  The  following  is  the  correspondence  that  passed  between  the 
Moravian  Indians  and  Governor  Morris.  It  is  prefaced  by  a  letter 
addressed  by  Bishop  Spangenberg  to  the  Justices  of  the  County  of 
Northampton,  and  dated  Bethlehem,  November  29,  1755,  as  follows: 

"  Inclosed  is  an  address  of  the  Indians  who  came  down  from  Gna- 
denhiitten,  to  the  Governor  and  the  Assembly,  which  I  think  should 
first  be  shown  to  the  Magistrates  of  this  County  and  then  go  down 
with  their  opinion,  for  it  is  a  matter  of  great  importance,  they  being 
the  only  men  at  present  who  can  do  the  Government  the  greatest 
service. 

"  I  cannot  help  letting  you  know  that  Gnadenhiitten  is  of  as  great 
importance  to  our  Government  as  Shamokin ;  for  if  that  place  be  not 
secured,  not  only  all  the  settlers  who  live  behind  the  Blue  Mountain 
must  be  going  from  their  houses  and  farms,  but  the  Indians  can  run 
down  with  freshes  in  a  few  hours  into  any  part  of  the  Forks,  yea, 
quite  down  to  Philadelphia. 

"  If  the  Government  should  think  well  to  build  there  a  fort,  we  will 
give  of  the  land  we  have  there,  ten  acres,  for  that  purpose,  in  a  place 
which  can  command  the  Lehigh  and  a  great  way  on  all  sides. 

"  If  they  choose  our  offer,  they  must  needs  keep  a  guard  there  be 
fore  the  houses  and  mill  are  burned  down,  which  can  be  of  great 
service  to  them  at  first  while  they  are  building  a  fort.  The  Indians, 
our  friends,  have  all  their  corn  there,  for  they  fled  for  their  lives, 
naked,  in  the  night.  If  the  said  corn  is  fetched  for  them,  they  will 
not  be  a  burden  to  the  County,  which  they  never  yet  have  been.  If 
this  corn  be  left  there,  they  must  needs  be  provided  for,  and  it  will 
not  be  good  to  leave  the  corn  to  the  enemy.  Twelve  wagons,  may 
be,  would  fetch  it,  and  it  will  be  too  much  to  let  this  be  the  Brethren's 
charge. 

"  I  am,  Sirs, 

"  Your  humble  servant, 

"  SPANGENBERG." 

"  Upon  perusing  the  foregoing  letter,  we  are  clearly  of  opinion  that 
the  several  matters  therein  contained  are  of  very  great  weight,  and  if 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  209 

only  assured  the  petitioners  of  his  sympathy,  but  at  the 
same  time  expressed  his  conviction  that  they  were  deserv- 


carried  into  execution,  would  be  of  the  greatest  service  to  all  this  part 
of  the  country. 

"  WM  PARSONS, 

"  TlMY  HORSFIELD, 

"  THOS.  CRAIG, 
"  HUGH  WILSON. 
"  November  30,  1755." 


The  humble  Address  of  the  Indians,  late  residing  at  Gnadenhiitten, 
at  their  instance,  taken  from  their  own  mouths  as  followeth,  to  wit : 

"  First,  we  present  our  love,  respect,  and  duty  to  the  Honble  Robert 
Hunter  Morris,  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  because  we  are 
not  able  to  express  ourselves  as  it  should  be,  we  beg  that  the  best  con 
struction  may  be  put  upon  what  we  have  to  lay  before  him. 

"  We  have  hitherto  been  poor  heathen,  who  knew  nothing  of  God, 
but  lived  in  blindness  and  abominable  sins. 

"  The  Brethren  have  told  us  words  from  Jesus  Christ  our  God  and 
Lord,  who  became  a  man  for  us  and  purchased  salvation  for  us  with 
his  blood. 

"  We  have  heard  these  words,  taken  them  to  heart,  received  them 
in  faith,  and  are  baptized  in  the  name  of  Jesus  Christ. 

"  The  Brethren  since  that  time  have  faithfully  cared  for  us,  and  not 
only  further  instructed  us  in  God's  word,  but  have  also  permitted  us 
to  live  upon  their  land  and  plant  our  corn,  at  the  same  time  instruct 
ing  our  children. 

"  It  is  now  a  great  many  years  that  we  have  lived  in  quiet  and  peace 
under  the  protection  of  the  Government  of  this  Province,  so  that  we 
have  not  been  burdensome  to  any,  nor  has  anybody  molested  us. 
But  now  it  has  come  to  pass  that  wicked  people  who  serve  the  Devil 
have  committed  horrible  murders  and  inhumanly  butchered  even  our 
own  Brethren. 

"  We  well  knew  that  we  had  nothing  better  to  expect  at  their  hands 
as  long  as  we  continued  with  the  Brethren  under  this  Government. 
For  which  cause  we  sought  to  save  our  lives  by  flight,  leaving  every 
thing  behind  which  we  had  in  Gnadenhiitten,  to  wit :  not  only  our 


210  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

ing  subjects  of  charity.  Thus  assured,  the  Brethren  drew 
upon  the  Provincial  Commissioners  for  reimbursement  in 

habitations  but  also  our  clothing  and  provisions,  fleeing  in  the  dark 
night,  naked  and  empty,  away  with  our  wives  and  our  children. 

"  Now  we  are  here  in  Bethlehem  with  our  Brethren,  willing  rather 
to  suffer  and  live  with  them  as  heretofore.  We  cannot  but  declare  to 
our  Honorble  Governor, 

"  I.  That  we  are  thankful  from  the  bottom  of  our  hearts  for  the 
protection  and  peace  that  we  have  hitherto  enjoyed  in  this  Province. 

"  2.  That  none  of  us  have  any  hand  in  the  abominable  murders 
lately  committed  by  the  Indians,  but  we  abhor  and  detest  them. 

"  3.  It  is  our  desire,  seeing  that  we  are  persuaded  that  our  lives  will 
be  principally  sought  after,  to  put  ourselves  as  children  under  the  pro 
tection  of  this  Government.  We  cannot  say  otherwise  but  that  we 
are  entirely  devoted  to  the  English  Government  and  wish  success  and 
prosperity  to  their  arms  against  their  and  our  enemies. 

"  We  hope  that  our  Honble  Governor  will  give  us  a  gracious  answer 
to  this  our  humble  petition,  and  provide  for  our  future  welfare  and 

security-  «  JOSHUA,  Mohican, 

"  AUGUSTUS,  Delaware, 
"  JACOB,  Mohican, 
"  ANTON,  Delaware, 
"  JOHN  PETER,  Wampanoag, 
"  JOSHUA,  Delaware, 
"  ANDREW,  Wampanoag, 
"  MICHAEL,  Monsey, 
''JONATHAN,  Delaware, 
"  PHILIP,  Wampanoag, 
"JOHN,  Mohican, 
"  JOHN,  Delaware, 
"  DANIEL,  Mohican, 
"  MARK,  Mohican. 
"BETHLEHEM,  November  29,  1755." 

THE  GOVERNOR'S  REPLY. 

"  To  the  Indians  lately  residing  at  Gnadenhiitten  and  now  at  Beth 
lehem,  greeting  : 
"  BRETHREN, — 

"  You  may  always  depend  on  the  most  favorable  construction  being 
put  on  whatever  you  lay  before  me. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  211 

part  of  expenses  they  were  incurring  in  providing  for  loyal 
Indians  and  for  Christians  who  had  fled  to  fellow- Christians 
for  protection. 


"  It  gives  me  a  true  pleasure  to  find  you  are  under  the  force  of  re 
ligious  impressions,  and  speak  in  so  affectionate  a  manner  of  the 
Author  of  the  Christian  Salvation,  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 

"  As  you  have  made  it  your  own  choice  to  become  members  of  our 
civil  society,  and  subjects  of  the  same  Government,  and  determine  to 
share  the  same  fate  with  us,  I  shall  make  it  my  care  to  extend  the 
same  protection  to  you  as  to  the  other  subjects  of  his  Majesty,  and  as 
a  testimony  of  the  regard  paid  by  the  Government  to  the  distressed 
state  of  that  Province  where  you  have  suffered  so  much,  I  have  de 
termined  to  build  a  fort  at  Gnadenhutten,  from  which  you  will  receive 
equal  security  with  the  white  people  under  my  care. 

"  I  have  not  the  least  suspicion  of  your  having  been  concerned  in 
the  late  mischief.  Your  precaution  and  flight  are  an  evidence  of  your 
innocence,  and  I  take  in  good  part  your  professions  of  truth  and  fidelity 
to  your  Brethren,  and  thank  you  for  them. 

"  I  heartily  commiserate  your  losses,  and  think  you  entitled  to  re 
lief,  and  as  I  intend  to  send  for  all  our  friendly  Indians  to  come  and 
confer  with  me  in  this  time  of  danger,  I  shall  let  you  know  the  time 
when  I  shall  meet  them,  and  desire  you  to  be  present,  that  I  may  speak 
to  you  at  the  same  time. 

"  In  the  mean  time  I  desire  you  will  be  of  good  behaviour,  and  re 
main  where  you  are. 

"  Given  under  my  hand  and  the  Lesser  Seal  of  the  Province,  at 
Philadelphia,  the  fourth  day  of  December,  A.D.  1755. 

"  ROBERT  HUNTER  MORRIS." 

Answer  of  the  Moravian  Indians  to  Gov.  Morris's  Reply,  "  which 
was  taken  from  their  own  mouths,  and  being  literally  translated,  was 
read  and  communicated  to  them  in  their  own  tongue,  before  signing." 

"  HONBLE  GOVERNOR, — 

"  We  received  thy  letter,  and  thy  words  being  interpreted  to  us,  we 
have  heard  with  our  ears  and  well  understood.  Our  women  and  our 
children  have  also  heard  them.  It  has  rejoiced  us  much,  and  we  are 
heartily  thankful  that  thou  wilt  be  pleased  to  provide  for  and  take  us 


212  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

The  accounts  of  the  "  above  seventy  Indians  who  escaped 
from  Gnadenhlitten,"  in  the  following  transcript  are  incom 
plete,  in  as  far  as  they  are  preceded  by  two  statements,  one 
amounting  to  £5 1  gs.  $%d.  from  November  28, 1755,  to  Feb 
ruary  20,  1756,  and  another  to  £13  i8s.  $d.  from  February 
28  to  April  i,  of  the  last  named  year.  Furthermore,  they 
were  continued  as  late  as  April  of  1758.  On  several  occa 
sions  the  Province  demurred  honoring  these  drafts  on  her 
exchequer,  it  having  been  seriously  impoverished  by  out 
lays  incurred  in  prosecuting  the  war,  and  in  conducting 
tedious  overtures  for  the  restoration  of  a  permanent  peace. 
The  representations  made  by  the  Brethren,  however,  in 
which  they  reminded  Government  of  its  pledge,  of  the 
comparatively  trifling  cost  it  incurred  for  every  Moravian 
Indian  (it  amounting  only  to  i^  pence  per  day);  which 
cost,  they  argued,  wras  almost  outweighed  by  the  services 


under  thy  protection  against  our  enemies,  in  these  troublesome  times ; 
that  we  may  abide  with  our  Brethren  in  peace,  and  daily  hear  sweet 
words  of  our  God  and  Saviour  to  the  refreshment  and  comfort  of  our 
poor  hearts. 

"  We  assure  and  promise  thee  herewith  that  we  will  be  obedient  to 
thy  order,  and  with  our  wives  and  children  behave  ourselves  still  and 
orderly  among  our  Brethren,  and  be  governed  peaceably  and  quietly 
toward  every  man. 

"  We  are  heartily  willing  to  come  and  hear  more  words  from  thee, 
whenever  thou  shalt  please  to  call  us. 

"  In  the  mean  time  we  poor  Indians  recommend  ourselves  to  thy 
kind  remembrance,  hoping  we  shall  not  be  forgotten  by  thee. 

"  We  offer  our  kind  salutations  to  thee,  wishing  thee  health  and 
prosperity,  and  remain 

"  Thy  obedient  and  faithful  Brethren, 

"  AUGUSTUS,  Delaware  (his  mark  a  Turtle}. 
"  JOSHUA,  Mohican  (his  mark  a  Turkey] . 

"  Signed  by  the  Order  and  in  behalf  of  all  the  rest,  9th  December, 
I755-" 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


213 


that  some  of  their  number  had  rendered  the  Province,  in 
the  capacity  of  runners  or  of  interpreters,  and  on  danger 
ous  embassies,  finally  prevailed.*  The  accounts  were  ac- 


*  "  MAY  IT  PLEASE  YOUR  HONOR, — 

"  The  inclosed  is  the  humble  request  of  the  Brethren  in  Bethlehem 
to  your  Honor,  occasioned  by  the  Honorable  Commissioners  refusing 
to  pay  the  accounts  of  their  expenses  toward  maintaining  the  friendly- 
Indians,  who  nevertheless  have  done  the  Government  many  great 
services,  and  never  demanded  anything  from  this  Province,  as  long  as 
they  were  quietly  left  in  their  settlements  upon  the  Mahoning  on  the 
Brethren's  lands. 

"  Now,  as  I  hope,  your  Honor  will  be  pleased  to  consider,  that  at 
another  time  many  other  Indians  may  think,  '  It  is  better  for  Indians 
to  join  the  enemies  of  the  English,  for  then  they  will  get  presents  and 
rewards;  but  if  the  Indians  join  the  English  and  behave  friendly,  they 
will  not  only  afterwards  be  left  destitute,  but  will  also  be  left  a  prey 
to  their  enemies,  after  it  comes  to  a  peace ;'  which  probably  will  be 
the  case  with  those  Indians  who  were  ever  faithful  to  this  Government, 
and  are  now  at  Bethlehem — hated  by  all  the  Indians  of  their  tribe  be 
cause  they  were  not  with  them  against  the  English  in  the  last  war. 
And  such  thoughts  will  not  turn  out  for  the  good  of  the  Province. 
However,  I  hope  of  your  goodness  better  things. 

"  Your  Honor's  most  humble  servant, 

"  SPANGENBERG. 

"  BETHM.,  Apr.  20,  1757." 

The  Brethren 's  Address  to  Governor  Denny. 

"  MAY  IT  PLEASE  YOUR  HONOR, — 

"  Whereas,  some  time  since  when  the  late  Indian  troubles  took 
their  beginning,  the  Brethren's  valuable  settlement  on  the  Mahoning, 
together  with  eleven  human  lives,  were  destroyed,  and  our  people 
were  thereby  losers  of  at  least  ^"2000,  a  loss  which  we  shall  feel  while 
we  live ; 

"  And  w/iereas,  at  the  same  time  a  number  of  Indians  who  were 
then  living  on  our  land  at  Gnadenhikten,  and  in  a  fair  way  of  getting 
a  competent  and  comfortable  livelihood,  without  being  burdensome 
for  it  either  to  the  Province  or  to  their  neighbors  thereabouts,  having 


214  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

cordingly  recognized  as  just  obligations  and  liquidated  in 
full ;  not,  however,  without  hesitancy,  in  overcoming  which 


been  preserved  by  means  of  the  Brethren  in  their  friendship  and  alli 
ance  with  this  Government,  were  even  therefore  at  the  same  time 
forced  to  fly  for  their  lives,  lose  their  all,  and  take  their  refuge  to  the 
Brethren  at  Bethlehem,  destitute  of  everything  to  support  life; 

"  And  whereas,  your  Honor's  predecessor,  considering  their  cir 
cumstances,  has  told  and  given  it  them  in  writing  that  they  should  be 
treated  friendly  and  supported  in  their  necessitous  circumstances  by 
the  Province ;  upon  the  good  faith  of  which  the  Brethren  in  Bethle 
hem  have  furnished  them  with  necessaries  of  life,  and  charged  the 
expenses  to  the  Province  account; 

"  And  ivhereas,  at  sundry  times  the  Brethren  have  produced  their 
accounts  before  the  honorable  the  Commissioners,  and  had  them 
punctually  paid  till  now,  when  Mr.  Schmalling,  one  of  the  Brethren, 
delivered  our  account,  amounting  to  a  mere  trifle  each  day  per  head, 
was  refused  payment.  I  am,  therefore,  to  represent  our  hard  case  to 
your  Honor  in  behalf  of  our  much  aggrieved  community,  and  to  beg 
your  Honor's  favorable  interposition  with  the  honorable  the  Commis 
sioners  ;  for  although  the  Indians  residing  here  in  Bethlehem  on  one 
hand  are  not  inclined  to  settle  again  in  the  Indian  country  for  fear  of 
their  lives,  and  on  the  other  cannot  resolve  to  live  below  Philadelphia 
for  want  of  hunting  opportunity,  which  makes  a  great  part  of  their 
livelihood ;  and  although  on  that  account  the  Brethren  at  Bethlehem 
have  consented  to  let  them  settle  on  a  piece  of  ground  belonging  to 
us  not  far  from  here,  we  humbly  conceive  that  this  is  not  a  sufficient 
ground  to  cut  them  off  from  the  hitherto  usual  allowance  they  have 
had  from  this  Government  as  long  as  they  are  not  yet  settled  upon  that 
intended  spot,  nor  as  long  as  the  Government  maintains  so  many  other 
Indians  who  have  murdered  many  of  the  inhabitants,  enslaved  others, 
and  destroyed  their  possessions.  We  therefore  hope  your  Honor  will 
in  good  reason  think  those  who  have  faithfully  adhered  to  this  Govern 
ment  entitled  to  the  same  beneficial  allowance  which  such  Indians  as 
were  enemies  still  enjoy. 

"  We  have  that  confidence  in  your  Honor  that  you  in  equity  and 
justice  will  support  our  request,  and  not  suffer  that  these  poor,  friendly, 
but  at  present  necessitous  Indians,  shall  either  be  thrown  entirely  upon 


WITH   THE    COMMISSIONERS.  215 

Mr.  William  Edmonds  was  largely  instrumental.    This  was 
in  June  of  1758. 

The  specified  accounts  that  constitute  the  bulk  of  the 
transcript  in  this  paper  were  rendered  to  the  Commis 
sioners,  pursuant  to  an  order  given  to  the  Brethren  by 
Governor  Morris,*  that  they  provide  for  such  of  the 
enemy  as  should  come  into  the  settlements,  after  his  pro 
clamation  for  a  suspension  of  hostilities.  Some  of  these 
came  with  a  desire  to  return  to  their  allegiance,  others  to 
throw  themselves  on  the  protection  of  the  Province,  and 
others  to  treat  for  peace.  War  had  been  formally  declared 
against  the  Delawares  in  April  of  1756.  In  May,  and 
again  in  July,  hostilities  were  suspended ;  in  the  last  month 
they  were  remitted  preparatory  to  the  first  of  a  series  of 
treaties.  This  lull  was  followed  by  an  influx  of  Delawares 
and  allied  Indians  to  Bethlehem,  which  lay  in  the  route 
from  their  country  to  Easton,  the  place  that  had  been 
selected  for  negotiations.  Government  was  imposing  an 
additional  burden  upon  the  Brethren  when  it  committed 


the  Brethren  at  Bethlehem  already  so  very  great  losers  in  this  Province, 
or  be  left  to  the  mercy  of  their  embittered  Indian  brethren. 

"  Not  doubting  of  your  Honor's  equitable  resolution, 

"  We  rest  your  Honor's  most  obedient  humble  servants, 
"  Signed  in  behalf  of  the  Brethren, 

"  MATTHEW  SCHROPP,  Steward. 

"BETHM.,  Apr.  22,  1757." 

*  "  I  do  hereby  empower  the  Brethren  and  request  them  to  receive 
into  their  houses  at  Bethlehem  all  such  friendly  Indians  as  shall  come 
to  them  and  desire  to  be  taken  in,  and  to  support  and  maintain  them 
till  they  have  my  further  orders ;  always  taking  care  to  advise  me  from 
time  to  time  of  the  arrival  of  any  Indians,  mentioning  their  place  of 
abode,  their  tribe,  and  such  other  circumstances  as  shall  be  necessary  to 
give  me  a  just  and  proper  account  of  them,  and  any  expenses  attending 
this  service  will  be  paid  by  the  Government." — Gov.  Morris  to  Tiniy 
Horsfield,  Esq.  Philadelphia,  June  23,  1756. 


216  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

this  lawless  crowd  to  their  keeping ;  and  although  aware  of 
this,  its  assurance  that  their  knowledge  of  Indian  character 
rendered  them  desirable  custodians,  and  that  at  Bethlehem 
the  hated  Indians  would  be  safe,  outweighed  all  other 
considerations.  In  vain  did  the  Brethren  deprecate  this 
measure  as  one  that  was  likely  to  cause  them  serious  incon 
venience,  to  prove  hurtful  to  the  welfare  of  the  Christian 
Indians,  and  to  involve  themselves  in  difficulties  with  their 
neighbors.  Their  repeated  appeals  to  the  Governor,  to  the 
Assembly,  and  to  the  Commissioners  for  relief  were  ineffect 
ual.  "  We  are  at  a  loss  how  to  act,"  Bishop  Spangenberg 
writes  to  Governor  Denny,  "with  those  Indians  that  come 
out  of  the  woods  and  want  to  stay  at  Bethlehem.  They 
are  very  troublesome  guests  and  we  should  be  glad  to  have 
your  Honor's  orders  about  them.  Our  houses  are  already 
full  and  we  must  be  at  the  expense  of  building  winter- 
houses  for  them  if  more  should  come;  which  likely  will  be 
the  case  if  we  are  to  believe  the  accounts  of  those  who  are 
here.  Furthermore,  we  are  told  that  some  of  our  neighbors 
are  growing  uneasy  at  our  receiving  such  murdering  In 
dians,  as  they  style  them.  I  fear  we  shall  be  obliged  to 
set  watches  to  keep  such  of  them  off  as  are  disposed  to 
quarrel  with,  or  may  attempt  to  hurt  any  of  them.  Now 
we  are  willing  to  do  anything  that  lays  in  our  power  for  the 
service  of  that  Province  in  which  we  have  enjoyed  peace 
for  many  years.  But  we  desire  your  Honor's  orders  for 
every  step  we  take,  and  we  humbly  beg  not  to  be  left  with 
out  them ;  the  more  so  as  we  have  reason  to  fear  that  an 
Indian  may  be  somehow  hurt  or  killed,  which  certainly 
would  breed  new  troubles  of  war.  There  was  a  case  last 
week  to  the  point,  one  of  the  Indians  having  been  fired 
at,  when  out  in  the  woods  a  little  way  from  Bethlehem." 
And  thus  for  almost  two  years  (from  April  of  1756  to  April 
of  1758)  they  were  annoyed  by  the  presence  of  these  trou- 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS.  217 

blesome  pensioners  on  the  Province.  Some  of  them  were 
savages,  some  were  half  civilized,  and  some  were  renegades 
from  the  mission.  The  latter  were  objects  of  their  special 
commiseration,  and  it  pained  them  to  see  such  as  had 
once  publicly  renounced  the  ways  of  wickedness,  in  the 
company  of  those  who  had  taken  the  lives  of  their  fellow- 
beings  in  a  barbarous  warfare.  Conspicuous  among  these 
was  the  man  who  led  the  Delawares  and  their  allies  in  war 
against  the  English.  This  was  Teedyuscung.  Of  him  we 
know  the  following : 

According  to  his  own  statement,  he  was  born  about  the 
year  1 700,  in  New  Jersey,  east  of  Trenton,  in  which  neigh 
borhood  his  ancestors  of  the  Lenape*  had  been  seated  from 
time  immemorial.  Old  Captain  Harris,  a  noted  Delaware, 
was  his  father.  The  same  was  the  father  also  of  Captain 
John,  of  Nazareth,  of  young  Captain  Harris,  of  Tom,  of  Jo, 
and  of  Sam  Evans, — a  family  of  high-spirited  sons  who  were 
not  in  good  repute  with  their  white  neighbors.  The  latter 
named  them,  it  is  true,  for  men  of  their  own  people,  and 
Teedyuscung  they  named  "Honest  John;"  yet  they  dis 
liked,  and  then  feared  them  ;  for  the  Harrises  were  known 
to  grow  moody  and  resentful,  and  were  heard  to  speak 
threatening  words  as  they  saw  their  paternal  acres  passing 
out  of  their  hands,  and  their  hunting-grounds  converted 
into  pasture  and  plowed  fields.  These  they  left  with  re 
luctance,  and  migrated  westward,  in  company  with  others 
of  the  Turtles  or  Delawares  of  the  Lowlands,  some  from 


*  The  Delawares  styled  themselves  Lenni  Lenape,  original  people, 
that  is,  an  unchanged  people.  The  eastern  division  of  this  nation  was 
divided  into  three  tribes, — the  Turtles,  or  Delawares  of  the  sea-shore 
(lowlanders],  the  Turkeys,  or  Delawares  of  the  woods  (uplanders], 
and  the  Wolves,  or  Delawares  of  the  mountains  (Highlanders'}',  named 
in  their  language  respectively  the  Unamies,  the  Unalachtgos,  and  the 
Monseys. 

15 


218  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

the  Raritan,  some  from  below  Cranberry  and  Devil's 
Brook,  some  from  the  Neshannock,  and  some  from  the 
mouth  of  Squan  and  the  meadows  on  Little  and  Great  Egg 
Harbor.  Crossing  the  great  river  of  their  nation,*  they 
entered  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  in  its  Forks.  This 
was  about  1730.  Finding  no  white  men  here,  they  gypsied 
unmolested  along  the  Lehietan,  Martin's  and  Cobus  Creeks, 
the  Manakasy,f  the  Gattoshacki,J  and  the  Hockendocque,§ 
all  south,  and  along  the  Aquanshicola||  and  Pocopoco^[ 
north  of  the  Blue  Mountain.  On  crossing  this  barrier  they 
reached  the  land  of  their  kinsmen,  the  Wolf  Delawares,  or 
Monseys.  By  these  hardy  mountaineers  they  were  kindly 
received,  and  with  them  they  would  often  speak  of  their 
compulsory  exodus  from  the  east,  to  which  the  Monseys 
made  no  reply,  but  only  smiled. 

Scotch-Irish  immigrants  began  to  crowd  the  Delawares 
in  the  Forks  south  of  the  mountain  as  early  as  1735.  Two 
years  prior  whites  had  surveyed  and  located  unpurchased 
lands  in  the  Upper  Valley  of  the  Delaware,**  thereby  ex 
asperating  the  Monseys,  and  engendering  in  their  hearts 


*  The  Delaware,  called  the  Lenapewihittuck,  i.e.  the  River  of  the 
Lenape. 

f  Written  variously  Menagassi,  Monocasy,  Monakessi,  Manokasy, 
Monockisy,  Manakasy,  Delaware,  signifying  a  stream  with  several 
large  bends. 

\  Written  also  Catosacque,  corrupted  into  Catasauqua,  Delaware,  sig 
nifying  the  earth  is  thirsty. 

%  Written  originally  Hackiundachquc,  but  now  Hockendaquat  Dela 
ware,  signifying  searching  for  land. 

||  Achquoanschicola,  Delaware,  signifying  the  place  of  fishing  with 
bush-nets. 

]f  Corrupted  from  Pockhapocka.  Written  also  Pohopoka  and  BTich- 
cabuchka,  Delaware,  signifying  two  mountains  butting  toward  one  an 
other  and  separated  by  a  stream  of  water — a  water-gap. 

**  The  Minnisinks,  i.e.  the  habitation  of  the  Monseys  or  Minsis. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  219 

an  implacable  resentment,  which  they  cherished  long  after 
the  Turtle  Delawares  had  buried  the  hatchet  and  were  will 
ing  to  treat  for  redress.  These  highlanders  were  the  war 
riors  \vho,  moody  and  sullen,  hung  back  at  Trout  Creek,  in 
July  of  1756,  when  Teedyuscung  and  his  company  were 
already  in  Easton,  and  engaged  in  negotiations  for  peace. 
In  September  of  1737  the  one  and  a  half  days'  walk  was 
performed.  Captain  John  and  other  Fork  Indians  south 
of  the  mountain  were  expelled  from  their  corn-lands  and 
peach-orchards  in  1742.*  Even  Moses  Tatemy  was  threat 
ened  exile.  Thus  wrong  was  being  heaped  on  wrong 
against  a  day  of  retribution. 

Zinzendorf 's  reconnoissance  in  July  of  that  year  intro 
duced  the  Brethren's  missionaries  into  the  homes  of  the 
Eastern  Delawares ;  and  from  that  time  they  preached  the 
Gospel  to  them  on  both  sides  of  the  mountain.  Teedyus 
cung  too  heard  them,  first  on  the  Aquanshicola  and  then 
on  the  Mahoning.  Impressed  by  the  words  of  the  plainly- 
clad  preachers  from  Bethlehem,  his  religious  feelings  were 
moved,  and  a  time  came  when  he  was  convicted  of  sin,  and 
then  sought  for  admission  into  Christian  fellowship  with  the 
Mohicans  and  Delawares  of  Gnadenhiitten  by  baptism. 

The  Brethren  hesitated  long  before  they  acceded  to  his 
request ;  for  they  tell  us  that  the  man  was  unstable  as  water 
and  like  a  reed  shaken  before  the  wind.  Hence  they 
granted  him  a  time  of  probation,  and  as  he  reiterated  his 
request  at  its  close,  they  consented  to  admit  him  into  their 
communion.  On  the  i2th  of  March,  accordingly,  he  was 


*  See  minutes  of  a  council  held  with  heads  of  the  Six  Nations  in 
the  Great  Meeting  House  at  Philadelphia,  July  12,  1742  {Colonial 
Records,  also  Biidingische  Sammhing,  vol.  ii.),  for  papers  relating  to 
the  negotiations  of  the  Brethren  with  Captain  John  for  an  amicable 
release  to  them  of  his  claims  on  lands  at  Nazareth. 


220  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

baptized  in  the  little  turreted  chapel  on  the  Mahoning, 
Bishop  Cammerhoff  administering  the  rite.*  The  cere 
mony  was  performed  in  accordance  with  the  solemn  ritual 
observed  among  the  Brethren  at  that  time  in  the  baptism 
of  adults ;  and  when  the  straight-limbed  Delaware,  robed 
in  white,  rose  from  bended  knee,  he  rose  as  Gideon,  the 
namesake  of  "the  son  of  Joash,  the  Abiezrite,  who  threshed 
wheat  in  the  wine-press  to  hide  it  from  the  Midianites." 

Thus  Teedyuscung  became  a  member  of  the  Christian 
Church,  and  yet  failed,  as  so  many  do,  to  become  a  Chris 
tian.  The  lessons  of  the  Divine  Master  whom  he  had 
promised  to  follow  proved  distasteful  to  him,  as  he  found 
they  demanded  renunciation  of  self,  the  practice  of  hu 
mility,  the  forgiveness  of  injuries,  and  the  return  of  good 
for  evil.  They  were  different  from  the  doctrines  taught  in 
the  school  of  Nature  in  which  he  had  long  been  educated. 
Hence  he  ill  brooked  the  restraints  imposed  upon  him  in 
the  "Huts  of  Grace,"  and  resisted  the  influence  of  the 
Good  Spirit  that  sought  to  dispossess  him  of  the  resent 
ment  that  burned  within  his  soul  when  he  remembered  how 
his  countrymen  were  being  injured  by  the  whites,  and  how 
they  had  been  traduced  and  were  being  oppressed  by  the 
imperious  Iroquois.  And  once  when  his  untamed  Brethren 
came  down  from  the  Minnisinks  to  Gnadenhiitten,  bring 
ing  their  unshod  ponies  and  their  broken  flint-locks  to  the 
smithy,  they  opened  their  hearts  to  him  wide,  and  took  him 
into  their  councils.  These  intended  war.  Telling  him  that 
the  hour  was  come  to  prepare  to  rise  against  their  oppres 
sors,  they  asked  him  to  lead  them  and  be  their  king.  That 


*  In  the  record  of  Indian  baptisms  for  the  year  1750,  Bishop  Cam 
merhoff  makes  the  following  entry :  "March  12.  To-day  I  baptized 
Tatiuskundt,  the  chief  among  sinners."  His  words  are  "ein  /car'  e 
grosser  Sunder." 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  22I 

was  the  evil  moment  in  which  he  was  dazzled  by  the  pros 
pect  of  a  crown,  and  trafficked  his  peace  of  mind  for  the 
unrest  of  ambition.  This  was  in  the  spring  of  1754.  Mo 
hican  Abraham  also  turned  renegade,  and  the  two  chief 
tains  together  prevailed  with  seventy  of  the  congregation 
to  remove  to  Wyoming,  there  to  live  neutral  or  to  array 
themselves  under  their  standard. 

Braddock  was  repulsed  on  the  Monongahela  in  July  of 
1755.  Hereupon  assembling  his  Delawares  and  allied  Mo 
hicans  and  Shawanese  at  Nescopeck,  Teedyuscung  marked 
out  a  plan  of  the  campaign  for  the  coming  autumn  and 
winter.  Its  operations  were  restricted  to  the  walking  pur 
chase,  within  which  it  was  resolved  to  chastise  the  English 
first  by  waging  against  them  a  war  of  extermination.  And 
so  it  came  to  pass.  From  their  lurking-places  in  the  fast 
nesses  of  the  Great  Swamp,  the  savage  warriors,  led  by  their 
King  in  person,  would  sally  forth  on  their  marauds,  strik 
ing  consternation  into  the  hearts  of  the  defenseless  settlers, 
ruthlessly  destroying  with  torch  and  tomahawk,  and  then 
retreating,  with  what  booty  and  prisoners  they  had  taken, 
into  its  protecting  glades.  It  threatened  to  be  a  repetition 
of  the  war  of  Philip  and  his  Pequods.  Plantation  after 
plantation  was  pillaged,  and  before  the  close  of  December 
the  enemy  had  overrun  the  greater  part  of  Northampton, 
and  Nazareth  was  literally  on  the  frontiers.  On  the  ist  of 
January,  1756,  the  Brethren  met  with  a  second  loss,  .for  on 
that  day  Gnadenhiitten  East  was  totally  destroyed,*  the 
company  of  Provincials  stationed  there  having  been  sur 
prised  and  cut  to  pieces. 

Such  was  the  warfare  that  scourged  the  Province  into  the 


*  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  pecuniary  loss  sustained  by 
the  Brethren  in  the  destruction  of  the  farm  on  the  Mahoning  and  the 
Mission  at  Gnadenhiitten  East: 


222  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

early  months  of  1756,  when  in  March,  Government  sought 


Appraisement  of  the  United  Brethren's  Loss,  suffered  at  the  hands  of 
the  Indians,  on  the  Mahoning  and  at  Gnadenhutten. 

I.    ON   THE   MAHONING. 

£      s.     d.     £      s.     d, 

One  mare,  7  years  old 15 

One    do.     10      do 12 

One  horse,  10     do 8 

One    do.     4       do 15 

Three  colts,  I  year  do 9 

59 

Seven  cows,  past  4  years  old 24     10 

Seven    do.    4  years  old , 21 

Seven  heifers,  2     do 17     10 

Seven  calves,    I  year  do 5       5 

Two  oxen,  2  years  old 5 

Three  do.    3         do 10     10 

Four    do.    4         do 18 

Eight  do.    5  and  6  do 40 

141      15 

65  Bu.  of  oats,  bo't  the  same  day  @  2s.         6     10 

n  loads  of  hay,  @  40^ 22 

10    do.    rowing  do.,  @  30^ 15 

5  do.    oats,  @  6o.y 15 

2  do.    steeped  flax,  @  50.5- 5 

I     do.    hemp I      10 

5-    do.    wheat,  @  £5 25 

4    do.    rye,  @  £4 16 

I     do.    barley 3 

500  Ibs.  butter 12     10 

10      bu.  of  meal,  @  $s 2     10 

12      do.  buckwheat,  @  is.  &d. I 

3  do.  Indian  corn,  @,  3.? 9 

1*4  do.  flaxseed,  @  $s.  6d 5       3 

4  do.  of  beans,  @  4^ 16 

6  do.  of  salt,  @  35- 18 

24  Ibs.  beeswax,  @  is.  6d. '  I      16 

129       4       3 


Carrd  forwd 229     19       3 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  223 

to  propitiate  the  man  who  was  its  chief  abettor  and  most 


£       *•     *• 

Bro'forwd , 229     19       3 

Horse  gears,  saddles,  &c IO 

House  and  kitchen  furniture 98 

Clothes,  bedding,  &c.,  for  17  persons 294 

Two  silver  watches  and  I  house-clock 17 

Smith's  tools,  burnt  or  stolen II 

A  meeting-house  (Gemeinhaus)  with  dwelling  rooms..  200 

A  dwelling-house  and  smith-shop 100 

A  bake-house , IO 

A  kitchen  and  watch-house IO 

A  dwelling-house 3° 

A  stable  and  barn IO° 

A  spring-house 5 

A  store -house 5° 

Goods  in  the  store 15° 

A  grist  and  saw-mill 200 

8,000  or  more  feet  of  pine  boards 24 

1638     19       3 

2.    AT   GNADENHUTTEN    EAST. 

£     *•     <*• 

Eighteen  log-houses,  most  of  them  of 

squared  logs,  @  £6 108 

Twelve  Indian  cabins,  @,  30^ 18 

A  large  meeting-house  with  dwelling 

rooms 15° 


276  1914     19       3 

Personally  appeared  before  me,  Timothy  Horsfield,  Esq.,  one  of  the 
Justices  in  and  for  the  County  of  Northampton,  George  Klein,  Joseph 
Powell,  Henry  Frey,  all  of  Bethlehem  in  the  said  county,  yeomen, 
and  upon  their  solemn  affirmation  according  to  law  did  respectively 
declare  and  depose, — That  they  these  affirmants  had  exact  knowledge 
of  all  the  articles  and  particulars  contained  in  the  above  account,  and 
to  the  best  of  their  skill  and  understanding  do  believe  the  same  are 
noted  therein  at  the  lowest  and  most  reasonable  prices  possible ;  and 


224  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

active  in  its  prosecution.  Messengers  were  now  dispatched 
to  Teedyusctmg  with  an  invitation  to  meet  his  friends,  the 
children  of  William  Penn,  and  to  tell  them  the  causes  of 
an  alienation  which  was  as  unexpected  as  it  was  calamitous. 
An  appeal  was  also  made  to  the  Six  Nations  to  lift  up  their 
authoritative  hand  and  stay  the  destroyer.  These  measures 
proved  effectual.  Pursuant  to  them,  Teedyuscung  met 
Governor  Morris  in  treaty  at  Easton,  for  the  first  time,  in 
July  of  1756,  and  Governor  Denny  in  November  of  that 
year  and  again  in  November  of  1757. 

These  conferences  resulted  in  the  pacification  of  the 
Delaware  King,  on  assurances  being  given  him  that  his 
grievances  should  be  fully  redressed.  On  these  occasions, 
we  are  told,  Teedyuscung  stood  up  as  the  champion  of  his 
people,  fearlessly  demanding  restitution  of  their  lands,  or 
an  equivalent  for  their  irreparable  loss,  and  in  addition  the 
free  exercise  of  the  right  to  select,  within  the  territory  in 
dispute,  a  permanent  home.  The  chieftain's  imposing 
presence,  his  earnestness  of  appeal,  and  his  impassioned 
oratory,  as  he  plead  the  cause  of  the  long-injured  Lenape, 
evoked  the  admiration  of  his  enemies  themselves.  He 
always  spoke  in  the  euphonious  Delaware,  employing  this 
Castilian  of  the  New  World  to  utter  the  simple  and  ex 
pressive  figures  and  tropes  of  the  native  rhetoric  with 
which  his  harangues  were  replete,  although  he  was  con 
versant  with  the  white  man's  speech. 


that  the  above  contains  a  true  and  just  account  of  the  said  sufferers' 
losses.     And  further  these  affirmants  say  not. 

GEORGE  KLEIN. 

JOSEPH  POWELL. 

HENRY  FREY. 

Taken  and  affirmed  to  at  Bethlehem  ye  4 
1756,  before  me 

[L.S.]       TlMV.    HORSFIELD. 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS.  22$ 

It  would  almost  appear  from  the  minutes  of  these  Con 
ferences,  that  the  English  artfully  attempted  to  evade  the 
point  at  issue,  and  to  conciliate  the  indignant  chieftain  by 
fair  speeches  and  uncertain  promises.  The  hollowness  of 
the  former  he  boldly  exposed,  and  the  latter  he  scornfully 
rejected ;  so  that  it  was  soon  perceived  that  the  Indian 
King  was  as  astute  and  sagacious,  as  he  was  unmovable  in 
the  justice  of  his  righteous  demands.  This  conviction  forced 
itself  upon  his  hearers,  and  then  they  yielded  to  the  terms 
he  laid  down. 

In  forming  an  estimate  of  his  position  and  of  his  en 
deavors  to  maintain  it,  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that 
Teedyuscung  was  contending  with  a  twofold  enemy,  with 
the  English  and  with  the  Iroquois.  The  insulting  words 
of  Canassatego,  spoken  to  the  Fork  Delawares  in  July  of 
1742,*  had  stung  him  to  the  quick.  Since  then  he  looked 
forward  to  the  time  when  he  should  be  enabled,  after 
having  won  redress  from  the  English,  gained  their  con 
fidence  and  then  their  alliance,  to  wipe  out  the  blot  which 
tarnished  the  escutcheon  of  the  immemorial  Lenape,  ever 
since  the  Five  Nations  had  insidiously  made  women  of 
them.  This  he  failed  to  do,  according  to  the  stern  de 
mands  of  an  unjust  law,  by  which  the  rights  of  the  weaker 
party  are  made  to  succumb  to  the  superior  power  of  those 
who  are  strong  in  coalition. 


*  "Let  this  Belt  serve  to  chastise  you,"  he  said,  turning  to  the 
Delawares.  "  You  ought  to  be  taken  by  the  hair  of  the  head  and 
shaken  severely  till  you  recover  your  senses,  and  become  sober.  You 
don't  know  what  ground  you  stand  on,  nor  what  you  are  doing.  This 
land  that  you  claim  is  gone  through  your  guts  long  ago.  We  con 
quered  you,  we  made  women  of  you.  You  know  you  are  women  and 
can  no  more  sell  land  than  women.  We  charge  you  to  remove  instantly. 
We  don't  give  you  the  liberty  to  think  about  it,  for  you  are  women." 


226  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

In  the  spring  of  1 758  Teedyuscimg  removed  to  Wyoming, 
where,  agreeably  to  his  request  and  the  conditions  of  treaty, 
a  town  had  been  built  for  him  and  his  followers  by  the 
English,  in  the  historic  valley  on  the  east  side  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna.  Here  he  now  lived  not  unmindful  of  his  long- 
cherished  object,  and  here  he  was  burned  to  death  in  the 
night  of  the  i9th  of  April,  1763,  while  asleep  in  his  lodge. 
The  Iroquois,  it  is  said,  were  the  instigators  of  this  cow 
ardly  act,  for  they  hated  the  man  who  testified  against 
their  arrogant  assumption  and  who  opposed  their  lust  of 
power.  As  long  as  he  lived,  therefore,  he  was  a  standing 
rebuke  to  their  designing  oppression,  and  although  they 
no  longer  dreaded  his  arms,  they  feared  his  words,  which 
left  their  guilty  consciences  no  peace.  Hence  it  was  re 
solved  in  council  that  he  ought  not  to  live ;  and  when 
news  was  brought  back  to  Onondaga  that  the  lodge  of  the 
Delaware  King  and  the  lodges  of  his  men  of  war  had  dis 
appeared  in  flames,  the  perfidious  Six  Nations  triumphed  in 
having  destroyed  an  enemy  whose  spirit  they  had  failed  to 
subdue. 

In  the  historical  records  following  this  introduction,  the 
reader  will  find  additional  notices  of  the  Delaware  King 
who  was  the  hero  of  the  war  of  1755.  The  concurrent 
testimony  of  his  time  agrees  in  representing  him  as  a  man 
of  marked  ability,  a  brave  warrior,  a  sagacious  counselor 
and  a  patriot  among  his  people.  Although  he  was  gov 
erned  by  strong  passions,  and  a  slave  of  that  degrading 
vice  which  was  the  bane  of  his  race,  he  was  not  devoid  of 
feeling,  being  susceptible  of  the  gentler  influences  of  our 
nature.  Numerous  are  the  anecdotes  extant,  illustrating 
his  love  of-  humor,  his  ready  wit,  his  quickness  of  appre 
hension  and  of  reply,  his  keen  penetration,  and  his  sar 
castic  delight  in  exposing  low  cunning  or  artifice. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  227 

After  the  suspension  of  hostilities,  and  during  negotia 
tions  for  peace,  he  was  much  at  Bethlehem,  and  at  one 
time  fixed  his  residence  there.  His  attachment  to  the 
Brethren  he  openly  avowed,  expressing  his  determination 
to  keep  by  them  in  preference  to  others  of  the  whites. 
Elsewhere  he  exulted  in  being  called  a  Moravian.  Although 
he  had  broken  his  vows  and  had  been  unfaithful  to  his 
profession,  he  would  frequently,  when  in  conversation  with 
the  Brethren,  revert  to  his  baptism,  and  feelingly  deplore 
the  loss  of  the  peace  of  mind  he  had  once  enjoyed.  And 
hence  we  doubt  not  that  there  were  times  when,  mar 
shaling  his  savage  warriors  for  deeds  of  blood  in  the 
wild  highlands  of  the  Delawares,  there  would  come  over 
him  a  vision  of  the  "Huts  of  Grace"  in  the  peaceful 
valley  of  the  Mahoning,  and  of  the  turreted  chapel,  in 
which  he  had  knelt  in  baptism,  and  which  he  had  entered 
so  often  on  holy  days  at  the  sound  of  the  church-going 
bell. 

The  preparation  of  this  piece  of  history  in  Pounds,  Shil 
lings,  and  Pence  was  much  facilitated  by  consulting  the 
Colonial  Records  and  the  Pennsylvania  Archives  in  con 
junction  with  the  Diaries  of  Bethlehem  and  her  Indian 
Congregation.  By  these  means  the  editor  has  been  enabled 
to  illuminate  what  otherwise  might  have  remained  ob 
scure,  to  brighten  fading  colors,  to  recall  forgotten  things, 
and  to  furnish  the  reader  with  a  history  in  short-hand  of 
the  times  to  which  these  records  relate.  The  antiquary 
will  find  in  them  occasional  genre-pieces,  not  unlike  those 
painted  -by  Teniers,  the  elder,  and  his  associates  of  the 
Flemish  school ;  or  here  and  there  meet  with  a  choice 
morsel,  trifling  perhaps,  and  yet  such  as  the  true  antiquary 
can  relish  and  digest  far  more  effectually  than  what  is 
served  up  for  him  in  state  on  the  great  historian's  table. 


228  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN,  ETC. 

Nevertheless  a  hero  makes  his  appearance  even  though  he 
be  a  barbaric  king. 

Finally,  should  the  editor  appear  to  have  at  times  taken 
too  much  pains  in  raising  up  a  dead  Indian  or  Provincial 
private,  he  has  erred,  he  thinks,  not  in  his  calling  (for 
the  historian  is  a  resurrectionist),  but  in  the  zeal  with  which 
he  has  followed  the  pursuit. 


PROVINCE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 

IX   ACCOUNT   WITH    THE   UNITED   BRETHREN,    AT    BETHLEHEM,    PA. 

For  Supplies  and  Entertainment  furnished  to  the  Christian  Indians 
who  had  fled  thither  after  the  massacre  on  the  Ma  honing,  and  to 
Indians  who  sojourned  there  with  the  knowledge  of  Government, 
pending  negotiations  for  Peace  between  it  and  Teedyitsciing,  King 
of  the  Delaware*,  1756  and  1757. 


I.  ACCOUNT  SENT  TO  YE  COMMISSIONERS  IN  PHILA.  JULY  21,  1756.* 


July  21.  Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Stewardsf  of  Bethlehem,  DR. 
For  sundries  delivd  to   above   70    Indians^ 
who    escaped    from    Gnadenhiitten,  from 
April  I  to  July  17,  1756,  viz.: 


*  Two  accounts  had  been  presented  to  the  Commissioners  prior  to 
this  one;  the  first  amounting  to  ^51  QS.  5^^.,  from  November  28, 
1755,  to  February  28,  1756,  and  the  second  amounting  to  ^13  i8.y.  $d., 
from  February  28  to  April  I ,  of  the  last-mentioned  year. 

Provincial  Commissioners  at  this  time  were  John  Mifflin,  Benjamin 
Franklin,  Joseph  Fox,  Evan  Morgan,  and  John  Hughes.  Appointed 
by  the  Governor  "  to  audit,  liquidate,  adjust,  and  settle  all  accounts, 
claims,  and  demands  held  against  or  made  on  the  Province." 

f  Stewards  for  "  the  Family,"  at  Bethlehem,  were  Matthew  Schropp, 
John  Bechtel,  and  George  Klein. 

J  Their  names  and  nationalities  were  : 

MOHICANS  (35). 

Men.  Women.  Boys.  Girls. 

Jacob,  Rachel,  Joshua,  Anna  Johanna, 

Joshua,  Bathsheba,  Elias,  Rachel, 

John,  Lorel,  Abraham,  Rosina, 

(229) 


230 


ACCOUNT  OF  THE   BRETHREN 


1756.  £ 

July  21.  For  5.692  Ibs.  bread,  @,  \l/^d 35 

"    85  X  bush5  Indian  corn  beside  their  own  14 

"    540  Ibs.  beef,  @  ^d 9 


s.  d. 
ii  6 
19  3 


Men. 

Philip, 

Daniel, 

Andrew, 

Michael, 

John  Peter, 

Marcus, 

Amos, 

Renatus, 

Philip. 


Men. 
Augustus, 
Anton, 
Joshua, 
Jonathan, 
Joachim, 
Aquila, 
Gottlieb, 
Namaan. 


Carrd  forwd 59     10 


Women. 

Lydia, 

Elisabeth, 

Catharine, 

Eve, 

Esther, 

Judith. 


Boys. 
Gabriel, 
Michael. 


DELA WARES  (38). 


Girls. 
Judith, 
Martha, 
Agnes, 
Christiana, 
Sophia, 
Anna  Johanna. 


Women. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Augustina, 

Levi, 

Julianna, 

Johanna, 

John, 

Esther, 

Agnes, 

Ezra, 

Maria  Elisabeth 

Verona, 

.Michael, 

Christiana, 

Benigna, 

Abraham, 

Beata, 

Mary, 

Nett, 

and  three  girls 

Anna  Justina, 

Petitti, 

more. 

Naomi, 

Achgonema, 

Thamar, 

Quisch, 

Erdmuth, 

Quichkschal. 

Amelia, 

Rebecca. 

These  refugees  were  quartered  in  the  "Indian  House  "  that  had  been 
built  in  October  of  1752,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Manakasy,  for  the  en 
tertainment  of  visitors  from  Gnadenhiitten  and  elsewhere,  just  above 
the  stone  bridge  that  crosses  the  creek  in  Water  Street.  It  was  52 
by  40  feet,  of  one  story,  and  of  stone ;  and  yet  within  these  narrow 
limits  the  "  above  seventy  who  escaped"  were  domiciled.  In  the  sum 
mer  of  1756  a  log-house,  63  by  15  feet,  containing  a  chapel,  beside 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 

£    *. 

1756.                      Bro*  forwd 59     10 

July  21.  For  1 6  Ibs.  dried  pork,  @  $d , 6 

"     157  Ibs.  butter,  @  6d 3     18 

"     i  bush1  salt 4 

"    2  gall5  linseed  oil,*  (ou,  4s 8 


Carrd  forwd 64 


apartments,  was  built  due  south  of  the  other.  There  are  old  residents 
of  Bethlehem  who  remember  the  "  stone-house."  It  was  removed  in 
the  early  part  of  the  present  century.  Portions  of  the  tile-pavement  or 
floor  are  remaining.  The  spring  that  empties  into  the  creek  imme 
diately  above  the  bridge  rose  in  'the  cellar  of  the  "  Indian  House." 
The  chapel  was  transferred  to  Nain  in  the  autumn  of  1758,  and  was 
the  place  of  worship  until  the  erection  of  a  more  commodious  one  in 
May  of  1763. 

The  missionaries  Bernhard  A.  Grube  and  John  Jacob  Schmick,  min 
istered  to  the  Christian  Indians,  and  kept  school  for  their  children 
during  their  temporary  sojourn  at  Bethlehem.  Occasionally  they 
would  repair  to  the  Brethren's  Chapel  to  attend  divine  service.  So  as 
to  lighten  the  burden  they  imposed  on  their  benefactors  by  their 
presence,  the  men  assisted  in  the  labors  of  the  farm,  or  watched  in 
times  of  danger,  and  the  women  plaited  baskets  and  made  brooms  and 
wooden  ware.  In  the  autumn  and  winter  months  the  former  followed 
the  chase ;  and  although  they  were  restricted  in  this  to  a  small  range, 
confining  themselves  exclusively  to  Bethlehem  lands  (for  there  was  a 
strong  feeling  against  Indians  in  the  neighborhood),  "  it  was  no  un 
common  occurrence,"  says  the  diarist,  "  for  the  hunters  to  bring  in 
two  or  three  deer  in  a  day."  They  also  conducted  the  shad-fishery  in 
the  Lehigh,  which  yielded  plentifully.  "May  10,  1756,  our  Indians 
took  upward  of  2000  shad."  Between  fifteen  and  twenty  thousand 
was  the  annual  yield.  Quantities  of  these  were  salted  down.  In 
March  of  1758  there  was  a  pigeon-roost,  seven  miles  above  Beth 
lehem,  on  the  Lehigh,  whither  for  fourteen  days  the  wild  pigeons 
moved  in  countless  numbers,  affording  a  temporal  source  of  supply  for 
the  poor  Indians. 

*  The  Brethren  at  Bethlehem  erected  a  mill  for  pressing  linseed-oil 
early  in  1745.  It  burned  down  in  November  of  1763.  In  1765, 
Christensen,  an  ingenious  millwright,  constructed  the  works  of  a 


232  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£      *.     d. 

1756.  Bro*  forwd 64       7     n 

July  21.  For  13  gall3  soft  sope,  @  is 13 

For  sundries  delivd  to  ye  Indian  messengers, 
Newcastle  and  others,  by  their  going  to 

Wayomik.     (See  Voucher  i) 6       5 

For  sundries  delivd  to  ye  4  Indian  messengers 
and  other  Indians,  per  order  of  Newcastle. 

(See  Voucher  2) 3     13     .7 

For  sundries  delivd  to  Jo  Peepy,  Nicodemus, 
and  others,  who  came  from  Diahoga  to 

Bethlehem.     (See  Voucher^] 27       6       7 

For  sundries  delivd  to  ye  4  Indians,  viz., 
Samuel,  Pachshenoscha's  son,  his  son-in- 
law  and  one  other,  as  pr.  order  of  Mr. 

Horsfield.     (See  Voucher  4) 14       3       9 

For  sundries  delivd  31  Indians,  viz.,  Tatte- 
waskundt  and  company  who  came  to  Beth 
lehem  ye  17  July.  (See  Voucher^) 5  9 


121      18 


Vouchers  belongs  to  the  foregoing  Account, 

I. 

Province  of  Pennsila  Dr.  to  Bethlehem. 
For  sundries  delivd  to  the  Indian  messengers, 
Newcastle  and   others,  by  their  going  to 

1756.          Wayomik,*  viz.:  £        s.      d, 

June  27.  For  breakfast,  @  4</.  each  .......................  I       4 

"    30  Ibs.  dried  beef,  @  $d  ....................  12       6 


Carr-*1  forwd 13 


second,  one  of  a  set  of  mills  in  the  building  long  known  as  the  u  Beth 
lehem  Oil  and  Buckwheat  Mill." 

*  Cashiowaya,  or  Kanuksusy,  a  Six  Nation  Indian,  rendered  emi 
nent  service  to  the  English,  in  capacity  of  messenger  to  the  disaffected 
Indians,  on  the  opening  of  the  war  of  1755.  When  a  child  he  had 
been  formally  presented  by  his  parents  to  William  Penn,  at  New  Castle. 
In  August  of  1755,  Governor  Morris  publicly  conferred  on  him  the 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  233 

£       *•      <*• 

1756.                      Bro1  for\vd 13     10 

June  27.  For  7  quarts  rum,  @  is.  ^d 8       9 

"     7  Ibs.  English  chease,  @  8d 4       8 

"     iy2  bush3  oats,  @  2s.  6d 3       9 

"     ij^  deer  skins 18 

"    keeping  4  horses  from  ye  23  June,  to  ye 

15  July •' 3       4 

July  15.      "    Hire  of  a  man  to  bring  up  their  horses 

to  Gnadenhiitten.*  12 


5 


name  of  Newcastle,  in  remembrance  of  that  event,  addressing  him,  on 
the  occasion,  in  these  words  :  "  In  token  of  our  affection  for  your 
parents  and  in  expectation  of  your  being  a  useful  man  in  these  perilous 
times,  I  do,  in  the  most  solemn  manner,  adopt  you  by  the  name  of 
Newcastle,  and  order  you  hereafter  to  be  called  by  that  name."  He 
confirmed  his  words  with  a  belt  of  eight  rows.  A  few  weeks  after  the 
declaration  of  war  against  the  Delawares  (April  14,  1756),  Newcastle, 
accompanied  by  Jagrea,  a  Mohawk,  William  Laquis,  a  Delaware,  and 
the  Moravian  Indian,  Augustus,  alias  George  Rex,  undertook  an  em 
bassy  to  Wyoming,  bearing  these  words  from  the  Governor  to  the  In 
dians  there  :  "  If  you  lay  down  the  hatchet  and  come  to  terms,  we,  the 
English,  will  no  further  prosecute  the  war."  He  was  now  on  his  way 
to  Diahoga,  with  an  invitation  from  the  Governor  to  the  Delawares, 
Shawanese,  Monseys,  and  Mohicans,  to  meet  him  in  conference  at 
Conrad  Weisser's.  His  traveling  companions  were  John  Pompshire, 
Thomas  Stores,  and  Joseph  Michty,  Delawares,  from  New  Jersey.  The 
four  had  arrived  at  Bethlehem  on  the  1 2th  of  June.  Here  they  were 
detained  until  the  27th  by  the  intelligence  that  "  one  hundred  men 
were  gone  from  the  Jerseys  on  a  scalping-party,"  the  Governor  of  that 
Province  having  not  been  advised  of  the  proclamation  for  a  suspension 
of  hostilities  for  twenty  days,  lately  issued  by  Gov.  Morris. 

This  hazardous  mission  to  Diahoga,  undertaken  by  Newcastle,  was 

*  On  his  return  from  Diahoga,  and  when  at  Fort  Allen,  he  notified 
the  Brethren,  in  approved  Indian  style,  of  his  arrival,  and  his  horses 
were  accordingly  taken  up  to  the  fort.  The  Brethren  still  applied  the 
name  of  Gnadenhiitten  to  its  site. 

16 


234  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

2. 

Province  of  Pennsila  Dr.  to  Bethlehem  Store.* 

For  sundries  delivd  to  ye  4  Indian  messengers 
and  other  Indians,  per  order  of  Newcastle, 
1756.       viz.:  £        s.       d. 

June  26.  For  4^  Ibs.  of  tobacco  taken  with  the  4 I        6 

"    leather    and    awls    for    mending   their 

mackisens 2       4 


Carrd  forwd. 


effectual  in  bringing  about  a  conference  between  the  Governor  and 
Teedyuscung,  at  Easton,  in  July  following.  This  opened  negotiations 
for  a  peace. 

*  In  July  of  1753  a  store  was  opened  by  the  Brethren,  for  the  benefit 
of  the  "  Family,"  or  "  Economy,"  in  the  west  end  of  the  old  stone- 
house  still  standing  on  Market  Street,  opposite  the  Moravian  grave-yard. 
It  was  probably  the  first  store  in  the  Forks  of  Delaware,  and  one  of 
the  few  at  the  time  conducted  in  the  rural  districts  of  the  Province. 
Most  of  the  wares  exposed  for  sale  were  of  home  manufacture.  The 
following  is  an  inventory  of  domestic  staples  the  Brethren  proposed  to 
contribute  toward  the  stock.  It  serves  to  show  the  variety  of  indus 
trial  pursuits  in  which  their  community  engaged,  and  their  independ 
ence  of  others,  in  consequence,  in  providing  themselves  with  the  neces 
saries  and  comforts  of  life  : 

"  Apron-skins,  powder-horns,  glue,  shoes,  slippers,  shoe-lasts, 
wooden  and  horn  heel-pieces,  saddle-trees,  saddles,  horse-collars, 
bridles,  halters,  saddle-bags,  girths,  pocket-books,  martingales,  straps, 
stockings,  caps,  gloves,  socks,  hats,  felt  caps  and  felt  slippers,  spinning- 
wheels,  reels,  boxes,  guns,  tea-caddies,  writing-desks,  deer  and  calf 
skins  dressed  for  breeches,  buckwheat-groats,  oat-groats,  barley-groats, 
malt,  millet,  dried  peaches,  dried  apples,  dried  cherries,  rusks,  ginger 
bread,  cakes,  iron  bands  for  chests,  nails,  plows,  axes,  hatchets,  grub 
bing  hoes,  hoes,  corn-hoes,  grind-stones,  whet-stones,  punk,  flint  and 
steel,  pipe-stems,  pipe-heads,  shirt  studs,  pewter  plates,  tea-pots,  lan 
terns,  tallow  candles,  soap,  starch,  hair-powder,  sealing-wax,  wafers, 
tobacco  boxes,  buckles,  buttons,  spoons,  bowls,  shovels,  brooms,  bas 
kets,  wheat,  flour,  butter,  cheese,  handkerchiefs,  neckcloths,  garters, 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  335 

£       *•  d. 

1756.                     Bro*  forwd 3  10 

June  26.  For  2  yds  Osnaburgs,  for  bags 2  8 

"     I  ivory  comb I  2 

"    Cash  pd  for  oats I  3 

"      do.    pd  for  powder  horns  and  shot  bags  4 

July  18.  To  Cash  pd  for  tobacco 3 

"   i  Ib.  coffee I  2 

"   i  doz.  pipes 8 

"   i  pr  of  knee-buckles  delivd  to  Newcastle  8 

"   2  Ibs.  sugar,  @  yd. i  2 

"   I  Ib.  butter 

"  3  pipe  heads  delivd  to  ye  Indians,  @,  is.. 

"  Cash  pd  for  shoeing  a  horse 2  3 

"       "     pd  for  a  coat  for  Joseph* i      14 


Carrd  forwd. 


knee-straps,  linen,  white,  blue  and  check  woolens,  currant-wine,  beer, 
whisky,  tar,  potash,  turpentine,  pitch,  lamp-black,  sulphur-matches, 
vinegar,  flaxseed,  linseed  oil,  rape  seed  and  oil,  nut  oil,  oil  of  sassa 
fras,  ammonia,  rasped  deer's-horn,  'bush-tea,'  medicine  chests, 
brushes,  shovels  and  tongs,  chafing-dishes,  combs,  currycombs,  glove- 
leather,  leather-breeches,  ropes,  blank-books,  soft-soap,  rakes,  knives, 
drawing-knives,  guitars,  violins,  tobacco  and  tobacco-pouches,  snuff, 
oil  of  turpentine,  hemp,  flax,  buckets,  milk-pails,  tubs,  pottery,  cotton 
yarn,  cord,  hatchels,  oven-forks,  linen  nets,  augers,  hammers,  pincers, 
candlesticks,  tin  ware,  chisels,  mill-saws,  homespun,  boots,  whips,  har 
ness,  wheelbarrows,  wagons,  coffee-pots,  chains,  canoes,  boards,  bricks, 
roofing-tiles,  lime,  preserves  and  pickles,  quills  and  slate  pencils."  In 
addition  the  Bethlehem  Store  was  furnished  with  "  tea,  chocolate, 
coffee,  brown  sugar,  loaf  sugar,  salt,  rum,  steel,  blankets,  powder, 
lead,  shot,  broadcloth,  wine,  silk  neckhandkerchiefs,  camlet,  silk,  iron 
pots,  spices,  copper  and  brass  kettles,  and  paper  and  ink."  Joseph 
Powell  was  the  first  storekeeper.  William  Edmonds  succeeded  him 
in  1754.  The  stock  at  this  time  was  valued  at  .£277  3^.  6d. 

*  Joseph  Michty  was  a  Crossivicks  Indian.  His  companions,  Pomp- 
shire  and  Stores,  were  respectively  from  Cross-wicks  and  Cranberry. 
They  had  all  been  with  the  Brainerd  brothers,  and  were  associated 
with  Newcastle  in  the  Jate  embassy,  "being  they  were  among  the 
best  and  the  discreetest  of  the  Jersey  Delawares." 


236  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 


17^6. 

Bro*  forw1^    .. 

£ 

2 

s. 

IQ 

d. 

July  18. 

For  I  pr  shoe  buckles  for  Tattewaskundt*.  .. 
"   I  pr  stockings  deliv^  to  To  Peepy 

I 

5" 

3 
6 

"   I  pr  shoes              "         "         "    

7 

6 

3 

I3 

7 

3- 

Province  of  Pennsila  Dr.  to  Bethlehem. 

For  sundries  delivd  to  Jo  Peepy,  Nicodemus, 
and  others  who  came  from  Diahoga  to 
Bethlehem  ye  2jd|  of  June,  1756,  and 
other  charges,  viz.: 


*  Captain  Newcastle  returned  to  Bethlehem  in  the  evening  of  the 
1 7th.  With  him  came  Teedyuscung  and  upward  of  thirty  other  In 
dians,  men,  women,  and  children,  pursuant  to  the  Governor's  invita 
tion.  This  was  the  first  appearance  of  the  chief  within  the  settlements 
since  he  had  taken  up  the  hatchet.  On  the  1 8th  he  met  Major  Par 
sons  in  conference  in  Justice  Horsfield's  office.  It  was  a  memorable 
interview,  in  as  far  as  on  that  occasion  Teedyuscung  for  the  first  time 
proclaimed  his  kingship.  His  private  counselor,  Tapescawen,  or 
Tapescohung,  Newcastle,  Captain  Insley,  from  Fort  Allen,  and  a  few 
others  were  present.  John  Pompshire  interpreted.  Producing  a 
string  of  wampum  whereby  to  confirm  what  he  designed  to  say,  he  dic 
tated  this  message  to  the  Governor  in  reply  to  the  invitation  he  had 
received  to  meet  him  in  Tulpehocken.  "  Brother,  the  Governor  of 
Pennsylvania :  I  have  received  the  word  by  your  messenger  kindly. 
Upon  it  I  have  come,  as  you  have  given  me  good  words,  which  are 
called  council-fire.  At  the  Forks  of  Delaware  we  will  sit  down,  and 
wait  there,  and  shall  be  ready.  I  am  exceeding  glad  that  there  are 
such  thoughts  and  methods  taken  in  respect  to  our  women  and  chil 
dren.  I  shall  I  hope  be  ready  to  let  you  know  a  little  further  when 
we  shall  meet.  This  what  I  have  now  in  short  spoken  is  not  only 
from  me,  but  also  from  my  uncle,  the  Mohawk  (Jhe  Six  Nations},  and 
from  four  other  nations  (the  Delawares,  Shawanese,  Monseys,  and 
Mohicans],  which  in  all  makes  ten,  and  these  ten  have  but  two  heads 
of  kings  between  them." 

•}•  These  two  had  come  to  claim  protection  of  government,  declaring 
themselves  friends  of  the  English,  although  it  was  well  known  that 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


237 


1756-  £      s.     d. 
To  some  expresses  to  Easton*  on  their  acct. 

per  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield 15 

"Acct.  an  express  to  his  Honor  ye  Governorf  I      10 


Carrd  forwd. 


they  had  taken  active  part  in  councils  and  treaties  at  the  commence 
ment  of  the  war.  Not  knowing  how  they  would  be  received,  they  had 
prudently  left  their  familes  a  day's  journey  beyond  Fort  Allen.  New 
castle  brought  these  down  under  an  escort  of  Provincials,  a  few  days 
later.  Both  the  Governor  and  Major  Parsons  were  informed  by  express 
concerning  this  arrival,  and  in  a  letter  to  the  former,  Spangenberg 
writes  in  the  following  terms  : 

"  Now  to  tell  your  Honor  the  truth,  I  do  not  believe  that  either  Jo 
Peepy  or  Nicodemus  and  their  families  can  stay  at  Bethlehem.  We 
have  been  obliged  to  put  people  out  of  the  house  to  make  room  for 
them.  But  this  is  not  all ;  there  is  such  a  rage  in  the  neighborhood 
against  the  said  poor  creatures,  that  I  fear  they  will  mob  us  and  them 
together.  For  Jo  Peepy  having  lived  among  the  Presbyterians,  and 
treacherously  being  gone  from  them,  hath  exasperated  them  in  the 
highest  degree.  We  have  put  two  men  with  them  to  be  their  safe 
guard,  but  your  Honor  knows  very  well  that  this  will  not  hinder  the 
stream  when  it  is  coming  upon  them  and  us  at  the  same  time.  I,  there 
fore,  humbly  beg  of  your  Honor  to  remove  the  said  Jo  Peepy  and  Nico 
demus,  and  their  families,  the  sooner  the  better  to  Philadelphia ;  for 


*  Easton  was  laid  out  in  1750,  at  the  Forks  of  Delaware,  in  Bucks 
County,  pursuant  to  an  order  of  Thomas  Penn,  written  to  Dr.  Graeme 
and  Secretary  Peters  : 

"  I  desire,"  writes  the  Proprietor,  "  that  the  new  town  be  called 
Easton,  from  my  Lord  Pomfret's  house,  and  whenever  there  is  a  new 
county  that  shall  be  called  Northampton." 

Northampton  was  erected  in  1752. 

f  Robert  Hunter  Morris.  Commissioned  by  the  Proprietaries,  John, 
Thomas,  and  Richard  Penn,  with  approbation  of  the  king,  their  "  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Province  of  Penn 
sylvania,  and  Counties  of  New  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex,  on  Delaware," 
in  London,  May  14,  1754.  Entered  upon  office  October  3,  1754.  Re 
tired  from  office  August  20,  1756. 


238  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

£       s.  d. 

1756.                     Brotforw-1  ................................  2         5 

To  Acct.  of  victuals  delivd  them  from  ye  23 

June  to  ye  n  July,  viz.: 

517  Ibs.  bread,  @  ij^d  ........................  3       4  7 

6i*4  Ibs.  beef,  @  $d  ...........................  I  6 

33  Ibs.  butter,  @  6d.  ...........................  16  6 

17  Ibs.  gammons,  @  6d.  ......................  8  6 

3  quarts  of  salt  ...................................  8 

7  bushl5  Indian  corn,  @  ^s.6d  ...............  146 

24^  gall5  beer,  @  is  ...........................  I       4  6 

17  quarts  of  rum,  @  I  s.  ^d.  ..................  113 

4  quarts  molassis  ................................  3 

108  Ibs.  white  meal,  @,  i%d.  ................  13       6 

"     victuals    delivd   to    4   men    who    accom 
panied  them  from  Fort  Allen  pr  order  of 
Mr.  Horsfield  ..................................  2       4 

"  keeping  5  horses*  from  ye  23d  June  to 
ye  17  July,  no  pasture  being  to  be  had 
near  Bethlehem  where  people  would 
answer  for  ye  horses  ........................  463 


Carrd  forwd  ..............................      16 


n 


there  they  are  in  the  heart  of  the  country,  and  mischief  may  be  pre 
vented  which  could  breed  evil  consequences." 

Jo  Peepy,  alias  Wehololahund,  was  originally  from  Cranberry,  and 
had  been  one  of  Brainerd's  Indians.  Thence  he  removed  to  the 
Aquanshicola.  Several  members  of  his  family  were  baptized  by  the 
Brethren.  Immediately  before  the  war  he  resided  among  the  Scotch- 
Irish  of  the  Craig  settlement,  near  the  Lehigh  Water  Gap.  His  family 
consisted  of  Sarah,  his  wife,  and  their  children,  James,  Isaac,  Sarah, 
Isaiah,  and  Mettshish. 

Nicodemus,  alias  Weshichagechive,  alias  Jo  Evans,  half-brother  of 
Teedyuscung  and  Capt.  John,  of  Nazareth,  was  baptized  by  Bishop 
Cammerhoff,  at  Bethlehem,  June  15,  1749.  Withdrew  from  the  mis 
sion  at  Gnadenhiitten  in  1754,  returning  to  the  Indian  country.  Nico- 
demus's  family  comprised  Zacharias,  Christian,  Nathan,  Thomas,  Gas- 
hatis,  and  Dorothea,  most  of  them  baptized  at  Gnadenhiitten. 

Lodgings  were  given  this  company  in  a  house  near  "  The  Crown." 

*  The  horses  belonging  to  Newcastle's  company. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  239 

£      5.       d. 

1756.  Brolforwd 16     n        il/2 

To  3  bush5  oats  for  ye  horses  sent  to  Gna- 
denhiitten  for  some  Indians  who  was 

a  coming 7       ° 

"    i  Ib.  candles 7 

"     I  gall,  soft  sope  I 

"  2  men's  watching  to  be  their  safeguard  and 
therefore  obliged  to  stay  with  them  day 
and  night,  from  ye  23  June  to  ye  1 7  July, 
being  24  days,  @  2s.  6d.  each  per  day.  6 

"    3  shirts  per  order  of  ye  Governor I        7      II 

"    3  blankets         "  "     i      16 

"    3  pr  Indian  stockings        "     i       2       6 


27 
4- 
Province  of  Pennsila  Dr.  to  Bethlehem. 

For  sundries  delivd  to  ye  4  Indians,*  viz.: 
Samuel,  Pachshinoscha's  son,  his  son-in- 
law,  and  two  others,  as  pr  order  of  Mr. 
Horsfield,f  viz.: 


*  A  party  of  Shawanese  who  had  met  Newcastle  on  his  way  to 
Diahoga,  and  who  were  come  on  a  friendly  visit,  and  with  a  letter  of 
recommendation  from  him.  Kolapeka,  alias  Samuel,  was  Paxanosa's 
youngest  son.  His  companions  were  Shekascheno,  Mekitshachpe,  and 
Wenimah,  all  Shawanese,  formerly  of  Wyoming.  They  arrived  at 
Bethlehem  in  the  evening  of  the  5th  of  July,  and  during  their  sojourn 
attended  divine  worship  devoutly.  The  Brethren  were  inclined  to 
believe,  nevertheless,  that  they  had  participated  in  the  attack  on 
the  Mahoning.  In  course  of  conversation  with  Justice  Horsfield, 
they  stated  that  nine  Indian  nations  they  knew  were  attached  to  the 
English.  On  being  asked  how  the  Delawares  were  disposed,  the 
speaker  replied,  "  About  them  I  can  say  nothing."  Their  arrival,  and 
the  intelligence  they  gave,  were  duly  reported  by  express  to  the  Gov 
ernor.  They  set  out  for  Fort  Allen,  under  escort,  en  route  for  their 
homes,  on  the  nth,  taking  with  them  a  string  and  a  message  from  the 
Governor  to  King  Paxanosa,  inviting  him  to  come  to  Philadelphia. 
While  at  Bethlehem  they  were  lodged  in  the  store-building. 

f  Timothy  Horsfield,  whose  name  appears  repeatedly  on  these  re- 


240  ACCOUNT  OF  THE   BRETHREN 


£       s.       d. 

For  4  shirts  ..........................................  I      17       6 

"    6  yds.  linnen  for  bags,  and  making  .......  9 

"    8  Ibs.  tobacco,  @  $d.  ........................  2       8 

"    4  blanketts,  @   12s  ...........................  2       8 

"    3  yds.  of  strowds,  @  los  .....................  I      10 

"    4  quarts  salt  ....................................  7 

"    2  expresses  to  his  Honor,  ye  Governor, 

pr.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield  ...............  324 

"    2  expresses  to  Easton  ........................  5 

"    victuals  delivd  them  from  ye  5  to  ye  1  1 

July,  being  6  days,  @  is.  each  per  day  I        4 


Carrd  forwd 10     19 


cords,  was  born  in  Liverpool,  O.  E.,  in  April  of  1708.  He  immi 
grated  to  America  in  1725,  and  settled  on  Long  Island.  Here  he 
married  Mary  Doughty  in  1731.  His  first  religious  impressions  were 
received,  he  tells  us,  under  Whitefield's  preaching;  and  his  connec 
tion  with  the  Brethren  dates  from  his  acquaintance  with  Bishop  Nitsch- 
niann  and  Peter  Bohler,  in  the  winter  of  1741.  He  placed  his  children 
at  the  Brethren's  schools  prior  to  his  removal  to  Bethlehem  in  1749. 
Here  he  built  the  east  end  of  the  old  stone-house  on  Market  Street, 
opposite  the  Moravian  grave-yard.  His  residence  on  Long  Island  was 
now  rented  by  the  Brethren,  and  became  the  seat  of  a  "  Family,"  or 
"Economy  for  Pilgrims."  In  May  of  1752  he  was  appointed  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  newly-erected  County  of  Northampton, 
along  with  Thomas  Craig,  Daniel  Brodhead,  Hugh  Wilson,  James 
Martin,  John  Van  Etten,  Aaron  Depui,  William  Craig,  and  William 
Parsons,  by  Governor  Hamilton.  This  office,  as  well  as  a  lieut.-colo- 
nel's  commission  that  he  had  received  early  in  the  Pontiac  war,  he 
resigned  in  December  of  1764.  A  number  of  letters  written  by  him 
to  the  Governor  and  other  officials  during  the  disturbed  times  of  the 
Indian  wars  are  preserved  in  the  Archives  of  the  State,  and  have 
been  published  in  the  Colonial  Records.  Mr.  Horsfield's  position 
enabled  him  to  render  the  Brethren's  interests  material  service.  He 
deceased  at  Bethlehem,  March  9,  1773.  The  late  Dr.  Thomas  Hors 
field,  Librarian  of  the  East  India  House,  London,  and  author  of 
Plantce  Javanica  rariores,  was  a  grandson.  Other  descendants  are 
living  at  Bethlehem. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  24I 

!756-  £      s.     d. 

Bro*  forwd 10     19       I 

For  4  quarts  beer i 

"    keeping    2    men    with   them  as  a  safe 
guard,  6  days,*  @  2s.  6d.  per  day....  i      10 
"    160  Ibs.  meal  delivd  them  at  their  de 
parture,  @  i%d.  pr.  Ib 16       8 

"    victuals  given  to  6  men  who  went  with 

them  to  Gnadenhiitten 5 

"    6  quarts  beer 2 

"    their  horse 6 

"    victuals  delivd  to  do.  by  their  return 5 

"    6  quarts  beer 2 

"    hay  and  oats I 

"    the  entertaining  of  an  express  from  Gna 
denhiitten i       6 


5- 

Province  of  Pennsila  Dr.  to  Bethlehem. 

For  sundries  delivd  to  31  Indians, f  viz.,  to 
Tattewaskundt  and  company,  who  came  to 

1756.        Bethlehem  ye  17  July,  viz.:  £          s.     d. 

To  an  express  to  Easton 5 


Carrd  forwd.. 


*  This  precaution  was  rendered  necessary  by  the  hostile  state  of 
feeling  prevalent  in  the  neighborhood  in  reference  to  the  Indians. 

f  This  company  had  been  joined  on  its  way  from  the  Indian  country 
by  Joachim  and  his  wife  and  Anton's  mother-in-law — all  formerly  of 
Gnadenhiitten.  Joachim,  who,  since  the  dispersion  in  the  night  of  the 
24th  of  November  last,  had  been  living  along  the  Susquehanna,  con 
firmed  the  truth  of  a  report  that  had  reached  the  Brethren  in  reference 
to  the  fate  of  Susanna  Nitschmann,  supposed  by  them  to  have  lost  her 
life  with  the  other  inmates  of  "the  Family"  on  the 'Mahoning.  He 
stated  as  follows  :  That  she  had  been  taken  prisoner  to  Wyoming;  that 
there,  on  meeting  with  the  Sisters  Sarah  and  Abigail,  she  had  piteously 
implored  their  aid;  that  thence  she  had  been  conveyed,  in  midwinter, 
to  Diahoga,  where,  after  having  been  subjected  to  the  horrors  of  In- 


2  42  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

1756.  £      s-    d- 

Bro'forwd 5 

To  earthenware 3 

"    2^£  doz.  spoons,  @,  5.? 12       6 

"    victuals  delivd  them  and  4  soldiers  who 
came  wth  them,  viz.: 

24  Ibs.  butter,  @  6d 12 

40  do.  beef,  pease,  &c 18     10 

8%  gall3  beer 8       9 

1 7^  do.  milk,  @  Sef ii       8 

Indian  corn  meal 2 

170  Ibs.  bread,  @  i  X^ l        l       3 

"    I  bridle 4 

"    the  hire  of  2  men  to  be  with  them  2  days, 

2.r.  6^.  each 10 


5 


dian  captivity  in  its  most  revolting  form,  she  had  sunk  into  deep 
melancholy,  death  releasing  her  from  suffering  on  the  Qth  of  May  last. 
Joachim  furthermore  stated  that  he  had  conversed  much  with  her,  and 
could  testify  to  her  fate  and  end. 

Teedyuscung  and  his  companions  were  escorted  to  Easton  on  the 
iQth,  pursuant  to  the  Governor's  order,  issued  to  Major  Parsons. 
"  The  Council  approved  the  Governor's  letter  to  that  officer,  in  which 
he  ordered  him  to  remove  such  friendly  Indians  as  were  or  should 
come  to  Bethlehem,  to  Easton,  as  there  was  no  room  at  the  former 
place,  as  the  Moravian  Brethren  were  uneasy,  and  as  there  were  no 
troops  stationed  there." — Minutes  Prav.  Council,  July  n,  1756. 

Nicodemus,  Jo  Peepy,  and  families  were  suffered  to  remain  at  Beth 
lehem,  they  having  expressed  themselves  desirous  of  living  near  their 
former  friends. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


II.  ACCOUNT  SENT  TO  YE  COMMISSIONERS  IN  PHILA.  YE  16  AUGUST, 

1756. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,    DR. 
1756. 
Aug.  1 6.  For  sundries   delivered  about  80*  Indians 

from  ye  17  July  to  ye  14  August,  1756,  viz.:  £        s.      d. 

For  1491  Ibs.  bread,  @  i  */2d. 964 

"    332  Ibs.  beef,  @  4^. 5     Io       3 

"    3 10  gal^  milk,  @  Set 10       6       8 

"    4       do.    sope,  @  is 4 

"     I        do.    linseed  oil 4 


For  the  sum  of  the  account 

delivdye  17  July  last ^121  18 

Off,  cash  pd  per  Wm  Ed 
monds,  for  Joseph's  coat  i  14 


120       4 
For  sundries   delivd  to  Tattewaskundt  and 

company,  &c.     (See  Vottcher  i)  .............     10     14 

For  sundries  delivd  Jo  Peepy,  Nicodemus, 
&c.  from  ye  18  July  to  ye  3d  August.    (See 
Voucher*)  ........................................      !5 

For   sundries   delivd    Capt.    Newcastle    and 

company.     (See  Voucher  3)  ..................       4     14 

For  sundries  delivd  on  acct.  of  ye  treaty  with 
ye  Indians  at  Easton  in  July  last.     (See 
Voitcher  4)  ...................................  .  .....      13       5 

July  21.   For  an  express  to  his  Honor  ye  Governor,  pr 

order  of  Mr.  Horsfield  ...................        i 


Carr*1  forwd  ............................    165 


*  The  refugees  from  Gnadenhiitten,  and  returned  converts. 


244  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

1756.  £       s- 

Bro'forwd  .............................   165       4 

July  21.    For  cash  laid  out  for  to  bear  Indians*  to 

Philadelphia,  per  Mr.  Edmondsf  ......       2       5 

"    a  shirt  for  Indian  Benjamin,;};  per  order 

of  Maj.  Parsons.  \  ..........................  12 


Carrdforwd  ............................    168 


*  Newcastle  and  some  of  Teedyuscung's  companions  from  Diahoga, 
whom  William  Edmonds  escorted  to  Philadelphia.  The  former  was 
the  bearer  of  the  King's  invitation  to  Governor  Morris  to  meet  him  in 
conference  in  the  Forks. 

f  William  Edmonds  was  born  October  24,  1708,  at  Colford,  Glou 
cestershire,  O.  E.  His  father  was  a  merchant,  and  the  family  were 
attached  to  the  Established  Church.  William  learned  skin-dressing  in 
Monmouth.  In  1736  he  immigrated  to  America,  established  himself 
in  business  in  New  York,  and  in  1739  married  Rebecca  de  Beauvoise,  a 
French  Huguenot.  She  bore  him  four  children.  He  became  attached  to 
the  Brethren  in  1741,  and  joined  their  Society  in  New  York.  After 
the  decease  of  his  wife,  in  1749,  he  made  a  voyage  on  the  "  Irene,"  to 
Holland  and  England,  serving  on  board  in  capacity  of  cook.  In  1749 
he  removed  to  Bethlehem.  In  March  of  1755  he  married  Margaret 
Anthony,  of  New  York.  In  October  of  that  year  he  was  elected  to  the 
Assembly  from  Northampton.  Until  the  close  of  the  "  Economy,"  he 
resided  at  Bethlehem,  serving  "  the  Family"  as  tradesman,  shopkeeper, 
and  in  various  ways  in  his  public  capacity.  In  1763  he  removed  into 
the  neighborhood  of  Nazareth,  and  commenced  a  store  in  Bushkill 
Township,  at  "the  Rose."  Thence  he  was  called  to  Nazareth,  in 
1772,  to  conduct  the  Society's  store  opened  in  that  village.  Here  he 
deceased  September  15,  1786.  Descendants  of  his  are  residing  in 
Bushkill,  Northampton  County.  Seven  of  his  great-grandsons,  sons 
of  Squire  Edmonds,  of  Bushkill  Township,  above  Filetown,  entered 
the  service  of  the  United  States  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion. 

J  One  of  Teedyuscung's  company,  "an  impudent,  forward  youth, 
who  had  enlisted  in  the  Jersey  Companies,  and  afterwards  deserted, 

§  William  Parsons  became  a  resident  of  Easton  in  1752.  In  Decem 
ber  of  that  year,  he  tells  us,  the  incipient  capital  of  the  new  county  of 
Northampton  numbered  eleven  families,  who  proposed  staying  there 
during  the  winter,  and  then  ventures  the  hope,  that  when  the  Prison  is 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS. 

£       s. 

I756-  Bro'forw4..... 168       2 

July  25.  For  mending  8  gun  locks  for  Capt.  Arndt's 

company T6 

"    mending  2  do.  for  Capt.  Wetherhold's 

comp>' 7 

"    medicines  for  Capt.   Arndt,  and  curing 

on  one  of  his  soldier's  hand i        i 

"     an  express  to  his  honor  ye  Governor  in 

New  York...  -> 


fonvd 173 


going  over  to  the  enemy  Indians  at  Diahoga."  Three  members  of  the 
Council,  having  been  sent  to  notify  the  King  (Easton,  July  24,  1756) 
that  the  Governor  was  come,  on  attempting  to  use  John  Pompshire, 
"  one  of  the  best  and  discreetest  of  the  Jersey  Indians,"  as  interpreter, 
he,  the  King,  produced  the  aforesaid  Benjamin  as  his  choice, — where 
upon  Pompshire  declared  he  would  not  be  concerned  in  interpreting  if 
Benjamin  were  allowed  to  speak.  Pompshire  subsequently  became 
the  King's  favorite  interpreter. 

finished  (it  was  under  roof)  there  would  be  an  increase  in  the  popula 
tion  !  Parsons  had  been  a  shoemaker  in  early  life.  During  his  resi 
dence  in  Philadelphia,  between  1734  and  1746,  he  was  Librarian  of 
the  City  Library.  In  1743  he  was  appointed  Surveyor-General.  Ill 
health  compelled  him  to  resign  this  office  in  June  of  1748.  In  1749 
he  was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  in  Lancaster  County.  December  29, 
1755,  he  was  appointed  Major  of  all  troops  to  be  raised  in  Northampton 
County,  with  Easton  as  his  head-quarters.  "As  I  think,"  writes  James 
Hamilton  to  Captains  Martin  and  Craig,  from  Easton,  December  29, 
J755>  "  it:  will  be  for  the  good  of  the  service  in  general  that  the  troops 
raised  in  Northampton  County  should  be  under  the  care  and  superin 
tendence  of  a  field-officer,  I  have,  with  that  view,  in  virtue  of  the 
power  granted  me,  appointed  William  Parsons,  Esq.,  to  be  Major  of 
the  said  troops."  His  immediate  command,  however,  was  a  Town 
Guard  of  twenty-four  men,  stationed  at  Easton.  Held  the  office  of 
Prothonotary,  Clerk  of  the  Courts,  Recorder,  Clerk  of  the  Commis 
sioners,  and  Justice  of  the  Peace.  Deceased  at  Easton  in  December 
°f  1757-  Much  of  Parson's  correspondence  is  in  the  Archives  of  the 
State,  and  valuable  for  its  historical  information. 


246  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 


1756.  Bro1  forwd  .............................   173       6     lo1 

Aug.   2.  To  the  tavern,  for  victuals  delivd  2  soldiers 

of  Capt.  Wetherhold's  compy  ...........  I       8 

II.  For  mending  5  guns  for  Capt.   Reinhold's 

compy*  .......................................        i  6 

"    medicines  delivd  to  do  .......................  n       6 

To  the  tavern,  for  victuals  delivd  to  a  ser 
geant  from  Fort  Allen,  f  and  oats  for  his 
horse....  ..............  .....................  2  2 


175 


*  These  were  detachments  of  the  Provincial  forces  on  their  way  to 
or  on  their  return  from  the  Treaty  held  at  Easton,  July  28  to  July  31. 

f  Fort  Allen,  the  first  of  a  cordon  of  stockades  or  block-houses 
erected  in  the  Indian  wars  for  the  protection  of  the  frontier  along  the 
line  of  the  Blue  Mountain,  from  the  Susquehanna  to  the  Delaware. 
The  most  important  of  these  rude  defenses  were  Forts  Hunter,  Henry 
William,  Allen,  Norris,  Hamilton,  and  Hyndshaw,  following  from 
southwest  to  northeast  in  the  order  given.  Fort  Allen  was  built  in 
January  of  1756  by  Franklin,  and  stood  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Lehigh, 
nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Mahoning  Creek,  where  Weissport  was 
commenced  by  Colonel  Jacob  Weiss  in  1785.  The  well  of  the  fort, 
sixteen  feet  deep  and  four  in  diameter,  walled  with  cobbles  from  the 
river,  is  on  the  premises  of  the  Fort  Allen  House,  and  well  preserved. 
How  the  great  philosopher  came  to  enlist  in  the  service  of  Mars,  and 
with  what  composure  he  exchanged  the  pen  for  the  sword,  he  tells  us 
as  follows  : 

"  The  Governor  prevailed  upon  me  to  take  charge  of  our  Northern 
frontier  and  to  provide  for  the  defense  of  the  inhabitants  by  raising 
troops  and  building  a  line  of  forts.  I  undertook  this  military  business, 
although  I  did  not  consider  myself  well  qualified  for  it.  He  gave  me 
a  commission  with  full  powers.  I  had  but  little  difficulty  in  raising 
men,  having  soon  560  under  my  command.  My  son,  who  had,  in  the 
preceding  war,  been  an  officer  in  the  army  raised  against  Canada,  was 
my  aid-de-camp,  and  of  great  use  to  me."  Preparatory  to  moving  on 
the  frontier,  Franklin,  in  company  with  his  colleagues,  Fox  and  Ham 
ilton,  with  a  detachment  of  fifty  men,  visited  Bethlehem  for  the  first 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  247 

time,  on  the  i8th  of  December,  1755.  He  made  this  place  his  head 
quarters  from  January  7  to  January  15,  1756,  and  then  marched  for  the 
Lehigh  Gap.  The  diarist  tells  us  that  the  Colonel  dined  with  the  heads 
of  the  Brethren  on  the  roth,  and  was  entertained  with  music.  On  the 
nth  he  attended  the  Sunday's  sermon  which  Bro.  Abraham  Reincke 
preached  from  I.  John,  iii.  8.  He  gives  the  following  account  of  his 
visits  and  sojourn  at  Bethlehem.  "  In  order  to  march  to  Gnaden- 
hiitten,  which  place  was  thought  a  good  situation  for  one  of  the  forts, 
I  assembled  the  companies  at  Bethlehem,  the  chief  settlement  of  the 
Moravians.  I  was  surprised  to  find  it  in  so  good  a  posture  of  defense  ; 
the  destruction  of  Gnadenhiitten  had  made  them  apprehend  danger. 
The  principal  buildings  were  defended  by  a  stockade  ;  they  had  pro 
cured  a  quantity  of  arms  and  ammunition  from  New  York,  and  had 
even  placed  a  quantity  of  paving  stones  between  the  windows  of  their 
high  stone  houses,  for  their  women  to  throw  down  upon  the  heads  of 
any  Indians  that  should  attempt  to  force  into  them.  The  armed  breth 
ren  too  kept  watch,  and  relieved  each  other  as  methodically  as  in  any 
garrisoned  town.  In  conversation  with  the  bishop,  Spangenberg,  I 
mentioned  this  my  surprise ;  for  knowing  they  had  obtained  an  Act  of 
Parliament  exempting  them  from  military  duties  in  the  Colonies,  I 
had  supposed  they  were  conscientiously  scrupulous  of  bearing  arms. 
He  answered  that  it  was  not  one  of  their  established  principles,  but 
that,  at  the  time  of  obtaining  that  Act,  it  was  thought  to  be  a  principle 
with  many  of  their  people.  On  this  occasion,  however,  they,  to  their 
surprise,  found  it  adopted  by  but  a  few.  So  it  seems  they  had  either 
deceived  themselves  or  deceived  Parliament;  but  common  sense,  in 
duced  by  present  danger,  will  sometimes  be  too  strong  for  whimsical 
opinions.  On  my  return  I  was  at  their  Church,  where  I  was  enter 
tained  with  good  music,  the  organ  being  accompanied  with  violins,  haut 
boys,  flutes,  clarionets,  &c.  The  sermon  I  heard  was  to  the  children, 
who  came  in  and  were  placed  in  rows  on  benches ;  the  boys  under  the 
conduct  of  a  young  man,  their  tutor,  and  the  girls  conducted  by  a 
young  woman.  The  discourse  seemed  well  adapted  to  their  capacities, 
and  was  delivered  in  a  pleasing,  familiar  manner,  coaxing  them,  as  it 
were,  to  be  good.  They  behaved  very  orderly,  but  looked  pale  and 
unhealthy,  which  made  me  suspect  they  were  kept  too  much  within 
doors,  or  not  allowed  sufficient  exercise.  The  Moravians  furnished 
me  five  wagons  for  the  conveyance  of  our  tools,  stores,  baggage,  &c.  to 
Gnadenhiitten." — Autobiography  of  Ben.  Franklin,  edited  from  his 
MS.  by  John  Bigelow.  Philadelphia,  1868. 


248  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

"  To  day  we  hoisted  your  flag,"  writes  Franklin  to  Governor  Morris, 
January  26,  1756,  "  made  a  general  discharge  of  our  pieces,  which  had 
been  long  loaded,  and  of  our  two  swivels,  and  named  the  place  For 
Allen,  in  honor  of  our  old  friend.  It  is  125  feet  long,  50  feet  wide,  and 
the  stockades,  most  of  them,  a  foot  thick.  They  are  three  feet  in  the 
ground,  and  twelve-feet  out,  pointed  at  the  top."  The  fort  stood  near 
"  New  Gnadenhiitten,"  which  had  been  recommended  by  Spangen- 
berg  as  an  eligible  site  for  a  defensive  work.  The  following  is  the  cor 
respondence  that  passed  between  him  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Pro 
vince  on  the  subject : 

BETHLEHEM,  Nov.  —  1755. 
REV.  RICHARD  PETERS  : 

DEAR  SIR, — I  write  to  you  at  this  time  about  a  subject  which  is  not 
so  very  proper  for  me.  You  will  excuse  it,  however,  considering  that 
at  this  time  every  one  who  is  concerned  for  the  public  welfare  should 
be  at  liberty  to  speak  his  thoughts,  though  it  is  not  his  place  or  office. 
You  will  have  heard  of  the  mischief  done  at  the  Mahony  by  the  In 
dians,  whereby  not  only  our  houses,  barns,  stables,  stores,  &c.  were 
laid  into  ashes,  but  eleven  of  our  people  cruelly  killed,  scalped,  and 
burnt.  You  will  also  have  heard  that  all  the  Indians  and  white  peo 
ple  who  lived  in  Gnadenhiitten  fled  for  their  life  to  Bethlehem  (where 
they  are  still),  leaving  behind  them  all  they  had  in  the  world.  Since 
that  time  I  have  considered  that  if  Gnadenhtitten  is  emptied  and  left 
to  the  enemy  it  may  prove  the  ruin  not  only  of  all  the  settlements  lying 
along  the  Lecha  and  Delaware,  but  also  of  Philadelphia.  For  troops 
may  be  marched  from  Wyomik  to  Gnadenhiitten  in  one  day,  and  if 
they  take  possession  thereof,  they  can  run  down  with  freshes  in  six 
hours  to  Bethlehem,  and  from  thence  to  Philadelphia  in  one  night.  I 
therefore  have  mentioned  this  matter  to  the  Magistrates  of  this  County, 
and  have  represented  unto  them  the  great  calamity  which  could  be 
brought  upon  the  whole  country  by  the  loss  of  that  part  of  the  Province. 
For  the  situation  of  the  hill  which  joins  Gnadenhiitten  is  so  extraor 
dinary  for  a  fort,  that  gentlemen  of  judgment  who  have  seen  it  are  of 
opinion  there  could  be  no  better. 

It  lies  in  the  road  (Indian  path)  which  comes  from  Wyomik,  and 
commands  not  only  the  Lecha  a  great  way,  but  all  sides,  up  and  down, 
before  and  behind. 

If  the  French  once  come  and  build  there  a  fort,  it  will  cost  as  much, 
if  I  am  not  mistaken,  as  the  taking  of  Crown  Point  to  get  it  out  of  their 
hands.  For  if  they  put  a  garrison  in  the  Gaps  of  the  mountain,  and 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  249 

make  there  also  a  fortification,  you  cannot  come  at  them  at  all  with  any 
great  guns.  But  they  can  at  pleasure  come  down  both  by  land  and 
water  and  overrun  all  plantations,  not  only  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Blue  Mountain,  but  on  this  side  also.  I  therefore  think  that  place 
should  needs  be  kept  and  well  secured  for  our  Government  by  a  fort, 
as  well  as  a  good  garrison.  If  the  Government  will  accept  of  ten  acres 
of  land  so  favorably  situated  for  such  a  fort  from  the  Brethren  at  Bethle 
hem,  poor  as  they  are,  having  sustained  such  a  loss,  they  are  willing  to 
give  them  freely.  But  we  do  think  that  as  there  are  at  least  fifteen  little 
habitable  block-houses,  it  will  be  good  to  send  up  men  before  the  enemy 
either  burns  or  takes  them. 

I  am,  dear  sir, 

Your  humble  servant, 

A.  G.  SPANGENBERG. 

To  this  letter  the  Secretary  replied  as  follows : 

PHILA.,  Dec.  5,  1755. 
DEAR  SIR  : 

I  think  myself  favored  by  your  letter,  and  have  done  my  utmost  to 
represent  the  situation  of  Gnadenhutten  to  be  a  very  important  one, 
and  accordingly  the  Governor  and  Commissioners  have  agreed  to  build  a 
wooden  Fort  there,  and  would  be  glad  if  the  Brethren  would  undertake 
the  superintending  of  it.  Many  marks  of  Divine  displeasure  manifest 
themselves  every  day  and  presage  a  heavy  blow.  May  God,  through 
his  Blessed  Son  and  Holy  Spirit,  sanctify  this  afflicted  state  of  things 
to  our  reformation  and  sanctification.  My  prayers  will  never  cease  for 
all  orders,  that  however  they  may  differ  in  speculation  or  in  rites  and 
ceremonies,  we  may  all  agree  to  love  Christ  and  one  another,  and  look 
up  to  Heaven  in  the  decent  use  of  means  for  protection  and  deliver 
ance. 

I  am,  dear  sir,  your 

affectionate  humble  servant, 

RICHARD  PETERS. 


25° 


ACCOUNT  OF  THE   BRETHREN 


Vouchers  belongs  to  the  foregoing  Account. 

I. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1756.  £       *• 

July  1 8.  For  sundries  delivd  to  Tat- 
tewaskundt  and  company, 
&c.,  viz.: 

£       *.       *. 
138  Ibs.  bread,  @  \y^d.  17       3 

50  Ibs.  beef,  @  $d. 16       8 

29    Ibs.    gammons,    @> 

$y2d 13    sX 

10  Ibs.  butter,  @  6d.....  5 

1 6  gall5  milk,  @  &/.....  10       8 

I  bridle 4 

3       6 

For  mending  4  guns 10 

"     1 8.  To  the  tavern  for  18^  gall5 

beer 18       6 

For  victuals  delivd  to  Tat- 

tewaskundt,  &c I       6 

"    8  quarts  beer 2 

"    2  boles  punch* 3 

I      15 

"     19.  For  eating  and  drinking  delivd  to  2  soldiers 

from  Easton I       4 

"  hay  and  oats  for  their  horses,  pr.  order 

of  Mr.  Horsfield I  2 

"  eating  and  drinking  delivd  to  12  soldiers, 
5  meals,  who  came  from  Easton  to 
fetch  Tattewaskundt  and  company....  I  9 

Carrd  forwd 6     13       4 


*  On  the  evening  before  setting  out  for  the  Treaty. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  251 

£       s.      d.          £      s.       d. 

1756.  Bro'forwd 6     13       4^ 

July  30.  For  an  express  to  Easton....  5 

Aug.    i.  *To  the  tavern  for  14  quarts 

beer 4       8 

"    10.  For  an  express  to  Easton 5 

"  II.  To  the  tavern  for  victuals 
delivd  to  5  soldiers  from 
Easton,  who  went  with 
some  Indians  to  Gnaden- 

htttten 6       8 

For    provisions    for   ye   In 
dians....  6     10 


2 


Carrd  for\vd 8       i       6' 


*  On  the  evening  of  the  3ist  of  July  the  Indians  began  to  pass 
through  Bethlehem  on  their  return  from  the  Treaty.  This  had  form 
ally  opened  on  Saturday  the  28th. 

Besides  the  Governor,  and  William  Logan,  Richard  Peters,  Benjamin 
Chew,  and  Jno.  Mifflin,  of  his  Council,  and  the  Commissioners,  Josh. 
Fox,  Jno.  Hughes,  and  William  Edmonds,  there  were  present  officers 
of  the  Royal  American  Regiment,  a  detachment  of  the  Provincial  forces, 
magistrates  of  the  Province,  and  a  deputation  of  Friends  from  Phila 
delphia.  The  Indians  were  represented  by  Teedyuscung  and  fourteen 
other  chiefs,  principally  Delawares.  Conrad  Weisser  was  interpreter 
for  the  Six  Nations,  and  Ben  "ye  Indian  who  speaks  English,"  in 
terpreter  for  the  Delawares.  Pompshire  and  Peepy  were  also  in  at 
tendance.  The  results  of  the  conference,  which  closed  on  the  3 1st, 
were  not  definitive,  although  Teedyuscung  gave  the  assurance  "  that  he 
would  exert  himself  faithfully  and  to  the  utmost  of  his  power  in  the 
service  of  the  Province,  hoping,"  he  added,  "that  matters  would  be 
brought  to  a  happy  issue,  that  there  might  be  a  firm  friendship  and  a 
lasting  union  between  the  Six  Nations  and  the  people  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  that  they  might  be  one  man."  Captain  Newcastle,  furthermore, 
was  formally  appointed  agent  for  the  Province  in  negotiations  with 
the  hostile  Indians,  and,  in  conjunction  with  the  King,  "  invested  with 
the  authority  to  do  the  public  business." 

It  was  designed  to  hold  this  Treaty  at  Bethlehem.     The  messenger 


252  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 


1756.  Brolforwd  ...............................       8       I 

Aug.  ii.  For  2  men's  watching  3  days,  @  2s.  each 

per  day  ............................................  15 

"     13.  For  sundries  delivd  to  Tattewaskundt's  son,*  < 
&c.,  per  order  of  Mr.  Edmonds,  viz.: 

£       *•      ^ 
Shoeing  2  horses  ........  3 

Bread  and  meat  at  their 

departure  ...............  5       3 

Mending  a  gun  lock  and 

knife  .....................  6 

To  the  tavern  for  eating  and 

drinking  ......................  16       8 

For  a  ps.  of  leather  for  mend 

ing  shoes  ..................  3 

"    i   man's  watching,    i^£ 

days,  @j  2s.  6d  .......  3       9 


i      17 


10    14 


(Daniel  Kunkler),  who,  on  the  2 1st  July,  had  been  dispatched  to 
Philadelphia,  with  an  account  of  the  interview  held  with  the  King  in 
Mr.  Horsfield's  office,  returned  on  the  23d  with  a  letter  from  Governor 
Morris  to  Spangenberg,  in  which  the  Governor  writes  :  "  On  commu 
nicating  to  the  Council  my  purpose  of  treating  with  the  Indians  at 
Easton,  many  reasons  were  offered,  which  convinced  me  that  that  will 
by  no  means  be  a  proper  place,  I  therefore  find  myself  laid  under  the 
necessity  of  countermanding  my  orders  to  Mr.  Parsons,  and  of  appoint 
ing  the  Treaty  to  be  held  at  Bethlehem,  and  therefore  request  the  favor 


*  Teedyuscung  had  three  sons,  Amos,  the  oldest,  Kesmitas^  and 
John  Jacob.  The  first,  Tachgokanhelle,  was  baptized  at  Gnadenhiitten 
by  Bishop  Cammerhoff,  December  14,  1750.  He  was  then  twenty- 
two  years  of  age.  His  wife,  Pingtis,  a  sister  of  Agnes  Post,  was  bap 
tized  on  the  same  day,  and  received  the  name  of  Justina.  She  was  a 
Jersey  Delaware.  Amos  was  fitting  out  for  an  embassy  in  behalf  of 
his  father  to  the  Alleghanies. 


WITH   THE    COMMISSIONERS. 

2. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
1756.  £ 

For  sundries  delivd  Jo  Peepy,  Nicodemus, 
&c.,  from  ye    1 8  July  to  ye   3d  August, 


1756,  viz.: 

£     s. 

d. 

423  Ibs.  bread,  @  i%d. 

2       12 

I0>2 

59  Ibs.  beef,  @  4</.... 

19 

8 

32  Ibs.  butter,  @  6</.. 

16 

I  bush1  Indian  corn... 

3 

6 

3  "  white  meal,  @  $s. 

15 

115  gall5  milk,  @  &/... 

i 

2 

>r    2  quarts  salt  . 

19  gall5  beer 

14  quarts  rum,  @  is.  ^d. 

17 

6 

"    15     "       beer,  @  3</... 

"  8  "  "  @  4</..... 
July  1 8.  To  the  tavern  for  victuals 
delivd  4  men,  evening  and 
morning,  who  came  from 
Easton  with  Maj.  Parsons 
on  acct.  of  Jo  Peepy,*  &c. 


Carrd  forwd. 


of  you  and  the  Brethren  to  afford  me  and  my  attendance  what  accom 
modations  are  in  your  power,  which  I  do  not  mean  shall  be  attended 
with  any  expense  to  you."  Preparations  were  being  made  by  the 
former  for  the  reception  of  the  promised  visitors,  when  the  Indians 
reiterated  the  wish  they  had  first  expressed  to  meet  the  Governor  "  at 
the  Forks;"  and  to  this  he  finally  assented.  Anthony  Benezet,  and 
others  of  "  the  deputation  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  City  of  Philadel 
phia  of  the  people  called  Quakers,"  visited  at  Bethlehem  and  at  the 
"  Upper  Places"  after  the  Treaty.  They  were  much  interested  in  the 
Nursery,  or  Institute  for  Children,  into  which  the  children  from  all 
the  settlements  of  the  Brethren  had  been  gathered  in  this  time  of  alarm. 
*  Pursuant  to  an  order  from  the  Governor  to  escort  him  and  the 
other  Indians  who  had  arrived  from  Diahoga  to  Easton. 


254  'ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

£       s.      d.        £      s. 

1756.  Bro'forwd 8     15 

July  1 8.  For     hay    and   oats   for    5 

horses 4       7 

"    hay  for  3  horses  for  5 

days 10 

"    hay  for  4  horses  for   8 
days,   @   8d.   each  a 

day 114 

"    hay  for  5  horses,  for  3 

days 8       6 

2       4 
For  6  qts.  rum,  @  is.  3^/...  7       6 

"    medicines 15       6 

"    2     men's     watching     7 
days,  @  2J.  6</.  each 

pr.  day I      15 

"     I  man's  watching  for  9 

days  to  inst 126 


15 


3- 

Province  of  Pennsil*  to  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1756.  £       s.      d.      £       s.     d. 

For    sundries    delivd    Capt. 
Newcastle*  and  company. 
July  17.  To  the  tavern  for  4  gall5  beer  4 

«      ->j         u  "          "    2  "  2 


Carrd  forwd. 


*  Newcastle  returned  to  Bethlehem  at  the  close  of  the  Treaty,  and, 
"  on  the  3d  of  Aug.,"  says  the  diaiist,  "the  faithful  old  chief,  who  had 
ventured  his  life  for  the  restoration  of  peace,  set  out  for  his  home.  He 
took  with  him  the  Indians  who  had  been  here  occasionally  during  the 
past  two  weeks,  and  was  accompanied  to  Gnadenhlitten  by  Nicholas 
Garrison,  Jr." 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS.  255 

£        s-     d- 

1756.  Bro1  forwd 6 

July  311  For  hire  of  3  horses  to  PhiK  and  back,  @ 

7-r.  6ct.  each I       2       6 

Aug.   2.  For  I  quart  good  milk 3 

"    i  saddle ^i 

"    3.      "    hay  and  oats  for  their 

horses  3  days 9       4 

"    18  quarts  beer 6 

"    mending4guns 156 

3  10 

li    I  man's  watching,  2  days,  @  2s.  6d. 5 


4- 
Province  of  Pennsila  to  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1756.  £ 

For  sundries   delivd  on  acct.   of  ye  Treaty 

with  ye  Indians  at  Easton  in  July  last. 
July  25.  For  hire  of  a  man  to  go  with  ye  Governor's 

soldiers*  to  Easton 

"    4200  white  wampums,  old  and  new,  of 

ye  best  sort,  @  y.  pr.  ct.f 6 


Carrd  forwd 6     n 


*  A  detachment  of  the  First  Battalion  of  the  Pennsylvania  Regi 
ment. 

•j-  The  Brethren  were  generally  well  provided  with  this  species  of 
currency,  for  use  in  their  intercourse  with  the  Indians.  "  New  York, 
March  26,  1749,"  writes  Bro.  Kingston,  "  Bro.  Boemper  will  bring 
the  wampum  you  wrote  for,  along.  I  have  procured  of  the  wampum- 
maker  1000  white,  @  £i  los.,  and  1000  black,  @  £2  5*."  The 
Jersey  Indians  were  skillful  artificers  in  wampum. 

Newcastle,  in  the  course  of  the  Treaty,  advised  the  Governor  to 
accept  the  belt  that  Teedyuscung  had  offered  him,  without  hesitation, 
stating  that  it  had  been  sent  by  the  Six  Nations  to  the  Delawares,  and 
that  it  ought  to  be  preserved  among  the  Council  Wampum.  At  the 


256  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

£  s.    d. 

1756.  Bro'forwd 6  n 

July  27.  To  ye  tavern  for  sundries  delivd  Mr.  Conrad 

Weisser's  compy  as  pr.  bill 4  18       6 

To  ye  doctor  for  curing  Capt.  Newcastle.*...        I  10 
For  hire  of  3  horses  to  Easton,  @  2s.  each..  6 


13       5 


same  time,  he  urged  the  propriety  of  returning  another  by  way  of  re 
sponse.  "  The  King,"  he  proceeded,  "  will  want  abundance  of  wam 
pum,  and  if  he  has  it  not,  the  cause  will  suffer.  I  hope  the  Council- 
bag  is  full,  and  desire  it  may  be  emptied  in  the  lap  of  Teedyuscung." 
Hereupon  the  Secretary  was  ordered  to  bring  all  the  wampum  he  had 
into  Council,  and  there  were  found  to  be  15  strings  and  7  belts,  and 
a  parcel  of  new  black  wampum,  amounting  to  7000  pieces.  There 
being  no  new  white  wampum,  nor  any  proper  belt  to  give  in  return 
for  Teedyuscung' s  Peace  Belt,  a  messenger  was  sent  to  Bethlehem, 
and  he  returned  with  5000.  Upon  which  the  Indian  women  were  em 
ployed  to  make  a  belt  of  a  fathom  long  and  sixteen  beads  wide,  in  the 
center  of  which  was  to  be  the  figure  of  a  man,  meaning  the  Governor 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  five  figures  to  his  right,  and  five  to  his  left,  mean 
ing  the  ten  nations  mentioned  by  Teedyuscung. —  Colonial  Records. 

*  "  The  day  before  the  opening  of  the  Treaty,  Newcastle  came  to 
the  Governor  and  stated  that  the  Delawares  had  bewitched  him,  and 
he  should  soon  die.  Teedyuscung  he  declared  had  warned  him,  in  a 
friendly  manner,  that  he  would  not  live  long,  having  overheard  two 
Delawares  say  they  would  put  an  end  to  his  life  by  witchcraft.  The 
Governor  endeavored  to  show  him  that  he  was  in  no  danger,  but  he 
made  no  impression,  Newcastle  insisting  that  this  information  be  com 
mitted  to  writing  and  inserted  in  the  Minutes  of  Council  and  com 
municated  in  a  special  message  to  the  Six  Nations.  Easton,  Jtdy 
28.  '  To  the  surprise  of  everybody,  Captain  Newcastle  was  seized  this 
morning  with  a  violent  pleurisy  and  thought  to  be  in  great  danger, 
but  on  losing  some  blood  and  taking  proper  physic,  the  violence  of 
the  distemper  abated,  and  he  recovered.'  " — Pennsylvania  Archives. 

Late  in  October,  Newcastle  returned  to  Philadelphia  from  an  em 
bassy  to  the  Six  Nations,  to  whom  he  had  been  dispatched  to  inquire 
into  the  character  and  credentials  of  Teedyuscung.  He  reported  these 
words  from  one  of  their  principal  counselors,  "  The  Delaware  chief 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS. 

Copy  of  Conrad  Weisser1**  Bill. 
The  Commissioners  of  Pennsila  to  the  Inn 
keeper  at  Bethlehem  Ferry,  Dr.     July  27, 

1756. 

For  supper  and  breakfast  for  48  men,  Con 
rad  Weisser  and  compy,  including  hay  for 
ye  horses £  3  I 

On  their  return  from  Easton 
for  dinner  to  the  same 
comp>' i  17  6 


257 


4     18       6 
I  Aug*  Nicholas  Schaefer.f 

1756. 

The  above  acct.  left  unpaid  by  me,  amount 
ing  to  four  pounds  eighteen  shilling  and 
sixpence. 

CONRAD  WEISSER. 


did  not  speak  truth  when  he  told  the  Governor  he  had  authority  from 
the  Six  Nations  to  treat  with  Onas."  Soon  after,  he  was  taken  ill 
of  smallpox,  and  died  during  the  Governor's  absence  at  the  second 
Treaty,  held  in  Easton.  Here  his  decease  was  publicly  announced, 
and  a  string  of  wampum  and  eleven  black  strouds  given  the  Indians 
in  behalf  of  the  Province  to  remind  them  of  the  "  good  man  who  had 
been  very  instrumental  in  promoting  the  good  work  of  peace,  and  to 
wipe  away  their  tears,  and  take  grief  from  their  hearts." — Colonial 
Records. 

*  Conrad  Weisser  was  commissioned  Lieutenant-Colonel  1st  Bat 
talion  Pennsylvania  Regiment  on  May  5,  1756.  "Upon  the  present 
exigency  of  affairs,  as  Mr.  Weisser  is  known  to  be  well  attached  to  his 
Majesty's  government,  and  to  have  distinguished  himself  by  raising  a 
large  body  of  men  to  oppose  .the  incursions  of  the  enemy  and  to  de 
fend  the  several  parts  of  the  county  where  he  resides  that  lie  most 
exposed  to  their  depredations,  it  was  judged  proper  to  give  him  the 
command  of  the  companies  that  should  be  raised  in  that  county  (Berks), 
and  accordingly  the  Governor  executed  a  commission,  appointing  him 
Colonel  of  the  forces  that  were  raised  and  should  be  raised  in  said 
county." — Minutes  Provincial  Council,  October  31,  1755. 

f  A  son  of  Michael  Schaefer,  of  Tulpehocken.     Succeeded  J.  God- 


258  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 


III.  ACCOUNT  SENT  TO  YE  COMMISSIONERS  IN  PHILA.,  SEPTEMBER  14, 
1756.     DATED  SEPTEMBER  n,  1756. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1756.  £      s.       d. 

Aug.  14.  For  the  sum  of  the  account  delivd 200     14       5 


Sept.  ii.  For  sundries  delivd  82  Indians*  from  ye  14 

August  to  n  Septr,  viz.: 

1840  Ibs.  bread,  @  i %d. 9     n       8 

304  Ibs.  beef,  @  2*/2d 334 

45  /4.  bush5  Indian  corn  delivd  since  ye  17 

July,  their  own  being  consumed,  @  3^.6^.  7     19       3 

159  gall5  milk,  @  8</ 5       6 

3  quarts  linseed  oil  @  is 3 

2  gall5  soft  sope,  @  is 2 

2  Ibs.  candles,  @  *jd I        2 

2  bushl5  pease,  @  6s 12 


26     18       5 
To   the    Bethlehem   Tavern,   for   sundries. 

(See  Voitcher  i) 1252 

To  the  Bethlehem  store,  for  sundries.     (See 

Voucher  i) 18       6 

Aug.  15.  For  an  express  to  bring  ye  Indians  Christian 

and  Samuelf  to  Phila 226 

"     17.  For  3  bushl5  meal  delivd  Tadyuscund  and 

company,  @  55 15 


Carrd  forwd 42     19 


frey  Grabs,  at  "the  Crown,"  in  April  of  1756.  Schaefer's  wife  was 
Jeannette,  the  oldest  daughter  of  Isaac  Ysselstein.  Frederic  Schaefer, 
who  deceased  at  Nazareth  in  1830,  was  a  son. 

*  The  refugees  from  Gnadenhiitten. 

•j-  Two  Moravian  Indians,  formerly  of  Gnadenhiitten,  who  had  come 
from  Diahoga,  and  who,  at  their  request,  were  escorted  to  Phila 
delphia. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  259 

£  *•       d- 

1756.  Brotforwd 42  19       7 

Aug.  23.  For  an  express  to  his  Honor  ye  Governor 
with  letters,  being  obliged  to  wait  several 

days  for  ye  Governor's*  answer 2  5     10 


Carrd  forwd 45        5        5 


*  This  express  was  the  bearer  of  the  following  congratulatory  letter 
and  memorial  from  Spangenberg  to  Lieutenant-Governor  William 
Denny,  who  had  recently  arrived  from  England,  with  his  commission 
from  Thomas  and  Richard  Penn  : 

MAY  IT  PLEASE  YOUR  HONOUR, 

We,  his  Majesties  most  dutiful  and  Loyal  Subjects,  Members  of  the 
Unitas  Fratrum,  residing  in  Northampton  County  and  Province  of 
Pensylvania,  and  our  United  Brethren  in  said  Province,  having  with 
pleasure  heard  of  Yr  Honrs  safe  Arrival  in  Philadelphia,  cannot  but 
return  Almighty  God  Thanks  for  his  gracious  Preservation  of  Yr  Honr 
on  your  Voyage  at  this  Time  of  Danger. 

We  beg  Leave  to  congratulate  Your  Honour  at  your  Entrance  on 
this  important  Station,  which  so  immediately  concerns  the  Welfare  of 
so  many  Thousand  People,  and  especially  at  this  critical  Juncture,  and 
we  thankfully  receive  You  as  a  Minister  of  God,  appointed  from  above, 
to  the  Deterring  and  Obstructing  of  Evil,  and  to  the  Encouraging  and 
Promoting  of  that  which  is  good. 

Wre  also  thank  his  Majesty,  our  most  gracious  Sovereign  King, 
George  the  Secd,  for  his  paternal  care  towards  this  Province,  as  also 
towards  all  other  the  Territories  (which  the  Lord  of  Lords  and  King 
of  Kings  has  entrusted  to  him),  demonstrated  in  sending  Wise  and 
Prudent  Governors,  in  his  Name  faithfully  to  promote  the  Welfare  of 
this  Country.  May  his  Majesty  enjoy  a  long  and  happy  Reign  over 
us  !  and  let  all  the  Enemies  of  his  Royal  Family  be  as  Chaff  before  the 
Wind,  and  as  Stubble  before  the  Fire. 

We  gratefully  acknowledge  that  we  have  hitherto  lived  under  this 
Government  with  Contentment,  and  esteem  ourselves  happy  that  we 
reside  in  a  Country  furnish' d  with  such  good  Laws,  govern'd  by  so 
wise  a  Sovereign,  and  which,  by  the  Regulation  of  the  late  Honoble 
Proprietor,  Wm.  Penn,  Esqre,  of  happy  Memory,  has  a  Pre-eminence, 
and  if  the  Proprietor3  Governor  and  Country  harmonize  together, 
(which  is  our  earnest  wish)  might  become  the  Flower  of  America. 

The  English  Nation,  as  it  is  in  general  of  generous  Principles,  not 


260  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

£  s.     d. 

1756.                     Bro*  forwd 45  5       5 

Aug.  23.  For  an  express  to  Easton 5 

"    27.  To  the  tavern  for  sundries  delivd  to  Pennsila 
Regiment,  as  pr.  receipt  of  Mr.  Conrad 

Weisser* 5  3     n 


Carrd  for\vd 50     14 


forcing  any  one's  Conscience  or  restraining  his  Liberty,  but  leaving  the 
Hearts  to  God,  has  also  been  so  favourable  to  our  Brethren,  as  by  an 
Act  of  Parliament  to  exempt  such  of  them  as  conscientiously  scruple 
the  Taking  of  an  Oath,  and  the  Bearing  of  Arms.  And  to  the  Praise 
of  this  Govern1,  we  must  declare  that  they  have  hitherto  dealt  with  us 
agreeable  to  the  Same,  having  forced  none  of  us  either  to  take  an  Oath 
or  go  to  the  War. 

Our  principal  Endeavour  has  been  to  delight  the  Heart  of  our  dear 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  to  live  to  his  Honour,  whom  we  adore  as  our 
Creator,  and  who  also  was  manifested  in  the  Flesh,  became  a  Sacrifice 
for  us,  and  redeemed  us  from  the  Dominion  of  Sin  and  Satan  by  his 
own  Blood.  And  we  hope  that  our  Labour  has  not  been  in  vain, 
although  we  must  confess  that  we  are  infinitely  indebted  to  Him 
still. 

Our  next  Concern  has  been  to  make  the  Offices  of  Govern*  (which 
are  in  themselves  heavy  enough)  as  easy  and  light  as  possible  to  the 
Magistrates,  and  under  them  to  lead  a  quiet  and  peaceable  Life  in  all 
Godliness  and  Honesty.  And  to  order  our  Matters  with  such  Decorum 
and  Industry,  that  our  Fellow  Subjects,  instead  of  Complaint  against  us, 
might  be  rather  induced  to  thank  God  for  sending  hither  the  Offspring 
of  those  Confessors,  of  whom  many  Hundreds  boldly  seal'd  with  their 
Blood  that  Truth  which  they  knew  to  be  the  Word  of  God.  With  re 
gard  to  this  Point,  all  those  who  know  us  right,  will,  we  hope,  have  a 
favourable  opinion  of  us. 

Thirdly,  ever  since  we  came  into  the  Country,  our  hearty  desire  has 
been  for  the  Furtherance  of  the  Gospel  among  the  poor  Heathen,  who 
are  the  most  miserable  Slaves  of  the  Devil,  and  worship  him  still  as 
their  God.  In  order  to  bring  them  effectually  acquainted  with  the 


*  "  AugTist  26.  Col.  Weisser,  with  a  detachment,  passed  through  to 
the  frontiers." — Bethlehem  Diarist. 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS.  26l 

£  *•      <*. 

1756.  Bro'  forwd 5°  H       4 

Sept.  3.  For  an  express  to  bring  Shikellimy*  and  his 

wife  to  Phila.,  expenses,  horse  hire,  Sec  ...       3  15 


54 


Way  of  Life,  which  is  Jesus  Christ,  that  is,  to  believe  on  Him,  to  love 
Him,  and  to  be  obedient  to  Him.  Our  blessed  Saviour  has  also  given 
some  success  to  this  our  undertaking,  by  rendering  through  the  Gos 
pel  many  a  Monster  (for  such  they  are  till  they  come  to  Him),  not 
only  humanized,  but  also  Lovers  of  their  Creator.  And  a  little  Flock  of 
such  Indians  there  are  living  with  us  in  Bethlehem,  and  ever  since 
the  commencement  of  the  War,  having  from  the  Beginning  desired  and 
enjoy'd  as  Children  the  Protection  of  this  Government.  We  beg  leave 
herewith  heartily  to  recommend  them  to  Yr  Honour's  Protection  and 
Favour. 

As  to  the  Recompense  we  have  had  from  the  Savages  for  all  the  Faith 
fulness  shewn  to  them,  for  all  our  dangerous  Journeys  to  them,  and 
Perils  among  them,  it  need  not  now  be  related,  it  being  already  noto 
riously  known.  Yet  this  shall  not  discourage  us  from  proceeding  to 
use  our  best  Endeavours  to  bring  those  poor  Creatures,  possess'd  by 
more  than  One  Demon,  to  Faith  in  Christ. 

We  conclude  with  recommending  this  and  all  other  Our  Congrega- 


*  John  Shikellimy,  alias  Tachnachdoarus,  son  of  old  Shikellimy, 
and  his  wife,  reached  Bethlehem  on  the  1st  of  September,  from  Dia- 
hoga,  en  route  for  Philadelphia,  whither  he  had  been  summoned  by 
the  Governor.  While  at  the  former  place,  he  was  examined  by  "  David 
Zeisberger,  a  Moravian  Brother,  who  speaks  the  Indian  language  well," 
in  the  presence  of  Justice  Horsfield.  He  reported  the  condition  of 
affairs  in  the  Indian  country,  stated  that  "  in  the  previous  winter  the 
Six  Nations  had  sent  many  belts  to  the  Delawares  and  Shawanese  de 
siring  them  to  leave  off  doing  mischief,  that  at  last  they  were  obedient, 
that  Teedyuscung  was  the  only  person  who  had  incited  the  Indians 
against  the  English,  that  the  Six  Nations  were  highly  displeased  with 
him,  but  that  now  he  had  altered  his  mind  and  spoke  very  much  to  the 
English  interest  to  the  Indians."  Shikellimy  was  at  this  time  an  agent 
for  the  Province  in  its  business  with  his  countrymen. 


262  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

Vouchers  belongs  to  the  foregoing  Account. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  Bethlehem  Tavern,*  Dr. 
1756.  £       s.      d. 

Aug.  15.  For  victuals  delivd  2  In 
dians  and  2  soldiers,  even 
ing  and  morning,  who 

came  from  Easton. £  6 

"5qtsbeer I       8 

"   l^  qts  rum I      10 


Carrd  forwd. 


tions  in  this  Province  to  Yr  Honour's  kind  Favour  and  Protection,  at 
the  same  time  sincerely  beseeching  God  to  give  Yr  Honour  Wisdom, 
Courage,  and  Success  in  all  your  Undertakings,  for  the  good  of  the 
Country  during  your  Administration  in  Government. 

We  are,  with  all  Respect,  Yr  Honour's 

most  obedient  and  humble  Servts. 
BETHLEHEM,  August  21,  1756. 

Sign'd  in  behalf  of  the  above  mentioned  Members  of  the  Unitas 
Fratrum  and  their  United  Brethren.  Joseph,  alias  Augustus  Gottlieb 
Spangenberg,  Ordinarii  Unitatis  Fratrum  Vicarius  Genera/is  in 
America.  m,  p.  p. 

The  Governor  in  his  reply  thanked  the  Brethren  for  their  good 
wishes,  and  assured  them  of  his  purpose  to  protect  their  interests  and 
their  persons  in  this  time  of  danger,  as  far  as  lay  in  his  power.  The 
bearer  of  the  above  address  was  also  intrusted  with  a  letter  from 
Spangenberg  to  the  late  Governor  Morris,  in  which  he  returned  thanks 
to  him  for  the  regard  that  he  had  had  for  himself  and  the  Brethren 
during  his  term  of  office. 

*  "  The  Crown"  (die  Krone),  originally  the  cabin  of  a  Swiss  squatter, 
Ritsche  by  name,  who  settled  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river  in  1742. 
In  February,  1743,  the  tract  of  274  acres,  on  which  he  was  seated,  was 
purchased  by  the  Brethren  of  Win.  Allen.  They  bought  the  squatter 
off  and  out,  leased  the  premises  to  one  Anton  Gilbert,  from  German- 
town,  then  to  one  Adam  Schaues,  and  in  1745,  after  having  enlarged 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  263 

£        *•      d. 


1756.  Bro1  forwd 

Aug.  1  8.  For     eating     evening    and 
morning,  delivd  to   King 
Tadyuskund,*  6  Indians, 
and    2  soldiers,  who    es 
corted    them   from    Gna- 
denhutten  .....................  £  4 

"  rum  and  punch  ..............  4 

"   I5qtsbeer  ....................  5 

"  hay     and      oats      for      3 

horses  ..  c 


18 
Carrd  forwd i        7 


the  building,  opened  it  for  public  entertainment.  It  was  stocked  in 
May  of  that  year  with  gill  and  half-gill  pewter  wine-measures,  with 
2  dram-glasses,  2  hogsheads  of  cider,  I  cask  of  metheglin,  I  cask  of 
rum,  6  pewter  plates,  iron  candlesticks,  and  whatever  else  could  min 
ister  to  the  creature  comforts  of  the  tired  traveler.  Here  he  was 
served  with  a  breakfast  of  tea  or  coffee  at  four  pence,  a  dinner  at  six 
pence,  a  pint  of  beer  at  three  pence,  a  supper  at  four  pence,  or  if  hot 
at  six  pence ;  with  lodgings  at  two  pence,  and  night's  hay  and  oats 
for  his  horse  at  twelve  pence.  Jost  Vollert  was  the  first  landlord  for 
the  Brethren.  The  succession  of  publicans  to  the  close  of  this  piece 
of  history  was  as  follows :  Hartmann  Verdries,  J.  Godfrey  Grabs, 
Nicholas  Schaeffer,  and  Ephraim  Culver.  In  1794  the  sign-board,  em 
blazoned  with  the  British  Crown,  that  had  often  served  as  a  mark  for 
the  arrows  of  the  wild  Indian  boys  of  "  Teedyuscung's  company"  was 
taken  down  and*  the  old  hostelry  converted  into  a  farm-house.  It 
stood  near  the  site  of  the  Union  Depot  of  the  Lehigh  Valley  and  North 
Pennsylvania  Railroads  until  about  1860.  At  an  early  day  the  Brethren 
had  built  several  houses  near  the  Crown,  and  thus  a  small  settlement 
sprung  up  on  the  south  side  of  the  river.  A  school  for  girls,  and  sub 
sequently  one  for  boys,  "  atif  der  Gedidd,"  was  temporarily  conducted 
here  in  1747. 

*  "  In  the  evening  of  August  17,  Teedyuscung,  who  since  the  Treaty, 
had  been  loitering  by  Fort  Allen,  returned  to  Bethlehem  with  a  few  of 


264  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£       s.      d. 
1756.  Bro*  forwd I          76 

Aug.  1 8.  For  victuals  delivd  I  soldier 
from  Gleissen's*  who  es 
corted  Nathaniel  and  com 
pany  to  Bethlehem,  and 
hay  and  oats  for  his  horse  £  I  10 

Sept.  II.  "  victuals  delivd  to  Na 
thaniel,!  his  wife,  and  2 
children,  and  I  other  In 
dian,  from  ye  13  August 
to  ye  ii  Septr,  being  29^ 

days,  @  4J.  pr  day 5      13 

"  keeping  his  horse  from 
ye  13  Aug1  to  ye  ii  Septr, 
@  8</.  per  day 19  4 


6     14 

victuals  and  drink,  hay 
and  oats  for  ye  soldiers 
that  escorted  ye  King  Tad- 
yuscund's  wife  and  family 
from  Fort  Allen  to  Bethm  2  6 


Carrd  forwd. 


his  associates,  for  the  twofold  purpose  of  enticing  his  niece  Theodora 
away,  and  of  prevailing  with  our  Indians  to  accompany  him  to  Dia- 
hoga.  He  set  out  for  the  Fort  next  day,  without  having  accomplished 
his  object.  On  the  2ist  his  wife  and  children  arrived.  The  King  they 
stated  was  gone  to  the  Minnisinks  to  arrest  his  Indians  there  in  their 
depredations." — Bethlehem  Diarist. 

*  Quaere — Where  was  Gleissen's? 

f  These  were  Moravian  Indians  who  had  withdrawn  or  been  en 
ticed  from  the  mission  at  Gnadenhiitten,  in  the  summer  of  1755,  and 
had  gone  up  the  Susquehanna.  Nathaniel,  a  Delaware  from  Tenk- 
hanneck,  twenty  miles  above  Wyoming,  had  been  baptized  by  Bishop 
Cammerhoff,  May  17,  1749.  His  wife  was  Priscilla.  The  third 
Indian  was  Thamar,  Anton's  mother.  They  were  quartered  at  "  the 
Crown." 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS. 


265 


£      s.    d.         £     s.     d. 
I756-  Brotforw*1 26  842 

For  victualing  ye  king's 
wife*  and  3  children  from 
ye  21  Augs'toy6  n  Septr, 
being  21  days,  @  2s.  bd. 
per  day 2  12  6 


2     15 

(  eating,  beer  and  rum    delivd  Shikellimy 

his  wife,  and  2  soldiers  from  Fort  Allen  14 

(  eating    evening   and   morning,   delivd   to 

7  soldiers  from  Fort  Allen,  who  brought 

2  prisoners-) 

beer  do 

hay  and  oats  for 


to  Easton  

JO 

.  r 

2 

>r         do... 

I 

4 

3 

8 

12       5 

2 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  Bethlehem  Store,  Dr. 
1756.       For  sundries,  viz.: 

July  5.      «    y2    lb.    cotton    wick    delivd    for    Fort 
Norris.J 


Carrd  forwd 


*  Her  Christian  name  was  Elisabeth.  Baptized  March  19,  1750,  by 
Martin  Mack,  at  Gnadenhutten,  on  the  Mahoning.  In  the  evening  of 
August  21  she  had  been  escorted  from  Fort  Allen,  in  accordance  with 
her  wish  to  reside  at  Bethlehem  while  in  the  settlements.  She  and  her 
children  were  quartered  at  "  the  Crown." 

t  Quaere— Corporal  Weyrick  and  Lieutenant  Miiller  for  insubordi 
nation  ?  See  Penn.  Archives,  vol.  i.  pp.  749  and  754. 

J  Fort  Norris,  named  for  Isaac  Norris,  Speaker  of  the  Assembly, 
was  built  in  the  spring  of  1756,  on  Head's  Creek  (Hoth's),  in  Chestnut 
Hill  Township,  Monroe  County,  not  far  from  the  site  of  the  Weque- 
tanc  Mission.  "  It  stands  in  a  valley,  midway  between  the  North 
mountain  and  the  Tuscarory,  6  miles  from  Each  on  the  high  Road 
towards  the  Minnrsink,  it  is  a  Square  about  80  fl  Each  way  with  four 

18 


266  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 


.  forwd  ................................ 

July  5.     For  3  quires  paper  delivd  to  Capt.  Insley,* 

per  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield  ..............  3 

"     i  half  gallon  measure..  £  26 

"     i    funnel,     delivd    per 

order   of  Mr.    Hors 

field  for  to   measure 

rum  for  ye  Forts  ......  2 

4 

21.    "    2  quires  paper  delivd  for  Fort  Norris  ..... 
o-.  14.     "     5  qts  linseed  oil  ...........  £  5 


Ib.  cotton  wick 


Delivd  per  order  of  Maj.  Parsons  for  ye 

men  posted  at  Easton. 

Sept.    7.    "     i  quire  paper  delivd  for  Capt.  Arndt'sf 
compy  ........................................ 


18 


half  Bastions,  all  very  Completely  Staccaded,  and  finished,  and  very 
Defenceable,  the  Woods  are  Clear  400  yds.  Round  it,  on  the  Bastions, 
are  two  Sweevle  Guns  mount'd,  within  is  a  good  Barrack,  a  Guard 
Room,  Store  Room,  and  Kitchen,  also  a  Good  Well.  Provincial 
Stores',  13  gd  Muskets,  3  burst  Do.,  16  very  bad  Do.,  32  Cartooch 
boxes,  100  Ibs.  Powder,  300  Ibs.  Lead,  112  Blankets,  39  Axes,  3 
Broad  Do.,  80  Tamhacks,  6  Shovels,  2  Grub  Hoes,  5  Spades,  5  Draw 
ing  knives,  9  chisels,  3  adses,  3  Hand  Saws,  2  Augers,  2  Spliting 
knives.  July  2nd,  1756. 

"  JAS.  YOUNG, 

"Comissy  Gen1  of  ye  Musters." 

The  well  of  the  old  fort  may  yet  be  traced  on  the  property  of  Wil 
liam  Serfass. 

*  Joseph  Insley,  Sr.,  Captain  of  one  of  the  Associated  Companies  in 
Bucks  County.— Pennsylvania  Archives,  vol.  ii.  p.  20.  His  son,  Joseph 
Insley,  Jr.,  was  the  ensign  in  his  father's  company. 

f  Jacob  Arndt,  of  Bucks  County,  acting  commandant  of  Fort  Allen, 
commissioned  Captain  of  1st  Battalion  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  April 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS,  267 

Copy  of  Conrad  Weisser's  Receipt  belong^,  to  the  foregoing  Account. 
The  -Account  of  the  Expenses  of  the  officers 
of  Pennsil3  Reg1  to  Lieut.-Col.  Weisser, 
Maj.  Parsons,  and  Capt.  Insley,  with  18 
private  men,  including  the  disserters  from 
the  French-Indian,  and  hay  and  pasturing 
to  14  horses  at  the  In  of  Bethlehem,  amt^ 
in  the  whole  to  five  pound  three  shilling 
and  eleven  pence.  Augs*  27,  1756. 

The  above  is  a  true  account. 

CONRAD  WEISSER. 


IV.  ACCOUNT  SENT  TO  YE  COMMISSIONERS  IN  PHILA.  YE  24  NOVR, 

DATED  YE  23  NOVR. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Steward  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1756.  £       s.      d. 

Nov.  22.  For  ye  ballance  of  accts  delivd 118       I        i 

"  sundries  delivd  Tadyuskund's  family 

from  ye  1 1  Sepr  last.  (See  Voucher  i)  5  7  7^ 

"  sundries  delivd  Nathanael  and  family 

since  II  Sepr  last.  (See  Voucher  2}.  536 

"  sundries  delivd  Sam  Evans  and  com 
pany.  (See  Voucher  3) 18  2 


forwd 129     10 


1 8, 1756.  Assigned  to  the  command  of  Fort  Allen,  October  9,  1756. 
Major  of  troops  at  Fort  Augusta  (Sunbury)  in  1758.  In  1760,  Mr. 
Arndt  purchased  a  mill-seat,  three  miles  above  Easton,  on  the  Bush- 
kill.  Christensen,  the  millwright  at  Bethlehem,  and  projector  of  the 
first  water- works  at  that  place,  built  Arndt's  mill.  In  October  of  1764, 
Mr.  Arndt  was  elected  captain  of  an  independent  company,  raised  in 
his  neighborhood  for  home  defense  against  the  Indians.  In  1774  he 
was  appointed  one  of  a  Committee  of  Northampton,  to  co-operate  with 
the  Committees  of  other  counties  of  the  Province,  for  the  purpose  of 
convoking  a  General  Congress  of  Committees,  which  should  devise 
means  for  resisting  the  Boston  Port  Bill.  In  1776,  a  member  of  the 
Executive  Council  of  Pennsylvania.  Deceased  at  Easton,  Pennsylva 
nia,  in  1805. 


268  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

£       J-     d. 
1756.  Bro*  forwd 129     10       4^ 

Nov.  22.  For  sundries  delivd  Nicodemus  and  family 
since  they  came  up  from  Phila.     (See 

Voucher  4) 2     12       5^ 

To  the  tavern  at  Bethlehem  for  sundry  enter 
tainment.     (See  Voucher  5) 5     12       i^ 

"  the  smith  at  Bethlehem.  (See  Voucher  6)       I       9 
"  the       doctor      at      Bethlehem.        (See 

Voucher  7) I        I       6 

"  Bethlehem    store    for    sundries.       (See 

Voucher 8) 4     15 

H5  5X 

Off  5^.,  being  paid  by  Capt.  Reynolds  for 
repairing  a  gun  which  ye  Province  was 
charged  14  Aug1  last 5 


J44     15       5X 


Vouchers  belongs  to  the  foregoing  Account. 


Province  of  Pennsila  Dr.  to  Bethlehem. 
For   sundries    delivd   Tadyuskund's   family 

from  ye  n  Septr  last,  viz.: 

1756.    To  the  tavern  for  victuals,  &c.,  to  ye  I  Octr,     £       s.      d. 
being  20  days,  @  $s.  $d.  per  day  ............        368 

And  then  since  Oct.  I. 

126  Ibs   bread,  @,  i^d  .....................  13       ij 

15  Ibs.  beef,  @  2/2J  ........................  3       \ 

6  Ibs.  pork,  @  -$d  ............................  I       6 

6X  Ibs.  butter,  @  6d  ........................  3       \ 

54  qte  milk,  @  \yzd.  .........................  6       9 

\yt  bush.  Indian  corn,  @  2s  ..............  2       6 

I  quart  beer  ...................................  4 

I  pint  cydar  ....................................  2 

2  Ib.  candles  .................................  4 


Carrd  forwd  ..............................       4     17       7X 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  269 

£  s-  d- 

1756.  Bro*  forwd 4  17       7^ 

Oct.  30.  To  hire  of  a  waggon  to  bring  them  to  Easton*  10 


2. 

Province  of  Pennsila  Dr.  to  Bethlehem. 
For  sundries  delivd  Nathanael  and  family 

since  Sept.  n  last,  viz.: 
To  the  tavern  for  victuals  &c.  to  ye  I  Oct., 

being  20  days,  @  2s.  8d.  per  day..  2134 

And  then  since  ye  I  Oct. 

174  Ibs.  bread,  @  i%d. 18       i 

38  Ibs.  beef,  @  2l/£d 7     11 

6  Ibs.  pork,  @  3^ I       6 

7  Ibs.  butter,  @  6d. 3       6 

78  qte  milk,  @  l%d. 9       9 

I^  bush.  Indian  corn,  @  2s 2       3 

I  pint  beer 2 

I  gall,  cydar I 

I  pint  rum 7 

}4  lb.  candles 4 

Nov.  1 1.  To  hire  of  a  man  and  horse  for  brings  Ruthf 

and  her  children  to  Easton...  c 


*  On  request  of  Teedyuscung,  who  had  arrived  there  for  the  im 
pending  Treaty.  "  Last  night  (October  29),  in  pursuance  to  your  orders," 
writes  Weisser  to  Gov.  Denny,  "  I  arrived  here  (Easton);  about  a 
quarter  of  an  hour  after  my  arrival  came  in  Teedyuscung.  The  old  man 
appeared  extremely  glad  to  see  me,  and  so  was  the  rest,  especially  three 
of  the  Six  Nation  Indians.  They  told  me  that  several  of  their  cousins, 
the  Delawares,  stood  back  at  Gnadenhiitten,  and  some  further  off,  till 
they  should  understand  whether  or  no  it  would  be  safe  for  them  to 
come." — Colonial  Records. 

f  Ruth,  formerly  of  Gnadenhiitten,  who  had  for  some  time  been 
quartered  with  her  family  at  "  the  Crown."  She  was  accompanied 
thither  by  most  of  the  other  Indians,  all  desirous  of  being  present  at 
the  Treaty. 


270 


ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 


3- 

1756.         Province  of  Pennsila  Dr.  to  Bethlehem. 
Nov.  22.  For  sundries  delivd  Samuel  Evans'*  and  com 
pany,  viz.:  £        s.     d. 

76  Ibs.  bread,  @  i%d. 7     II 

9  Ibs.  beef,  @  2.yzd I 

2^  Ibs.  butter,  @  6d. I        i 

37  quarts  milk,  @  I yzd. 4       7 

\y2  Ibs.  pork,  @  3d. 4 

y&  bush.  Indian  corn,  @  2s 3 

I  pint  beer 2 

4j£  quarts  cydar I       6 

y2  lb.  candles 4 


18 


4- 

Province  of  Pennsila  Dr.  to  Bethlehem. 
For  sundries  delivd  Nicodemus  and  family 
since  they  came  up  from  Phila.-j-  viz.: 


*  Sam  Evans,  a  Delaware,  a  half-brother  of  Teedyuscung,  who  had 
come  with  the  King  to  Easton,  arrived  at  Bethlehem  on  the  3ist  of 
October.  He  and  his  family  were  quartered  at  "  the  Crown"  during 
their  stay.  Father  and  mother  came  to  see  their  daughter  Theodora, 
who  was  an  inmate  of  the  "  Single  Sisters'  House."  They  had  an 
affecting  interview  at  the  Indian  quarters  at  the  Manakasy  in  the 
presence  of  missionary  Schmick.  "  I  rejoice  to  see  you,  my  daughter," 
said  her  mother;  "you  have  many  blessings  which  are  denied  me; 
you  have  meat  and  drink,  and  I  suffer  privation."  "Dear  mother," 
responded  the  maiden,  "while  I  lived  at  Gnadenhutten  wicked  In 
dians  came  and  killed  the  white  Brethren  and  Sisters,  and  I  then 
wished  to  go  to  Bethlehem  and  be  happy  there.  And  my  wish  has 
been  granted.  And  the  Saviour  too  has  been  merciful  to  me.  He 
has  filled  my  heart  with  love  toward  him  and  the  congregation,  and  I 
thank  him  from  the  bottom  of  my  heart." 

f  Nicodemus  and  family  had  left  for  Philadelphia  early  in  August. 
Fear  of  small-pox,  prevalent  among  the  Indians  there,  was  the  cause 
of  their  return. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  271 

1756.  £       *•  d. 

74lbs.  bread,  @  i%d 7  8^ 

32  Ibs.  beef,  ©  2>^</ 6  8 

2^  Ibs.  butter,  @,  6</ I  3 

23  quart  milk,  @  I X^ 2  IO>2 

2  bush1  Indian  corn,  @  2s 4 

^  Ib.  candles 4 

I  gall,  cydar.      I  pint  rum I        7)4 

9  Ibs.  white  meal.     I  qt  salt I       6 

For  attending  ye  above  families  each  day 
since  ye  I  Oct.,  being  53  days,  @  6d.  per 

day I       6       6 

2       12         527 


5- 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  tavern  at  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
For   sundries   delivd   sundry   other   Indians 

and  soldiers,  viz.: 

Oct.  13.  "  victuals  &c.  delivd  2  soldiers  and  some 
Indians  from  Easton,  per  order  of  Mr. 
Horsfield 

14.  "  victuals  delivd  some  soldiers  and  Indians 

from  Easton 

"  hay  and  oats  for  their  horses,  pr.  order  of 
Maj.  Parsons 

15.  "115  Ibs.  bread  delivd  sundry  Indians  who 

came  from  Easton,  @  I }^d. 

27.  "  ye  Indian  Peter*  and  family,  eating  and 
drinking,  evening  and  morning,  pr. 
order  of  Mr.  Horsfield 


Carrd  for\vd 


*  Alias  Young-  Capt.  Harris,  half-brother  of  Teedyuscung,  formerly 
of  Gnadenhutten.  Baptized  at  that  place  January  31,  1750,  by  Bishop 
Cammerhoff.  Peter,  Sam  Evans,  Christian  (son  of  Nicodemus  or 
Jo  Evans),  and  Tom  Evans  were,  according  to  Henry  Hess's  depo 
sition  (taken  during  the  sessions  of  the  second  Treaty  at  Easton),  of 
the  party  headed  by  Teedyuscung  that  surprised  his  father's  planta- 


272  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£      s.       d. 

1756.  Bro' forwd 19 

Oct.  29.  For  eating  and  drinking  for  Jeremiah  Trexler, 
and  hay  and  oats  for  his  horse,  per  order 

of  Maj.  Parsons 2 

30.     "  entertainment    delivd    4    Indians    from 
Easton,  with  their  horses,  pr.  order  of 

Mr.  Horsfield 5       4 

Nov.  17.  "  sundries  delivd  Capt.  Reynolds,*  Lieut. 
Wetherhold,f  i  ensign,  I  soldier,  &c., 
which  came  with  ye  Indians  from  ye 
Treaty^;  at  Easton,  viz.: 


Carrd  forwd I      16 


tion  in  Lower  Smithfield,  on  January  I,  1756. — Pennsylvania  Archives, 
vol.  iii.  p.  56. 

*  George  Reynolds,  commissioned  Captain  1st  Battalion  Pennsyl 
vania  Regiment,  May  17,  1756.  In  command  of  a  company  of  Pro 
vincials  raised  in  Lebanon  Township,  Lancaster  County.  An  ancestor 
of  the  late  Major-General  John  Fulton  Reynolds,  who  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg  ? 

f  Jacob  Wetterhold,  commissioned  Lieutenant  in  Major  Parson's 
Town  Guard,  December  20,  1755.  A  captain  in  the  Pontiac  war. 
Surprised  with  a  detachment  of  his  men  in  the  night  of  October  7,  at 
John  Stinton's  public  house  (now  Simon  Laubach's,  a  mile  and  a 
quarter  northwest  of  Howertown,  in  East  Allen),  mortally  wounded, 
and  died  at  Bethlehem,  October  9,  1762.  Was  buried  in  the  grave 
yard  south  of  the  Lehigh. 

The  following  is  an  account  of  the  attack  on  Stinton's  tavern  from 
Gordon's  History  of  Pennsylvania.  "  The  captain  designing  to  proceed 
to  Fort  Allen  early  next  morning,  ordered  a  servant  to  get  his  horse 
ready.  On  leaving  the  house  he  was  immediately  shot  down  by  the 


J  On  Monday  the  8th  of  November,  the  second  Treaty  with  Teedy- 
uscung  was  opened  at  Easton.  Besides  the  Governor,  and  Wm.  Logan 
and  Rich'd  Peters  of  his  Council,  there  were  present  of  the  Commis 
sioners,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Joseph  Fox,  Wm.  Masters,  and  John 
Hughes;  of  the  officers  of  the  Provincial  Forces,  Lieut. -Col.  Weisser, 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 

£    *• 

i     16 
3 

2 

4 

273 
d. 

6 
8 
3 

7 

Carrd  forwd       

2         8 

4^ 

enemy ;  upon  which  the  captain  on  going  to  the  door  was  also  mor 
tally,  and  a  sergeant,  who  attempted  to  draw  him  in,  dangerously 
wounded.  The  lieutenant  then  advanced;  whereupon  an  Indian 
jumping  on  the  bodies  of  the  two  others,  presented  a  loaded  pistol  to 
his  breast,  which  the  lieutenant  putting  aside,  it  was  discharged  over 
his  shoulder,  and  in  this  way  he  succeeded  in  getting  the  Indian  out 
of  the  house.  The  savage  then  went  round  to  a  window  and  shot 
Stinton,  as  he  was  in  the  act  of  getting  out  of  bed.  The  wounded 
man  rushed  from  the  house,  ran  a  mile,  and  dropped  down  dead. 
His  wife  and  two  children  meanwhile  secreted  themselves  in  the 
cellar,  and  although  they  were  fired  upon  three  times,  they  were  un 
injured.  The  captain,  notwithstanding  his  wound,  crawled  to  a  win 
dow  and  shot  one  of  the  Indians  who  was  in  the  act  of  firing  the 
house.  The  others  took  up  the  dead  body  of  their  comrade  and  left." 
Next  day  the  dead  and  wounded  Provincials  were  taken  to  Bethle 
hem.  The  dead  were  buried  on  the  "  Burnside  plantation,"  on  the 
Manakasy. 


Maj.  Parsons,  Capt.  Wetterhold,  Capt.  John  Van  Etten,  and  Capt. 
Reynolds ;  also  Lieut.  McAlpin  and  Ensign  Jeffreys,  Recruiting  Offi 
cers  of  the  Royal  Americans,  and  a  number  of  gentlemen  and  free 
holders  from  the  several  counties,  and  from  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 
Teedyuscung,  the  Delaware  King,  was  attended  by  sixteen  of  his 
nation,  four  Six  Nation  Indians,  two  Shawanese,  and  six  Mohicans. 
John  Pompshire  interpreted  for  the  King.  Teedyuscung  opened  the 
Conference  by  stating  that  he  had  kept  the  promise  made  by  him  at 
the  last  Treaty,  having  since  then  informed  all  the  Indian  nations  of 
the  disposition  of  the  English  for  peace.  On  being  asked  by  the  Gov 
ernor  whether  he  the  Governor  or  the  Province  had  ever  wronged 
him,  and  why  he  and  his  Indians  had  struck  the  English,  the  Dela 
ware  proceeded  to  state  that  the  false-hearted  French  King  had  tarn- 


274  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£      t.  d. 

1756.                      Bro*  forwd 284^ 

Nov.  17.  Hot  supper  of  meat  &c.  for  41  Indians I               6 

46  qts  beer 15       4 

2  qts  wine  for  ye  King 4 

Hay  for  14  Indian  horses  and  2  qts  oats  for 

ye  King's  horse 7       3 


Carrd  forwd 4     15 


pered  with  the  foolish  young  men  of  his  people;  but  chiefly  they  had 
taken  up  the  hatchet  because  the  English  had  defrauded  them  of  their 
land.  "  /  have  not  far  to  go  for  an  instance"  continued  the  speaker; 
"this  very  ground  that  is  ttnder  me"  (striking  it  with  his  foot)  "was 
my  land  and  my  inheritance,  and  is  taken  from  me  by  fraud.  I  mean 
all  the  land  lying  between  Tohicon  Creek  [a  stream  heading  near 
Quakertown  and  emptying  into  the  Delaware,  fifteen  miles  east  of 
that  place]  and  Wyoming"  The  Governor,  hereupon  offering  him 
redress,  Teedyuscung  closed  the  Conference  by  stating  that  he  was 
not  empowered  to  accept  of  it,  that  he  would  meet  the  Governor 
at  some  future  time,  that  then  he  would  lay  before  him  the  extent  of 
his  grievances,  and  they  could  treat  for  a  settlement  of  all  disagree 
ment  and  for  a  lasting  peace. 

"Late  in  the  afternoon  of  the  I7th,  after  the  close  of  the  Treaty, 
Governor  Denny  and  his  suite  arrived  at  Bethlehem.  Having  been 
shown  the  objects  of  interest  in  the  town,  they  visited  the  Indian 
quarters  at  the  Manakasy.  Here  they  were  formally  received  by  our 
Indians  who  had  been  drawn  out  in  line  before  their  dwellings.  The 
Governor  manifested  gratification  at  the  reception  given  him,  addressed 
the  Indians  with  marked  friendliness,  and  stated  his  satisfaction  at  the 
arrangements  in  their  quarters.  At  nine  o'clock  he  sat  down  to  sup 
per,  during  which  he  was  entertained  with  music.  On  the  morning 
of  the  1 8th,  the  visitors  set  out  on  their  return.  Bro.  Spangenberg 
conducted  them  as  far  as  the  ferry,  passing  between  two  lines  of  chil 
dren  and  Brethren  and  Sisters,  who  had  been  drawn  out  in  front  of  his 
lodgings  on  the  Square.  The  trombonists  performed  from  the  terrace 
of  the  Single  Brethren's  House  until  the  Governor  and  his  retinue  had 
crossed  the  river.  In  the  evening  of  the  previous  day,  a  few  Indians 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  275 

£      *•        *• 

1756.  Bro1  forwd  .  4     15       5^ 

Nov.  17.  To  ye  baker  for  no  Ibs.  bread  at  their  de 
parture II        S1A 

For  eating  and  drinking  delivd  I  soldier, 
with  an  express  to  Readingtown,*  from  his 
Honor  ye  Governor,  with  hay  and  oats  for 
his  horse...  5  2 


under  escort  of  Lieut.-Col.  Weisser  and  a  detachment  of  troops  arrived 
from  the  Treaty  on  their  return  to  Diahoga,  and  passed  the  night." — 
Bethlehem  Diarist.  "  I  left  Easton  about  four  o'clock,"  reports 
Weisser  in  the  Journal  of  his  proceedings,  kept  by  order  of  the  Gov 
ernor,  "accompanied  by  the  officers  of  the  Escort  and  Deedjoskon, 
Pompshire,  Moses  Deedamy,  and  two  more  Indians  on  horseback;  we 
reached  Bethlehem  after  Dark,  and  after  the  Soldiers  and  Indians 
were  quartered  at  the  Publick  Inn  this  side  of  the  Creek,  I  gave  Deed 
joskon  the  slip  in  the  Dark,  and  he  went  along  with  the  Rest  to  the 
said  Inn,  and  I  stayed  at  Mr.  Horsfield's,  having  acquainted  the  offi 
cers  with  my  Design,  and  gave  the  necessary  Order  before  hand.  On 
the  19th  the  Soldiers  and  Indians  rose  early  and  got  ready  to  march, 
Deedjoskon  could  not  get  his  Wife  away,  she  wanted  to  stay  in  Beth 
lehem,  because  for  his  debauched  way  of  Living,  he  took  all  the  Chil 
dren  but  one  from  her;  at  the  Brethren's  Request  I  interceded,  and 
prevailed  upon  her  to  go  with  her  husband.  We  left  Bethlehem  by 
Ten  of  the  Clock." 

"Nov.  1 8th.  Toward  evening  a  number  of  Indians  arrived  from 
Easton  and  were  lodged  in  part  in  the  town  and  in  part  on  the  other 
side  of  the  river.  We  enjoined  it  on  our  Indians  to  remain  at  their 
quarters.  Nov.  iQth.  Teedyuscung  signified  his  wish  to  Bro.  Schmick 
that  Elisabeth  and  the  children  accompany  him  to  Diahoga.  To  this 
she  consented  with  reluctance.  Sam  Evans's  wife  bade  adieu  to  her 
daughter  Theodora." — Bethlehem  Diarist. 

*  The  town  of  Reading  was  laid  out  in  the  autumn  of  1748  on  a 
tract  of  450  acres  of  land,  for  which  warrants  had  been  taken  out  by 
John  and  Samuel  Finney  in  1733. 


2 76  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

6. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  smith*  at  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
1756.  £       s.      d. 

For  shoeing  I  Indian  horse I 

"     mending  a  gun  for  Capt.  Arndt's  compy  I        6 

"  "       for  Capt.  Wetherhold'sf  compy  6       6 

"     making  a  spring  for  a  trap  for  ye  Indian 
Smallman,J  per  order  of  Mr.  Hors- 

field 5 

"     making  3  screws  for  an  Indian,  per  order 

of  do 2 

"     stocking  Sam  Evans  his  gun,  &c.,  pr. 

order  Maj.  Parsons 13 


7- 
Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Doctor^  at  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

Nov.  22.  For  curing  a  soldier's  shoulder  belonging  to 

Capt.  Arndt's  compy,  per  his  order 10 


Carrd  forwd 10 


*  Daniel  Kliest,  smith,  from  Frankfort-on-the-Oder.  Came  to 
Bethlehem  in  May  of  1749,  with  a  large  colony  of  Brethren,  known 
as  "John  Nitschmann's  Colony,"  on  the  Irene,  on  her  first  return 
voyage  from  Europe.  Master  locksmith  to  the  Family.  On  its  abro 
gation  in  1762,  Daniel  Kliest  bought  the  locksmithy,  stock  on  hand 
and  tools  being  appraised  at  ^64  'js.  Deceased  at  Bethlehem  in 
March  of  1792. 

f  John  Nicholas  Wetterhold,  commissioned  Captain  1st  Battalion 
Pennsylvania  Regiment,  December  21,  1755. 

J  Quaere — Johnny  Smalling,  or  Swalling,  a  grandson  of  the  King, 
present  at  the  first  Treaty  ? 

\  John  Matthew  Otto,  born  1714,  in  Meinungen.  Studied  medicine 
and  surgery  at  Augsburg.  Came  to  Bethlehem  on  the  Irene,  with 
"  Henry  Jorde's  Colony,"  in  June  of  1750.  For  thirty  years  physician 
and  surgeon  of  the  Brethren's  settlements.  A  skillful  operator.  De 
ceased  at  Bethlehem  in  August  of  1786. 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS.  277 

£  s-  d- 

Bro'  forwd IO 

For  medicines  delivd  Capt.  Wetherhold 

«             «             "      Capt.  Reynolds 4  6 

«             «             «      Capt.  Arndt l  6 


Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Bethlehem  Store,  Dr. 
Oct.  14.  For  sundries  delivd  ye  Indian  messengers, 
Zaccheus  and  George,*  per  order  of  Maj. 
Parsons,  viz.: 

2  pair  of  buckles,  @  is.  %d 

j     «  «         I 

3  large  blankets,  @  I  y I      19 

2  pr.  men's  shoes 5 

2  yds  of  blue  strouds  for  stockings I        I 

1  knife,  pipes,  &c 

2  Ibs.  powder,  @  3$.  £>d. 7 

4     15 


*  Zaccheus  and  George,  Delawares.     The  first,  formerly  of  Gnaden- 
hiitten      They  were  messengers  sent  by  the  King  to  Maj.  Parsons, 
and  had  arrived  at  Easton  on  the  I  ith  of  October.     Their  errand  was 
to  ascertain  the  state  of  feeling  on  the  part  of  the  Government  in  refer 
ence  to  Teedyuscung,  he  reporting  by  them  that  since  his  return  to 
the  Indian  country  he  had  received  three  words  and  three  belts,  pur- 
porting  to  come  from  Sir  William  Johnson,  by  all  of  which  he  had 
been  warned  against  the  English;  that  he  and  four  other  chiefs  and  a 
large  number  of  Indians  were  arrived  at  Wyoming,  desirous  of  coming 
down  to  a  Treaty,  and  that  as  a  token  of  the  sincerity  of  his  purpose 
he  had  sent  with  the  messengers  the  prisoners  taken  in  Smithfield, 
Henry   Hess,  William  Weeser,  and  George  Fox,  and  also  Samuel 
Clifford.     Furthermore,  he  desired  that  Elisabeth,  his  wife,  should  be 
permitted  to  accompany  the  messengers  from  Bethlehem,  on  their  re 
turn     At  the  King's  request,  Augustus,  and  Joshua  (the  same  who  had 
accompanied  Count  Zinzendorf  to  the  Susquehanna)  were  invited  by 
Maj.   Parsons  to  be  present  at  the   delivery  of  his  message.     Bro. 


278  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

V.  ACCOUNT  SENT  TO  YE  COMMISSIONERS*  IN  PHIL*.  YE  21  JANV,  1757. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Steward  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
1757- 
Jan.  21.  For  sundries  delivd  82  Indians  since  ye   n 

Sept.  last,  who  reside  at  Bethlehem,  viz.:  £       s.  d. 

7511  Ibs.  bread,  @  i^d. 39       2  43^ 

770  Ibs.  beef,  @  2.y2d. 8  5 

86  Ibs.  mutton,  @  2d 14  4 

Ibs.  butter,  @  6d. I     10  io^< 

gall5  milk,  @  6d 789 

140         "       "        @    &/.,    delivd    this 

month 4     13  4 

y%  bush,  white  meal 6 

#     "      salt 4  i^ 

gall3  linseed  oil,  @  4^ 2     18 

"     soft  sope,  @  is 19  9 

^  bush.  Indian  corn,  @,  2s I  6 

I  quart  rum I  3 

65      15     23^ 
I756- 
Nov.  1 8.  For  victuals  delivd  Tattama,f  ye  Indian  who 

came  from  Easton,  and  hay  and  oats  for 
his  horse,  pr.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield...  2       4 

22.     "  2  gall3  cydar,  delivd  ye  Indians  that  came 

from  ye  Treaty 2 


Carrd  forwd 4       4 


Grube  accompanied  them  to  Easton.  On  the  I4th  the  company  came 
to  Bethlehem.  Here  Parsons  delivered  the  messengers  his  reply  in 
behalf  of  the  Governor  for  Teedyuscung,  extending  him  a  hearty  invi 
tation  to  come  down  with  his  people  to  a  Treaty.  On  the  I5th,  Zac- 
cheus  and  George  set  out  on  their  return.  Elisabeth  was  disinclined 
to  go  with  them. 

*  Benjamin  Franklin,  John  Mifflin,  Joseph  Fox,  William  Masters, 
John  Baynton,  and  Joseph  Galloway. 

f  Moses  Tatemy.  Written  variously  Tattama,  Totami,  Titamy,  &c. 
Sometimes  called  Old  Moses,  also  Ttindy.  Registered  as  a  Mountain 
Indian  at  the  Conference  held  in  the  Great  Meeting-House  at  Cross- 
wicks,  in  February  of  1758.  A  convert  of,  and  some  time  interpreter 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  279 

£       *•     d. 
1756.  Bro1  forwd  ................................  4       4 

Nov.  29.  For  15  Ibs.  bread  and  3  qts  milk,  delivd  An 
thony,*  and  his  wife,  and  2  old  men, 
who  came  from  Fort  Allen,  pr.  order 
of  Mr.  Horsfield  ............................  I      li# 

30.     "  I  pint  of  wine,  delivd  Akoan,f  ye  Indian 
who  brought  some  intelligence  of  ye 
Indians,  pr.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield  .....  I 

"  visits,  medicines,  bleeding,  &c.,  delivd  ye 
Indian    Capt.    Harris,    at   Easton,   pr. 
order  of  ye  Governor  .......................  17       6 

Dec.    3.     "  expences  on  bringing  ye  Indians  Abra 
ham,    Luquas.J   and    Emas    Shaw,  to 
Phila  ...........................................  16       6 

8.  "  an  express  with  letters  to  his  Honor  ye 
Governor,  concerning  the  murdering  in 
Allemangelg  and  ye  aforesaid  intelli 
gence  ..........................................  i  5 


forwd  ............................        3       6       3 


to  David  Brainerd,  in  the  Forks  of  Delaware.  Attended  most  of  the 
Treaties  held  with  Teedyuscung,  in  the  capacity  of  assistant  inter 
preter.  His  name  does  not  occur  in  the  Colonial  Records  subsequent 
to  1760. 

*  A  Delaware  of  Tenkhannek,  formerly  of  Gnadenhiitten,  baptized 
February  8,  1750,  by  Bishop  Cammerhoff.  A  brother  of  Nathaniel. 

•j-  A  Mohican,  a  son  of  Catharine,  had  arrived  from  the  Susquehanna 
with  the  intelligence  that  three  Cayugas,  who  had  been  present  at  the 
late  Treaty,  "  were  gone  toward  Allemangel  to  kill  the  white  people," 
and  that  "  a  Shawanese  whom  he  had  met  sixteen  miles  above  Fort 
Allen  had  opened  his  bundle  and  given  him  a  piece  of  tallow,  and  on 
being  asked  where  he  had  got  it,  the  Shawanese  had  told  him  he  and 
others  had  killed  a  cow  near  the  Fort,  and  also  a  horse,  because  they 
could  not  catch  it,  and  he  showed  him  the  bell  the  horse  had  on." 

J  Mohicans,  formerly  of  Gnadenhiitten. 

§  See  Pennsylvania  Archives,  vol.  iii.  p.  77,  for  Horsfield's  letter 
of  November  30,  1756,  to  Governor  Denny,  for  information  brought  by 


280 


ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 


£      s. 

1756.  Bro'forw'1 3       6 

Dec.  10.  For   cash    paid    Ludwig    Joung   for    going 

express  with  ye  Governor's  letters  to 
Fort  Allen,  Fort  Hamilton,*  &c.  &c., 

1757.  pr.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield 18 

Jany.  3.     "  mending  I  gun  and  3  gun  locks,  for  Capt. 

Arndt,  pr.  his  order 19 

"  sundries  delivd  to  ye  Indian  messengers, 

Jo    Peepy   and    Lewis   Montour,   pr. 

order  of  Mr.  Horsfield,  viz.: 
I  pr.  shoes,  for   Lewis     £       s.      d. 

Montour 7       6 

i  pr.  shoes  for  Jo  Peepy  7       6 

Leather  for  mends  shoes  2 

Cash  delivd  them  for  ye 

journey 3 

Hire  of  a  man  and   a 

horse  to  go  with  them 

to  Fort  Allen 12 

A  red  Union  Flag 6       6 


4     15 


Carrd  forwd 9     18 


Bro.  John  Holder,  concerning  an  attack  made  by  three  Cayugas  on  one 
Schlosser's  house  in  Allemangel. 

*  Fort  Hamilton,  named  for  James  Hamilton,  of  the  Governor's 
Council,  and  built  1756,  near  the  junction  of  McMichael's  and  Brod- 
head's  Creeks,  in  Lower  Smithfield,  Northampton  County,  "  stands  in 
a  Corn  field  by  a  Farm  house  in  a  Plain  and  Clear  Country,  it  is  a 
Square  with  4  half  Bastions,  all  Very  ill  Contriv'd  and  finish'd,  the 
Staccades  open  6  inches  in  many  places,  and  not  firm  in  the  ground, 
and  may  be  easily  pull'd  down,  before  the  gate  are  some  Staccades 
drove  in  the  Ground  to  cover  it  which  I  think  might  be  a  great  Shelter 
to  an  enemy,  I  therefore  order'd  to  pull  them  down,  I  also  order'd  to 
fill  up  the  other  Staccades  where  open. — Provincial  Stores.  I  Wall 
Piece,  14  Gd  Muskets,  4  Wants  Repair,  16  Cartootch  Boxes,  filled  with 
Powder  and  Lead,  28  Ibs.  Powder,  30  Ibs.  Lead.  10  Axes,  I  Broad 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  28l 

£    s.       d.    . 

1757.  Bro1  forwd 9     18       9 

To  Bethlehem  Tavern  for  sundries  delivd  ye 

Indian    messengers,     Jo     Peepy  and 

Lewis  Montour.     (See  Voucher  i)....        I        2       5 

For  sundries  delivd  John  Smalling  and  his 

wife,  and  George  Hays  and  his  wife. 

(See   Voucher  2) 825^ 

"  sundries  delivd  Nicodemus  and  family, 
Nathanael  and  family,  Joel  and  family, 
Ruth  and  2  children,  &c.  (See 

Voucher's] 9     19        \y2 

To    Bethlehem    Store    for   sundries.       (See 

Voucher  4) I      17        5 

96     15        4# 


Vouchers  belongs  to  the  foregoing  Account. 

I. 

COPY  OF  Jo  PEEPY'S*  RECEIPT,  JANY  14,  1757. 
The  expenses  of  Jo  Peepy  and  Lewis  Mon- 
tourf  at  Bethlehem  Tavern,  when  they 


Axe,  26  Tomhawks,  28  Blankets,  3  Drawing  Knives,  3  Spliting  Knives, 
2  Adses,  2  Saws,  I  Brass  Kettle. 

"  JAS.  YOUNG, 

"  Comissy-  Genl.  of  ye  Musters. 

"July  2nd,  1756." 

The  old  fort  stood  on  the  property  of  the  daughters  of  the  late  Dr. 
Samuel  Stokes,  in  the  borough  of  Stroudsburg. 

*  Jo  Peepy,  having  duly  repented  of  his  secession  from  the  English, 
espouses  their  cause,  is  appointed  envoy  extraordinary  in  the  Pro 
vincial  service,  next  assistant  interpreter,  and  leaves  the  stage  of  his 
tory  under  the  more  dignified  appellation  of  Mr.  Joseph  Peepy. 

f  Lewis  Montour,  a  Mohawk,  younger  brother  of  Andrew,  was 
occasionally  employed  by  Government  in  the  capacity  of  a  messenger. 
In  1 754  he  resided  near  Aucquick  Old  Town,  where  Weisser  com 
plained  of  his  disturbing  the  Indians  by  bringing  liquor  to  them. 
"  They  cannot  help  buying  and  drinking  it,"  reports  the  interpreter, 


282  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

were  sent  by  ye  Governor  to  ye  Indians, 
delivd  to  us  by  Ephraim  Colver,*  as  wit 
ness  his  hand. 
To  a  pint  wine 

"  a  pint  wine 

"  a  supper 

"   a  quart  cydar 

"  a  pint  wine 

"    3  drains  to  give  ye  Indians  for  stringing 
wampoms 

"  a  breakfast 

"  a  pint  of  mumf 

"  a  dinner 

"  a  half  pint  of  wine 

"  a  supper 

"  a  half  pint  of  wine 


Carrd  forwd 


'•'  when  they  see  it,  and  Lewis  sells  it  very  dear  to  them,  and  pretends 
that  his  wife,  which  is  a  ugly  squaw,  does  it." 

On  the  1 2th  of  January  these  worthies  arrived  at  Bethlehem  from 
Philadelphia.  They  were  on  their  way  to  the  Mohawk  country, 
whither  they  had  been  dispatched  by  George  Croghan,  Deputy  Agent 
to  Sir  \Vm.  Johnson  (His  Majesty's  sole  Agent  and  Superintendent 
of  the  affairs  of  the  Six  Nations,  their  allies,  and  dependents),  with  an 
invitation  to  the  Susquehanna  Indians,  at  Otsaningo,  and  to  Teedyus- 
cung,  at  Diahoga,  to  meet  him  in  Conference  at  Harris'  Ferry,  in  the 
spring.  Nathaniel  accompanied  them.  This  embassy  led  to  the 
Treaty  held  at  Lancaster  in  May  of  1757,  at  which  the  Mohawks, 
Onondagas,  Oneidas,  Cayugas,  and  Tuscaroras  were  represented,  and 
which  a  few  Senecas,  Nanticokes,  and  Delawares  attended.  As 
Teedyuscung  failed  to  appear,  and  as  the  representation  of  the  Senecas 
was  incomplete,  no  business  of  importance  was  transacted. 

*  Ephraim  Colver,  born  July,  1717,  in  Quittopehilla,  deceased  at 
Bethlehem,  March,  1775. 

f  A  sort  of  strong  beer,  so  named  for  one  Christian  Mumme,  who 
first  brewed  it  in  1492.  Originally  introduced  from  Brunswick,  in 
*  Germany,  and  hence  often  called  Brunswick  mum. 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS.  283 

£        '•      d. 

1757.                      Bro1  forwd 10       4 

To  a  hot  dram 6 

"  2  drams  in  ye  morning 8 

"  abreakfast I 

"  a  pint  of  wine I 

"  a  breakfast  for  Nathanael  who  went  with 

them 6 

"  breakfast  for  Nicodemus  and  his  son,  on 

their  account I 

"  2  nights'  lodgings 8 

"  keeping  2  horses  2  days  on  hay  and  oats  4       6 

"  a  quart  rum  and  ye  bottle I      II 

"  one  dram 4 


His 

Jo  X  PEEPY. 
mark. 

2. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1757- 

For  sundries  delivd  John  Smalling*  who  had 
ye  small  Pox  and  his  wife,  and  George 
Hays  and  his  wife,  from  ye  27  Nov.,  1756, 
to  ye  1 8  Jany,  1757,  per  order  of  Mr.  Hors- 
field,  viz.:  £  s.  d. 

181  Ibs.  bread,  @  i^d. 18     io 

38  Ibs.  beef,  @  2*&d. 7     n 

i  Ib.  butter 6 

I  bush.  Indian  corn 2 

^  do.   white  meal,  @  4^ 3       6 


Carrd  forwd I      12 


*  Quaere — John  Swalling,  a  grandson  of  Teedyuscung,  who  had 
been  in  attendance  at  Easton  during  the  first  treaty  ?  George  Hays, 
one  of  Teedyuscung's  Delawares. 


2g4  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 


1757.  Bro*forwd  ................................      I        12       9 

2  fouls  for  Jno.  Smalling,  @  6d.  ..........  I 

2^  bush3  turnops,  @  8</.  ...................  I        8 

I  qt.  linseed  oil  ................................  I 

il/i  gall,  cydar,  @  u  ........................  I       3 

%  \b.  of  sope  ..................................  2 

I  earthen  pot  ..................................  4 

Cash"  advancd  George  Hays  .................  I       6 

Mends  a  gun  for     do.          .................  4 

do.      a  saddle  for  do.          .................  14 

Medicines  delivd  to  do.  and  bleeding  .....  3       6 

Visits  and  medicines  delivd  Jno.  Smal 
ling  and  for  incisions  and  dressing  of 
above  10  impostunes  ......................       2     10       9 

A  coffin  for  John  Smalling  ..................  10 

Burying  of  him*  ..............................  10 

For  attending  ye  above  Indians  each  day 
from  ye  1  8  Novr  to  inst.,  being  6  1 
days,  @  6d.  per  day  .......................  I  10  6 


2      5X 


3- 
Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Stewards  at  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1757- 

Jan.  21.    For  sundries  delivd  Nicodemus  and  family, 
Joelf  and   family,  Ruth  and   2  children, 
&c.,  22  in  number,  since  ye  22d  Novr.  last, 
viz.:  £      s.       d. 

802  Ibs.  bread,  @  i%d  .....................       436^ 

150  Ibs.  beef,  @  2}£d.  .......................        I      II       3 

10^2  bush5  Indian  corn,  @  2s  .............        I      n 


Carrd  forwd 


*  In  the  grave-yard  tha*t  had  been  laid  out  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Lehigh,  on  the  hill  west  of"  The  Crown"  (in  1747)*  for  the  interment 
of  persons  attached  to  the  Brethren  residing  in  Saucon  Township. 

f  Joel,  a  Delaware,  formerly  of  Gnadenhutten. 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS. 


285 


£      *-      d. 

1757.                     Bro4  forwd 7       5       9^ 

Jan.  21.    For  6  Ibs.  white  meal,  @  \]^d. 7^ 

35  galls,  milk,  @  6</. 17       6 

19         do.         @  &/    (being    new    and 

very  scarce] 12       8 

9  quarts  salt I        6l/2 

i  pintbeer 2 

i^  bush5  turnops,  @  8</. 10 

"    attends  ye  above  families,  each  day  since 
ye  22d  Nov.  last,  being  60  days,  @  6</. 

per  day I      10 

9     J9     JK 


4- 
Province  of  Pennsila  to  Bethlehem  Store,  Dr. 

1757- 

For  sundries,  viz.: 

3  yds.  linnen  and  thread  for  ye  Indian     £       s.      d. 

George  Hays  for  a  shirt 9       2 

"    4  quires  cartridge  paper  for  Capt.  Arndt  I        8 

"    2  yds.  Osnaburgs  for  Jo  Peepy  to  make 

abagg 3       4 

"    I  knife,  7  flints,  and  mak£  a  handker 
chief  for  do 2       6 

"    2yz  yds.  linnen  and  thread  for  a  shroud 
to    bury   ye    deceased    Indian,    John 

Smalling 9       6 

"    gunsmith's  work  for  Capt.  Arndt' s  com 
pany ii       3 

i     17       5 


286  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

VI.  ACCOUNT  DELIVD  YE  COMMISSIONERS  IN  PHILA.  BY  WM.  CHRIS 
TOPHER   SCHMALING,*   DATED   YE  II  APRIL,  1757. 
Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1757- 

April  1 1.  For  sundries   delivd  82  Indians  in  Bethle 
hem,  since  ye  21  Jan?  last,  viz.:  £       s-       d' 

4725  Ibs.  bread,  @  i X^ 24     I2       2X 

426^  Ibs.  beef,  @  ^d. 644^ 

109  Ibs.  bacon,  @  ^d 2       5       5 

232  galls,  milk,  @  6d 5      l6 

I  bush1  salt 5 

I2.y2  gall5  of  sope,  @  is 12       6 

4         do.    linseed  oil  for  lamps,  @  45-...  16 

25  bushls  Indian  corn,  @  2s.  6d. 326 

A  coffin  for  Jno.  Peter,f  who  died  of  ye 

smallpox i° 

Do.  for  his  child 5 

44       8     ii3/ 


For  storage^  of  the  Province  provisions  for 
use    of   ye    Provincial    troops    in   the 

years  1755  and  1756 5 

Jany.  26.     "    sundries     delivd    ye     Indians     opposite 

Bethlehem,  viz.: 

"    medicine  and  attendance  on  Capt.  Harris 
and    another    Indian^     when     going 


Carrd  forwd 49       8     "; 


*  William  C.  Schmaling  was  on  board  the  Brethren's  snow  "  Irene" 
when  she  was  taken  by  a  French  privateer  in  November  of  1757.  On 
his  arrival  at  Dinan,  Bretagne,  in  March  of  1758,  he  wrote  a  narra 
tive  of  her  capture. 

f  Served  as  hospital  steward  to  the  Indians  at  Bethlehem.  Buried 
in  the  old  Moravian  grave-yard. 

J  Principally  during  the  time  of  Franklin's  halt,  preparatory  to  his 
moving  on  the  frontier. 

g  "  Tokayiendisery  was  very  sick  when  we  left  Easton.  We  brought 
him  along  in  the  wagon.  I  desired  Mr.  Otto,  the  Doctor  in  Bethle- 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  287 

£       '.      d. 

1757.  Bro'forwd 49       8 

Jany.  26.         through  Bethlehem  to  Fort  Allen,  from 

ye  last  Treaty 2 

N.  B. — This  charge  was   entered  in 
ye  last  acct.  (included  in  the   17^.  6d.} 
but  not  allowed,  because  it  was  by  a  mis 
take  said  to  be  delivd  at  Easton,  whereas 
it  was  delivd  at  Bethlehem. 
For  sundries  delivd  to  59  Indians,  viz.,    16 
men,    21    women,    and    22    children, 
since  ye  21  Jany  last,  of  which  23  re 
turned     to    ye     Indian     country*    at 
sundry  times,  viz.: 


Carrd  forwd 49     II 


hem,  to  come  and  see  him.  The  Doctor  believed  he  would  get  the 
Small  Pox,  and  advised  him  to  remain,  but  we  could  not  prevail  on 
him.  When  we  came  to  the  Fort  he  was  most  gone,  but  would  not 
stay.  His  companions  begged  of  me  to  get  a  horse  for  him  to  ride  on, 
and  they  would  return  it  in  the  spring.  I  could  not  refuse  them  any 
longer,  they  having  requested  three  or  four  times.  I  bought  a  horse, 
saddle,  and  bridle  for  him,  for  Five  Pounds.  After  all  the  sick  man 
could  not  ride  on  horseback,  so  the  Indians  made  a  litter,  but  I  believe 
he  will  never  see  his  own  country  again." — Weissers  Journey  from 
Easton  to  Fort  Allen,  November,  1756. 

*  All  from  Diahoga.  Solomon  and  Zaccheus,  formerly  of  Gnaden- 
hiitten.  "February  26,  1757.  There  arrived  Zaccheus  and  wife, 
Solomon,  wife  and  child,  3  women  and  5  children.  One  woman  and 
child  came  some  days  before.  Part  of  them  returned  to  the  Indian 
country  the  1st  of  March,  and  the  rest  the  4th,  excepting  2  women  and 
4  children,  which  Zaccheus  desired  might  stay  in  Bethlehem  till  the 
King  comes.  These  women  and  children  I  sent  over  the  water  to  the 
other  Indians." — Horsfield  to  Governor  Denny.  Bethlehem,  March 

14,  1757- 

March  22,  1757.  "Ten  Indians,"  writes  the  Diarist,  "arrived  from 
Diahoga.  They  were  lodged  over  the  water,  where  there  are  at  present 
upward  of  30.  They  brought  the  intelligence  that  100  of  the  Six  Na 
tions  were  come  down  to  Shamokin  in  company  with  Peepy  and  Mon- 


288  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£       s.      d. 

1757-  Bro1  forwd 49      n        53 

Jany.  26.  For  I  Indian  corn  hoe  for  Solomon 3 

Steeling  a  tomehacke  for  Zaccheus i        6 

Shoeing  Zaccheus' horse I        6 

Leather  for  mends  shoes,  deli vd  Solomon, 
Zaccheus,  &c.,  who  went  to  ye  Indian 

country  ye  4  March  last 3       6 

1550  Ibs.  bread,  @  i %d. 8        I        5 

479  Ibs.  beef,  @  ^l/2d.  (being  scarce  and 

dear} 6     19       8 

36X  Salls  milk,  @  6d. 18       3 

^  hundred  fine  flower 3 

2^  bush5  of  beans,  @  p.  6d. 8       9 

"  building  a  wigwam  for  10  Indians  that 
came  ye  22d  March  last,  pr.  order  of 

Mr.  Horsfield i      10 

"  sundries  delivd  these  10,  viz.,  3  men,  6 
women,  and  I  child,  pr.  order  of  Mr. 
Horsfield : 

Mar.  22.     "    4  gills  rum I        4 

supper  for  ye  i  o 3       4 

2  quarts  beer 8 

23.      "    breakfast  for  ye  i  o 3       4 

2  quarts  beer  and  2  gills  rum i        4 

2       "       cydar  and  I  gill     "  i 

28.  "  sundries  delivd  to  Mr.  George  Schanzen- 
bach,  who  came  with  them  to  Bethle 
hem i  10 

31.  "  sundries  delivd  8  Indians,*  viz.,  3 
men,  2  women,  and  3  children,  that 


Carrd  forwd 68     14 


tour,  on  their  way  to  Harris'  Ferry."  At  this  time  30  acres  of  land 
were  allowed  the  Indians  at  "  The  Crown,"  to  put  to  corn  and  beans 
toward  their  support. 

*  Amos  and  John  Jacob,  sons  of  the  King,  Jo  Evans  and  wife,  and 
Christiana  and  three  children,  returned  from  Diahoga. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  289 

£      J.      d. 

1757.  Bro1  forwd 68     14     n^ 

Mar.  31.  came  ye  3  Ist  March,  per  order  of  Mr. 

Horsfield,  viz.: 

F°r  YZ  gill  rum  an(l  l  pint  cydar 4 

2  gills  rum 8 

supper  for  7  Indians...  2       4 

2  qts  of  beer 8 

April  I.     "    breakfast  for  2  Indians I        2 

"    supper  and  pint  of   beer  for  ye  soldier 

that  came  with  them 8 

2-      "     ^  gill  of  rum  for  do 2 

"    breakfast  for  do 4 

"  dinner  and  pint  of  cydar,  delivd  Na- 
thanael,  who  went  with  Jo  Peepy  to 
ye  Indians  in  Diahoga  when  he  came 

came  back 8 

6.     "    supper   for  4   Indians   who   came   ye    6 

April 2 

"    breakfast,   &c.,  supper  and    I    gill  rum 

for  ye  soldier  that  came  with  them....  I       4 

"  attends  ye  Indians  each  day  from  ye  21 
Janv  to  ye  1 1  April,  being  80  days,  @ 

6d.  per  day 2 

9.      "    an  express*  to  his  Honor  ye  Governor, 

at  the  desire  of  Maj.  Parsons I        5        5 

"    fire  wood,  since  November  last 2     10 

Feb.  18.  "  cash  pd  ye  Indian  man  Elias,  for  his  gun 
lent  ye  Irish  settlement  people  in  No 
vember,  1755,  which  is  lost,  pr.  order 

of  Mr.  Horsfield 2       5 

"     cash  pd  an  Indian  that  brought  a  prisonerf 

to  Easton,  per  order  of  do i      10 


Carrd  forwd 78     13 


*  With  a  letter  informing  the  Governor  of  the  restoration  of  a  cap 
tive. 

f  "  This  is  to  acquaint  your  Worship  that  the  day  before  yesterday, 
arrived  here  four  Indians  from  Susquehanna,  above  Diahoga,  and  have 


2 9o  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

£     s.      d. 

1757-  Bro1  forwd 78     13     10 

Feb.  18.   To  Bethlehem  Tavern  for  sundries.      (See 

Voucher  i) 4     14       2 

"   Apothecary  and  Surgeon  of  Bethlehem 

(See  Voucher  2) 12       6 

"   ye    Locksmith    of    Bethlehem.         (See 

Voucher1^) 16       4 

"   Bethlehem    Store,    for    sundries.     (See 

Voucher^) 494 


Vouchers  belongs  to  the  foregoing  Account. 

I. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  Bethlehem  Tavern,  Dr. 
1757.  £       s.      d. 

Jan.  28.    For  keeping  Jo  Peepy's*  horse  from  ye  13  to 

ye  28  Jany, being  15  days II        8 

"    expences  sends  ye  horse  to  Phila 5 

"    sundries  delivd  to   15   Indians,  viz.:    2 


Carrd  forwd....  1 6 


brought  one  white  prisoner,  whose  name  is  Nicholas  Ramston ;  he  was 
taken  at  the  same  time  that  Christian  Pember  was  killed." — Maj. 
Arndt  to  Maj.  Parsons,  Fort  Allen,  April  5/7/,  1757.  Christian 
Boemper  was  a  son  of  Abraham  Boemper,  of  Bethlehem.  Was  mar 
ried  to  one  of  Frederic  Hoeth's  daughters,  living  on  Head's  Creek, 
and  was  killed  in  a  running  fight  with  the  Indians  at  that  place  in 
January  of  1756. 

"  I  imagined  it  would  not  be  disagreeable  to  your  Honour,  to  hear 
that  the  Indians  had  restored  another  of  their  captives.  The  person  now 
returned  is  a  young  German,  and  was  taken  prisoner  about  15  months 
ago  by  some  of  Teedyuscung's  party.  He  states  that  the  Indians  used 
him  pretty  roughly  at  first." — Parsons  to  Governor  Denny,  April  8, 

1757- 

*  During  his  absence  with  Montour  in  the  Indian  country. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  291 

£       *•      d. 

Brotforwd 16       8 

men,   7  women,  and  6  children  that 
came  from  ye  Indian  country  ye  25  and 
26  Febry  last,  per  order  of  Mr.  Hors- 
1757.  field,  viz.: 

Feb.  23.   For  I  supper  and  2  qts.  beer  and  I  gill  rum  2 

26.  "    I  breakfast  for  3,  I   qt   beer  and  I  gill 

rum i       8 

Keeping  a  horse  on  hay  and  oats I 

3  gills  of  rum,  a  supper  and  2  qts.  beer 

for  2  men,  5  women,  and  6  children..  5       6 

27.  "    i  do.  do.  to  ye  2  men 4 

I  dinner  and  2  gills  of  rum  for  them  all  5      1 1 

i  supper  for  them  all 4       6 

28.  "    2  gills  of  rum  in  ye  morning  for  do 8 

I  breakfast  and  dinner  for  them  all 9       9 

I  qt.  beer  and  2  gills  rum I 

i  supper  for  2  men,  7  women,  and   3 

children 3       9 

March  i.     "    2  gills  of  rum  in  ye  morning 8 

Breakfast  for  12  and  dinner  for  them  all  9       3 
Supper  for  i  man,  5  women,  and  2  chil 
dren 2       6 

2.  "    Breakfast  for  7  and  supper  for  6  women 

and  2  children 4     IO 

3.  "    I  gill  of  rum,  and  I  quart  of  beer 

Breakfast  for  I   man,  6  women,  and   2 

children 2     10 

Dinner  and  supper  for  do 6       3 

4.  "    Breakfast  for  9 3 

3  gills  of  rum  and  i  qt.  beer  for  those 

that  went  away i       4 

4     14      2 


292  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

2. 
Province  of  Pennsila  to  Apothecary  and  Surgeon  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1757- 
Feb.  28.   For  sundries,  viz.:  £       s.      d. 

"    Bleeding  Zaccheus  and  his  wife 2 

"         do.        an  Indian  woman i 

Mar.  i.       "    Medicines  and  bleeding  Nicodemus  and 

his  wife 2       6 

23.  "    do.  and  do.  the  Indian  woman  Sisinhahs  2 

24.  "    drawing  a  tooth  of  Nicodemus'  son I 

"    curing  Mr.  George  Schanzenbach's  arm, 

one  of  Capt.  Arndt's  compy,  per  his 

order  chargd  to  ye  Province 4 


12       6 


3- 
Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Locksmith  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1757- 

Feb.  1 8.    For  sundries,  viz.:  £        s.      d. 

"    gun  flints  delivd  to  Capt.  Arndt i       4 

"    mending  5  provincial  gun  locks  for  do..  15 


10 


4- 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  Bethlehem  Store,  Dr. 
1757- 

March  I.  For  sundries  delivd  Solomon  Mashelamakee 
and  others,  per  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield, 
viz.:  £  s.  d. 

1  blanket,  @  15^.  and  2  do.,  @  I2s i      19 

5  yds  Osnaburgs,  @  I*.  *]d. 7      1 1 

2  Ibs.  sope,  I  qt.  salt,  and  I  Ib.  powder..  5       2 

3  Ibs.  lead,  3  Ibs.  shot  and  tobacco... 4     10 

I  snuff  box,  \o>d.   I   oz.  snuff,  ^d.  butter 

and  pipes 2       9 


Carrd  forwd 2     19       8 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS, 


293 


1  7  r  7 

£ 

Bro1  forwd          2 

IQ 

8 

March  I. 

For  I  3  galln  cagg,  $s.  and  I  quart  molassis 

3 

Q 

2  yds.  Osnaburgs,  @   is.  yd.  2  Ibs  to- 

4 

IO 

or 

8 

^j- 
April  i. 

Gun  flints  delivd  Capt.  Arndt  and  butter 
for  Amos  ye  Indian        

18 

1  1 

9- 

I    Ib.  butter  for    Tomechy  returning  to 
Fort  Allen 

6 

4 

9 

4 

VII.  ACCOUNT  DELIVD  TO  YE  COMMISSIONERS  PR.  WM.  EDMONDS, 
DATD  28  MAY,  1757. 

Province  of  Pennsila  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1757-  £     J. 

April  II.  To  an  acct.  delivd 91        i 

1 6.  For  an  express  to  Easton  to  carry  a  packett 
which  came  from  Col.  Weisser  for 
Maj.  Parsons  on  his  Majesty's  service  5 

"  sundry  provisions  sent 
to  Fort  Allen,  pr.  or 
der  of  Maj.  Parsons,* 
viz.:  £  s.  d. 

8   loaves  of  bread,  wt. 

131  Ibs.  @  iX 13       7^ 

200  Ibs.  of  gammons,  @ 

Stint- 4     II       8 

8    bushl5    Indian    corn 

meal,  @  3,5-.  6d I       8 


Carrd  forwd 91       6     II 


*  To  feed  the  Indians  who  were  coming  in  to  the  treaty  appointed 
for  Lancaster. 


294  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

£>       s.      d.        £      s.       d. 

1757.  Bro*  forwd 91       6 

April  1 6.  For  12  cwt.  4  qr.  I  Ib.  meal, 

@  IO.T.  pr.  cwt 627 

As  per  receipt  of  Anto- 
nius    MUller.       (See 
Voucher  I.) 
"    2    large    sacks    for    ye 

bread  and  gammons..  7 

"    carriage  of  the  above  to 

Fort  Allen I      16 

1 8.  "  an  express  from  Mr. 
Horsfield  to  Maj.  Par 
sons 5 

15       3 
22.     "    do.  to  Philadelphia,  with  letters  to  his 

Honor   ye    Governor,    concerning   ye 
murdering  by  ye  enemy  Indians*  I        5 


Carrd  forwd 107      15 


*  Captain  John  Van  Etten's  letter  to  Major  Parsons,  dated  Fort 
Hamilton,  April  21,  1757.  "I  am  sorry  to  inform  you,"  he  writes, 
"  of  what  hapened  sins  I  sa  you  last  on  the  20  day  of  this  instant,  aftei 
I  came  to  Fort  Hammelton,  about  two  a'clock,  and  as  I  made  all  the 
hast  I  could  to  Fort  Hyndshaw,  about  one  a'clock  at  night  an  express 
came  to  me  that  a  man  was  ciled  and  scalped  at  Fort  Hammelton, 
which  I  found  to  be  tru,  and  had  the  man  burried  the  21  of  this  in 
stant.  Pray,  sir,  consider  my  afairs,  as  I  am  but  weake  now,  and  all 
the  neighbors  about  the  Fort  is  mounted  in  the  Fort,  which  I  compel'd 
to  stan  santriey  next  the  soldiers  tel  forther  orders ;  pray,  sir,  excuse 
haste."  John  Van  Etten  was  commissioned  a  captain  in  the  1st  Batt. 
1st  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  April  19,  1756. 

See  deposition  of  John  Williamson,  Penna.  Archives,  vol.  iii.  p.  139, 
concerning  "  Andreas  Gundryman  whom  the  Indians  pursued  with 
their  Tomhocks  and  murdered  him  very  barbarously,  scalping  him 
quite  to  the  eyes."  Also  deposition  of  one  Michael  Roup,  "  a  man 
well  known  and  worthy  of  credit,"  who  reported  Peter  Soan  and 
Christian  Klein,  "killed  by  a  bullet  and  Tamehacks,"  near  Philip 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 

£         5. 

1757.  Bro1  forwd 107     15 

April  28.  For  medicine  sent  Capt.  Arndt,  pr.  his  order. 

(See  Voucher  2) I        7 

"  sundries  paid  for,  &  de- 
livd  to  ye  Indian  mes 
sengers,  Nathanael  & 
Zacharias,*  per  order 
of  Mr.  Horsfield,  viz.: 

"    an  express  to  Easton  to 
Maj.    Parsons    for    a 
guard  for  them  with 
the   Governor's  mes-     £       s.      d. 
sage  to  Tattiwaskund  5 

"    making    a    hatchet    for 

them 2 

"  shoeing  a  horse  for  Jere 
miah  Trexler,  who 
went  with  them  at 
the  request  of  Maj. 
Parsons I  6 

"    a  gun  for  Nathanael I      15 

"  hire  of  2  men  &  I 
horse  for  accompany 
ing  them  to  Haysf....  6 


295 


Carrd  forwd in      13 


Bozart's  house,  seven  miles  from  Fort  Hamilton. —  Col,  Records,  vol. 
viii.  p.  492. 

*  Zacharias,  a  son  of  Nicodemus,  formerly  of  Gnadenhlitten,  and 
Nathaniel  had  been  dispatched  by  Deputy  Croghan  to  acquaint  Teedy- 
uscung  with  the  impatience  of  the  Indian  deputies  met  at  Harris's 
Ferry,  at  his  prolonged  absence.  They  set  out  from  Bethlehem  May  4. 

f  John  Hays  kept  a  public  house  on  the  road  from  Bethlehem  to 
Gnadenhutten  on  the  Mahoning,  which  road  had  been  laid  out  in  1747, 
it  being  urged  by  the  petitioners  "  that  many  inhabitants  of  this  and  the 
neighboring  Provinces  have  frequent  occasion  of  going  beyond  the 


296 


ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 


1757.  Ere*  forwd ill      13 

April  28.  For  Jno.  Hays'  acct.  at  the  desire  of  Tim^ 

Horsfield I        I 

May  5.        "    mending  a  gun  left  by  an  Indian  at  ye 

first  treaty.     (See  Voucher  •$} 2 

23.      "    an  express  to  Easton  with  letters  to  Maj. 

Parsons 5 

27.   To  ye  Store,  for  sundries.     (See  Voucher  4).       8       4       5j 
"    the  Tavern  for  sundries  delivd  to  sundry 
Indians     since     ye    1 1     April.       (See 

Voucher  5) 5        I        3 

For  sundries  delivd  ye  In 
dians  opposite  Beth 
lehem  since  1 1  April, 
viz.:  £  s.  d. 

1705   Ibs.  of  bread,  @, 

*%d 8     17       7X 

49^    Ibs.   of   beef,    @ 

3X^ 7       3       4X 

27  bush3  Indian  corn,  @ 

2s.6d.... 3       7       6 

20  Ibs.  veal,  @  id. 3       4 

20  Ibs.  of  gammons,  @ 

$y2 9    2 

1 60  galls,  of  milk,  @  6d.       4 

Carrd  forwd 128       4       9 


Blue  Mountain  to  Mahoning  Creek  and  to  the  '  Healing  Waters'  lying 
not  far  from  thence."  Hays'  tavern-stand  was  Mr.  Jacob  Fatzinger's 
place,  in  Weaversville,  East  Allen  Township,  seven  miles  northwest 
of  Bethlehem.  Weisser  tells  us  that  on  his  return  from  the  second 
conference  at  Easton  he  "  dined  at  one  Hays',  the  Indians  and  soldiers 
upon  cold  beef  and  sider,  Ueedjoskon  and  four  or  five  more  with  me. 
The  Indian  account  came  to  fifteen  shillings  and  threepence.  The 
landlord  has  other  accounts  of  the  same  nature  against  the  Province." 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


.       . 

1757.  Bro'forwd  ............  128       4       9 

May  27.   For  i^$  bush5  white  meal, 

@<4*  .....................  6 

j>f(  bushls  salt,  @  $s  .....  3 

Y%  do.  beans,  @  4^  .. 
i#  Ibs.  butter,  @  6</... 
Steeling  an  ax  ............  2 


24     13 
attending  the  Indians  .each  day  from  ye 

1 1  April  to  ye  27  May,  being  46  days 

@  6d.  per  day i        3 

building  another  wigwam  for  ye  Indians 

over  ye  water 2 

mending  a  gun  for  ye  Indian  Hendrick 

Quomon*  pr.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield  5 

repairing  a  gun  for  ye  Indn  Samy  Evans, 

pr.  order  of  Maj.  Parsons I      13 


158 
Vouchers  belongs  to  the  foregoing  Account. 


BETHLEHEM,  ye  16  April,  1757. 

A  list  of  sundry  provisions  sent  up  from  Bethlehem  to  Fort 
Allen  for  the  use  of  the  Indians  coming  down  to  the  Treaty, 
by  order  of  William  Parsons,  Esq., 


viz.: 


*  Captain  Henry  Quamash,  a  Delaware  of  Teedyuscung's  company 
who  lay  sick  at  Bethlehem  from  the  second  treaty  at  Easton  to  Oc 
tober  of  1760.  Before  setting  out  for  the  Indian  country,  in  that 
month,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Governor  Hamilton,  expressive  of  his 
gratitude  for  the  kind  attention  and  care  he  had  experienced  from  the 
Government,  and  also  from  the  Brethren  at  Bethlehem.  "  In  particu 
lar,"  he  writes,  "  I  am  thankful  to  Mr.  Horsfield  for  his  great  love  to 
ward  me,  for  the  horse,  the  blankets,  stockings  and  hat,  and  meal  and 
medicines  he  has  given  me  to  take  with  me." 

20 


298  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

Two  hundred  pound  of  gammons. 
Eight  bushels  of  Indian  corn  meal. 
Ten  loafes  of  bread. 

Thirteen  hundred  seventy-three  pound  of  flower. 
15  new  Osnabrigs  bags. 
2  large  sacks,  with  the  bread  and  bacon. 

Recd   the   above  particulars   by   Bethlehem  wagon,  by  the  hands 
of  Paal  Christian  Stouber,*  by  me, 

ANTONIUS  MULLER. 


2. 
Province  of  Pensilvania  to  Apothecary  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1757- 
April  28.  For  medicines  delivd  Capt.  Arndt,  per  his 

order:  £,        s.      d. 

To  10      oz.  empl.  ad  rupt 5 

"     6        "       "       de  minio 4 

"   14        "    ungt.  basilic I       8 

"     3>2    "     spirit,  rectific 2 

"     2        "         "     terebinth I 

"     2        "    balsam  vulne 4 

"     i        "    camphor 3       6 

"     i        "    pulv.  antispasm 2       6 

«     i        "         "    lax.,  4  dos 4 


FRED*  OTTO.f 


*  Paul  Christian  Stauber,  from  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  Came  to 
Bethlehem  with  Henry  Jorde's  colony  of  young  men,  on  the  Irene, 
in  June  of  1750.  Removed  to  North  Carolina  in  1767.  Descendants 
are  living  there. 

|  John  Frederic  and  his  wife,  Maria  Otto,  came  to  Bethlehem  in 
November  of  1743,  with  the  second  "Sea  Congregation,"  on  the 
"Little  Strength."  He  was  apothecary  and  druggist  for  "The 
Family." 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  299 


Province  of  Pensilvania,  Dr. 
1757-  £       s.      d. 

April.        To  new  stocking  a  rifle  gun 12 

.  "  new  brass  mounting  for  rifle  gun 12 

"  a  bullet  mold  for  "        3 

"  a  screw  and  drawer  for        "        2 

"  new  boreing  the  barrell  (rifle  fashion)...  6 

"  cleaning  "         "        outside I        6 

"  a  new  trigger I        6 

"  cleaning  the  lock  and  2  screws,  &c 2 


N.B. — The  gun  was  ordered  to  be  mended  the  first  Treaty  held 
at  Easton,  and  left  by  an  Indian  under  the  care  of  Wm.  Edmonds, 
who  had  the  late  Governor  Morris'  order  for  that  amongst  other 
things  to  send  them  well  satysfy'd  away,  and  since  mended,  but 
not  charged  till  now  by  me, 

Witness,  DAN^  KLIEST, 

WM.  EDMONDS.  Locksmith  at 

Bethlehem. 

4- 
Province  of  Pensilvania,  to  Bethlehem  Store,  Dr. 

1757.      For  sundries  delivd,  viz.: 
April  13.  For  butter  and  mending  a  gun  for  ye  Indian, 

Tapescawen*  and  his   companion  mes-    £        s.      d. 
sengers  from  Tadiuskund I       4 

Carrd  forwd...  I       4. 


*  Tapescawen  or  Tapeuscung,  alias  Samuel,  Teedyuscung's  coun? 
selor,  had  arrived  from  Diahoga  with  two  messages  from  the  King  to 
Maj.  Parsons.  The  communications  were  forwarded  to  him  and  de 
livered  in  presence  of  the  Moravian  Indian  Paul.  The  King,  they 
stated,  was  preparing  to  come  down,  and  with  him  were  coming  chiefs 
of  the  Six  Nations.  He  had  been  far  back  in  their  country,  and  so 
had  been  detained. — See  page  366. 


3oo  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 


1757.  Bro*  forwd  ................................  I       4 

April  1  8.  For  29  yds  Osnabrigs  for  bags,  to  carry  pro 

visions,  @  is.  6d.  .........................        236 

"    thread,  and  cash  pd.  for  making  do  ......  4       6 

25.  "     i  Ib.  butter,  delivd  do  ........................  6 

26.  "    butter  and  bread,  deld  Tadiuskund's  and 

Nutimus's  sons*  ...........................  I 

28.     "     100  oil  flints  delivd  Capn  Arnclt  for  his 

compy  .........................................  8 

May     i.     "    pipes    and   tobacco   for  ye  Indian  mes 

senger  from  Lancasterf  ...................  10 

4.  "  sundries  delivd  Nathanael  and  Zacharias, 
messengers,  for  their  journey  to  Way- 
omick  and  Diaogu,^  pr.  order  of  Mr. 
Horsfield,  viz.: 


Carrd  forwd 2      19 


*  Old  Nutimus  was  a  well-known  chief  of  the  Fork  Delawares,  and 
their  representative  at  the  Treaty  in  Philadelphia  in  July  of  1742,  at 
which  Canassatego  rib-roasted  them  well,  and  then  bade  them  be  off 
and  out  of  the  Forks,  subject  to  a  heavy  penalty  if  they  were  recusant. 
Isaac,  his  son,  reported  to  Justice  Horsfield  that  ten  days  previously  he 
had  left  a  place  30  miles  above  Diahoga,  and  had  met  French  and  In 
dians  coining  down  on  the  frontiers  with  intent  to  murder.  "  On 
asking  him  and  Amos,  Teedyuscung's  son,  why  they  did  not  catch  the 
rogues,"  writes  Horsfield  to  Parsons,  "  they  made  no  answer,  only 
smiled." 

f  A  Mohawk,  who  had  come  to  Bethlehem,  escorted  by  Capt.  Wm. 
Trent,  at  the  request  of  the  Indians  at  Lancaster,  to  bring  Teedyus- 
cung  and  the  rest  of  the  Delawares,  should  they  have  arrived,  to  that 
city.  The  Sachem  delivered  his  message  in  the  presence  of  Mr.  Hors 
field  to  the  Indians  at  "  The  Crown,"  who  agreed  to  send  a  number  of 
their  chiefs  and  some  of  the  women.  They  set  out  on  the  2d,  having 
left  wampum  with  word  for  the  King  to  follow  with  the  rest,  on  his 
arrival. 

J  See  note  to  April  28,  in  the  early  part  of  this  Account.  "  On  the 
5th  of  May  the  messengers  set  out;  Bro.  Schmick,  at  his  request, 
having  furnished  Nathaniel  with  a  Delaware  translation  of  the  Gov- 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  3 

£       s.     d. 

1757-  Bro'forwd 2      19       8 

May  4.  i   oz.  blew  thread,  @  6</.,  and  2^  yds 

blew  strowds,  @  us I       8 

2  tin  kettles,  @  2s.  6d.,  and  500  white 

wampums,  @  2s.  -$d.  per  cent 16       3 

2  ivory  combs,          do.  horn  combs 4       4 

6  gun  flints  and  2  Ibs.  gun  powder,  @ 

3*- 6</. 7       6 

2  Ibs.  small  shot,  @  &/.,  and  2  knives, 

@   IJ 3       4 

4  Ibs.  lead,  @  8</. 2       8 

8  yds.  ribbon,  @  is.  $d.,  for  their  stock 
ings Ir        4 

2  fine  pockett  books 8 

2  Ibs.  butter,  @  6d ! 

2  fine  pipe  heads,  lin'd  and  cover'd  with 

brass,  @  is.  $d. 2       6 

I    silk   handkerchief,   @    6j.    6^/.,    and 

needles,  2d. 6       8 

5.   For  I  pr  sissars  and  y£  yd  strowds 2 

"     2  pockett  bottles,  butter  and  bread  3 

"    cash    paid  for   mending  Nathanael   his 

buckles ^ 

1 6.     "     i   lb.  butter,  do.  sugar,  deld  Nathanael 

his  wife,  who  being  with  child,  desired 

care   might  be   taken  of  her   in    his 

absence,  pr.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield...  i 

20.      "    mending  a  gun   lock   for   Capt"   Arndt 

his  compy 4      5 

"    mending  a  gun  for  do i       6 

To  I  doz.  eggs  and  I  lb.  sugar,  delivd  Na 
thanael  his  wife,  pr.  order  of  Mr.  Hors 
field. .. 


10 


Errors  excepted  by 

WM.  EDMONDS, 

Store  Keeper. 

ernor's  message,  for  committal  to  memory  on  the  journey." — Bethle 
hem  Diarist. 


302  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

5- 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  Bethlehem  Tavern,  Dr. 
For  sundries  delivd  to  sundry  Indians,  &c., 
per  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield  : 

1757- 
April  1 2.     "    breakfast,  dinner,  and    supper  delivd  I 

Indian  man,  I  Indian  woman,  with  a      £      s.      d. 

soldier  of  Capt.  Arndt's  Compy 4 

"    3  >£  quarts  of  cydar  for  do I        2 

"    dinner,  supper,  and  breakfast  delivd  ye 

Indian  Gabriel* I       4 

"    I X  quart  cydar  for  do 6 

"    keeping  his  horse  I  night,  with  hay  and 

oats * 

13.     "    supper  and  breakfast  for  2  Ind.  men  and 

I  boy 2       6 

"    2  gills  of  rum 

1 6.     "    dinner  2  times,  and  supper  delivd  2  In 
dians 3 

"    i  qt.  cydar 4 


14       6 


"    supper  and  I  quart  of  beer  for  2  Indians  I       4 

1 8.  "    breakfast  and  dinner  for  4  do 3       4 

"    supper  and  I  quart  cydar  for  3        do I      10 

19.  "    breakfast  and   2  quarts    cydar  delivd   2 

Indians  who    returned   to  ye   Indian 

country I        4 

"    2  quarts   beer   for   2   Ind.    women    and 

2  children 8 

23.     "    dinner,  supper,  and  breakfast  for  3  In 
dians 4 

"    3  gills  of  rum  and  2  quarts  of  cydar  for 

do....  i       8 


I4         2 

Carrd  forwd i       8       8 


Formerly  of  Gnadenhutten. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


303 


£       *•      *. 
1757.  Bro'forwd  ................................        I        8       8 

April  23.  For  supper  2  times,  breakfast  and  dinner  for 

2  Indians  .....................................  3       8 

"    I  quart  of  beer  and  I  gill  of  rum  .........  8 

24.  "    supper  and  3  quarts  cydar  delivd  to  do...  2 

25.  "    breakfast  and  2  quarts  cydar  for  do  ......  I       4 

"    supper  and  I  pint  cydar  for  2  do  ..........  I        2 

26.  "    breakfast  and  I  quart  cydar  for  I  do  .....  8 
"    supper  and  I  quart  cydar  for  Zaccheus 

and  his  wife  .................................  I        4 

27.  "    breakfast  and  I  gill  of  rum  for  do  .........  I 

"    I  quart  cydar  for  Nicodemus  ..............  4 


12          2 


"    supper  and  2  gills  of  rum  delivd  Joel, 

Tom  Evans,  and  their  mother 2       2 

28.     "    2  gills  of  rum  for  do.  and  Zaccheus,  &c.  8 

"    breakfast  and  supper  for  4  Indians 3       4 

"    i  quart  beer  for  do 4 

"    dinner  and  supper  and  I  quart  cydar,  for 

Zaccheus  and  his  wife 2       4 

30.     "    2  gills  rum  for  do 8 

"    keeping  Zaccheus' horse  4  days 2       8 

"    supper,  I  gill  of  rum,  and  I  quart  cydar 
for  Tom  Evans  and  his  son  with  the 

soldier 2       2 

May  I.        "    breakfast  for  2  of  do.  and  I  gill  of  rum..  I 

"    dinner  and  supper  for  Tom  Evans I 

2.        "    breakfast  and  I  gill  of  rum  for  do.........  8 


"    keeping  Zaccheus'  horse  2  days I       4 

"     "fa  P^t  rum  f°r  do.  going  to  Lancaster..  6 
"    I  gill  rum  for  his  wife,  being  not  well...  4 
4.        "    3  gills  of  do.  and  2  quarts  beer  for  sun 
dry  Indians I        8 


Carrd  forwd 3      10 


304  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 


1757-  Bro4forwd  ................................  3     Jo 

May  4.     For  supper  and   breakfast   for  2   men,  who 

went  with  ye  Indians  to  Fort  Allen....  2 

"    3  quarts  of  beer  for  do  .......................  I 

"    keeping  their  horses  on  hay  and  oats  2 

nights  ........................................  2 

"  breakfast  and  2  gills  of  rum  delivd  Na- 
thanael  and  Zacharias  going  with  a 
message  from  ye  Governor  to  Tattius- 
kund  .......  ..................................  i  3 

9.  "    dinner,  supper,  and  2  quarts  beer  delivd 

Moses  Tattamy  .............................  !        g 

"  supper,  I  quart  beer,  and  I  gill  rum  for 
Sam  Evans,  his  wife  and  2  children, 
with  a  soldier  of  Capt.  Arndt  ...........  2  4 

10.  "    breakfast  and  I  gill  of  rum  for  ye  soldier  10 


15       4 


"  breakfast,  dinner,  and  i  gill  of  rum  for 

Sam  Evans I  2 

"  do.  and  do.  and  I  do.  of  do.  and  I  quart 

of  beer  for  Tattamy I  5 

"    supper  and  I  quart  of  beer  for  do 9 

11.  "    breakfast,  dinner,  supper,  I  gill  of  rum, 

and  i  quart  of  beer  for  do 2 

12.  "    breakfast  and  I  gill  of  rum  for  do 8 

"    keeping  his   horse  3  days   on  hay  and 

oats 3       6 

17.  "    dinner,  supper,  and  breakfast   delivd  a 

soldier  of  Capt.  Arndt's  company i       4 

"    I  gill  of  rum  and  I  quart  of  beer 8 

18.  "    supper  for  Tattamy 's  son 6 

19.  "    breakfast,  supper,  and  I  gill  of  rum  for 

do ,        2 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  305 

1757- 
May  19.    For  supper  and  I  quart  beer  delivd  Tattamy, 

Gabriel's  wife  and  2  children,  with  a    £       s.      d. 

soldier 2       6 

20.  "    breakfast  for  Tattamy  and  the  soldier....  8 

"    I  quart  of  beer  for                   do 4 

"    breakfast  for  Tattamy's  son 4 

"    dinner  and  supper  for  Tattamy  and  his 

son 2 

21.  "    breakfast  and  I  gill  of  rum  for  do i       4 

"    dinner  and  I  quart  of  beer  for  do I       4 

"    keeping  Tattamy's  horse  on  hay  2  days..  I       4 

26.      "    dinner  and  I  gill  of  rum  for  Tattamy....  10 


10 


"  supper  and  I  pint  beer  for  do 10 

"  dinner  and  I  pint  beer  for  a  soldier 8 

27.  "  I  gill  of  rum,  breakfast,  dinner,  and  I 

pint  of  beer  for  Tattamy I  4 

"  dinner  and  I  qt.  of  cydar  for  2  Indians* 

that  came  from  Lancaster I       4 


4          2 

Sum  total 5        J       3 


*  On  their  way  to  the  Susquehanna  with  a  message  from  Governor 
Denny  to  Teedyuscung,  containing  an  account  of  the  proceedings 
of  the  treaty  held  at  Lancaster  between  the  I2th  and  2oth  of  May,  a 
promise  to  redress  all  grievances,  and  an  invitation  for  him  to  come 
down  with  his  uncles,  the  Senecas,  when  it  suited  his  convenience. 


306  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

VIII.  ACCOUNT  DELIVD  YE  COMMISSIONERS  IN  PHILADELPHIA,  PR. 
WM.  EDMONDS,  DATED  YE  28  MAY,  1757. 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1757. 

May  27.    For  sundries  delivd  82  Indians  in  Bethle 
hem  since  IIth  April  last,  viz.:  £      s.  d. 

2893  Ibs.  of  bread,  @  i^d 15        I  4^ 

484  Ibs.  of  beef,  @  $y£d. 7       I  2 

20  Ibs.  of  gammons,  @  ^y^d. 9  2 

93  galls,  of  milk,  @  6d 266 

73  bushls  of  Indian  corn,  @  2s.  6d. 9       2  6 

^2     do.    beans,  @,  4^ 2 

y2     do.    salt,  @  5-r 2  6 

10  galls,  of  soft  sope,  @  U 10 

32^5  gall5  linseed  oil  for  lamps,  @  4.? 13  6 


35      8 


IX.  AN  ACCOUNT  SENT  TO  YE  COMMISSIONERS,  DATED  YE  6  AUGUST, 

1757- 

1757.    Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
June    4.  For  hire  of  a  waggon  to  Easton  with  3  men 
to  guard,    do.  for  carrying  powder  and 
lead  to  do.  for  the  use  of  ye  Province,    £       s.       d. 

pr.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield 18 

22.  To  the  tavern  for  sundries  delivd  1 1  soldiers. 

(See  Voucher  i) 19     10 

24.  For  sundries  delivd  on  acct.  of  ye  Indn  mes 
senger,  pr.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield.    (See 

Voiccher  2) 6     12       7^ 

July  12.  To  Bethlehem  Store  for  20  Ibs.  gun  powder 
for  the  use  of  Captn  Wetherhold's  com 
pany,  @  3-r.  6.,  pr.  order  of  Capt.  Arndt. 
(See  Voucher^} 3  10 


Carrd  forwd 12 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  307 

£       *•     <*• 
1757.  Bro4  forwd  ................................     12  5^ 

July  12.    To  I  cask  for  do  ....................................  2 

For   sundries    delivd   Jo  Peepy  and    Hugh 

Crawfford.     (See  Voucher  4)  ..............       4     17       2 

For  medicines,  &c.  &c.,for  Capt"  Harris,  &c. 

(1s>tt  Voucher  $}  ................................        I      18 

29.  To    Bethlehem    Store    for    sundries.       (See  ' 

Voucher  6)  ......................................  9       7 

Aug.  I.  For  sundries  delivd  on   acct.   of  ye  Indians 
coming   and   going    to    and    from    Fort 
Allen,  pr.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield.     (See 
Voucher  7)  ......................................       6 

"  stocking  and  repairing,  &c.,  sundry  guns, 

&c.     (See  Voucher  %)  ........................       946 

5.  To  the  Tavern  for  sundries  delivd  ye  Indians 
coming  from  and  going  to  Fort  Allen,  pr. 
order  of  Mr.  Horsfield.  (See  Voucher  9)  29  17  6 
For  sundries  delivd  ye  Indians  opposite 
Bethlehem,  since  ye  27  last  May.  (See 
Voucher  10)  .....................................  26  14 


91 


Vouchers  belongs  to  the  foregoing  Account. 

I. 

Bill  of  fare  for  eleven  soldiers  at  Bethlehem 
1757.          Tavern,  June  21  and  22,  1757  :  £         s.      d. 

June  21.  For  supper  for  do.  @  6d 5       6 

"     5  quarts  beer I        8 

22.     "    breakfast  for  do.,  @  6d 5       6 

"     dinner  for  do.,  and  5  quarts  beer 7       2 


19     10 


N.B. — The  Insign  is  included,  and  came  with  the  soldiers  to  have 
their  arms  repaired  at  Bethlehem. 

Received  the  above  for  myself  and  10  men  at  sd  tavern,  pr. 

JACOB  SCHNEIDER,*  Insign. 

*  Jacob  Schneider,  commissioned  Ensign  in  Capt.  Arndt's  company, 
ist  Battalion  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  May  19,  1756. 


308  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 


Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

For  sundries  delivd  ye  Indians  messengers, 
Nathanael,    Zacharias,    and    Paul,*    pr. 
1757.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield  : 

May  28.   For  15^  Ibs.  of  bacon,  deliv'1  them  for  their 

journey  to  Diaogu  (omitted  in  last  ac-     £       s. 

count],  @  $y£d. 7 

June    4.     "    soling  and  mending  Zaccheus'  shoes 2 

1 6.     "    an  express  to  Easton  with  letters  to  Maj. 

Parsons  on  the  Province  service 5 

24.     "    hire  of  2  men  6  days  for  going  with  them 
to  Philaa,  and  staying  for  them  there, 

@  3 s.  per  day  each i      16 

"    cash  paid  for  hire  of  5  horses i      n 

"    cash  paid  for  expenses  on  the  road 2     1 1 


6       12 


*  On  the  1 8th  of  June  the  first  two  reached  Bethlehem  on  their  re 
turn,  with  the  intelligence  that  the  King  would  be  in  the  settlements 
within  eight  days.  They  set  out  on  the  2ist  for  Philadelphia  to  report 
to  the  Governor.  In  a  letter  to  Deputy  Croghan,  under  date  of  June 
23,  the  Governor  writes  :  "  The  messengers,  Nathaniel  and  Zacharias, 
are  returned  with  an  answer  that  Teedyuscung  was  one  hundred  miles 
above  Diahoga,  that  he  had  been  very  diligent  in  performing  the  several 
matters  he  undertook  at  Easton,  that  he  was  exceedingly  glad  to  receive 
my  message,  and  would  set  out  about  eight  days  after  the  messengers.  He 
may  be  expected  here  about  the  first  week  in  July,  or  perhaps  he  may 
come  sooner.  I  give  you  this  notice  by  the  express,  desiring  you  will 
order  your  matters  so  as  to  have  time  enough  to  attend  the  treaty, 
which  I  will  not  open  unless  you  be  present.  Teedyuscung  desires  I 
should  be  ready,  and  not  detain  him  longer  than  is  absolutely  neces 
sary." 

Paul  had  accompanied  Tapeuscu ng ,  June  1st,  on  his  return  to  the 
King,  with  a  reply  from  Government. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  309 


3- 
JACOB  ARNDT'S  ORDER,  &c.,  DRAWN  ON  TIMOTHY  HORSFIELD,  £c., 

ON  ACCT.  OF  YE  PROVINCE. 

July  II,  1757. 
MR.  HORSFIELD  : 

SIR, — Lieut.  Wetherhold  hath  desired  me  to  write  an  order  that 
you  might  be  pleased  to  send  with  the  Bearer  hereof,  Peter  Reg, 
Twenty  Pounds  of  Powder  and  Sixty  Pounds  of  Lead,  for  the  use  of 
Lieut.  Wetherhold's  men.     I  hope  you  will  oblige  your  Friend. 
I  am  your  hble.  servant, 

JACOB  ARNDT. 

MR.  EDMONDS  : 

Please  let  the  Bearer,  Peter  Reg,  have  20  Ibs.  powder,  and  charge 
it  to  the  Province  account. 

I  am  yours, 

TIMY.  HORSFIELD. 

BETHM.,  July  n,  1757. 

Reed  of  Wm.  Edmonds  of  Bethm  Store,  the  above  ordered  20  Ibs. 
of  Powder,  on  acct.  of  the  Province.  I  say,  reed  for  the  use  of  Capt, 
Wetherhold's  men  at  Allemangel,  pr. 

PETER  REEG. 

N.B. — The  above  order  was  drawn  in  order  to  be  delivered  here, 
by  reason  they  would  not  get  the  Powder  at  Easton,  Maj.  Parsons 
being  absent. 

BETHLEHEM,  July  n,  1757. 

Reed  of  ye  Province  of  Pensilvania  by  the  hands  of  Timy  Horstield, 
60  Ibs.  of  Lead  for  the  use  of  Captn  Wetherhold's  men  Posted  at 
Allemangel,  pr. 

PETER  REEG. 

N.B. — I  have  delivd  the  above  60  Ibs.  of  Lead  out  of  a  Parsell  that 
was  in  my  Hands  belonging  to  ye  Province. 

TIMY.  HORSFIELD. 
BETHM.,  July  n,  1757. 


3io  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 


Province  of  Pensilvania,  Dr. 

For  sundries  delivd  to  Jo  Peepy  and  Hugh 

J757-            Crawfford,*  viz.:                                                  £      s.  if. 

May    21.         500  blue  wampons,  @  2s ;.  10 

2  yds  Osnabrigs,  @  Is.  8d 3  4 

thread  and  needles 5 

I  Ib.  sope 6 

i  yd  blue  strowds n 

5  Ibs.  powder,  @  35-.  6d. 17  6 

8  Ibs.  lead,  @  Stt. 5  4 

I  large  hunting  knife I  8 

1  tin  quart I  4 

2  wooden  pipes  lined  with  brass 3  2 

I  quire  writing  paper I  4 

1  brass  inkhorn 2 

4  Ibs.  tobacco,  @  ^d I  4 

2  combs 8 

I  knife I  8 

I  bottle 7 

leather  for  a  pr  of  shoes I  4 

Z/4.  ydslinnen,  @  3^.  2</.,  and  thread,  4^.  n  5 

I  pr  shoes  for  Crawfford  (pumps) 12 

June     i.  For  mending  a  gun  for  Capt.  Arndt's  soldiers  3  8 

"    sundries  delivd  ye  Indian  Zaccheus i 

"    salt  delivd  ye  Indians  over  the  water I  3 

"    cash  paid  for  shoeing  ye  Indian  Petrus 

his  horse I  2 

"    pipes  and  tobacco  sentf  for  Teedyuscung  6 


Carrd  forwd 4     14 


*  Hugh  Crawford,  an  Indian  trader,  from  "Aughwick  (now  Shirley- 
town,  in  Huntingdon  County),  on  the  great  Path  to  the  Ohio,"  and  Jo 
Peepy,  were  bearers  of  dispatches  to  Sir  William  Johnson,  from  Deputy 
Croghan,  at  Lancaster,  and  were  fitting  out  for  the  journey. 

f  By  Paul  and  Tapescawen. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


311 


£  *•    <i- 

1757.                      Bro1  forwd 4  14       2 

June  ii.  To    cash    paid   Jos.    Brown   as   pr.   receipt 

signed  by  Crawfford 3 


4     17 


The  above  has  been  delivd  out  of  Bethlehem 
Store. 

WM.  EDMONDS. 
5- 
Province  of  Pensilvania  to  Surgeon  at  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1757- 

June  1 8.  For  medicine  and  attendance  on  Captn  Har 
ris,  the  Indian,  from  ye  1 8  May  to  ye 
1 8  June,  he  having  a  very  dangerous 
hurt  in  his  arm,  attended  with  a  caries  £  s.  d. 

or  rotteness  in  the  bone I      16 

July  II.      "    bleeding  the  Indian  Jo  Peepy's  wife I 

"         do.       the  Indian  Nathanael's  wife....  i 


1 8 


JOHN  MATTHW.  OTTO. 
Bethm.,  the  II  July,  1757. 

6. 

Province  of  Pensilvania  Dr.  to  Bethlehem  for  sundries  out  of  the 

Store. 
1757- 
July  29.    For  tobacco,  pipes,  &c.,  to  the  Nanticocks* 

during   their    stay    here,    in    going    to     £        s.     d. 
Easton ...  2     10 


Carrd  forwd 


*  The  Nanticokes  (^l  tide-water  people"} ,  a  small  member  of  the  Al 
gonquin  family,  had  their  seats,  when  the  Europeans  first  met  them,  on 
the  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland.  Thence  they  migrated  northward 
about  1748,  following  the  course  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  planting  in 
part  at  Wyoming  and  in  part  higher  up  the  river,  at  Chenango  and 
Chemung.  Five  of  these  Indians  halted  at  Bethlehem  on  the  29th  of 


3i2  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£ 


1757.        .  Brolforwd 

July  29.    For  do.  at  their  departure  from  Easton. 
"    2  sweet  cakes  for  Bill  Tattamy* 


Carrd  forwd 


July,  on  their  way  to  the  treaty  at  Easton.  Bro.  Spangenberg  had  a 
formal  interview  with  them,  at  which  there  was  the  customary  ex 
change  of  compliments  and  of  wampum.  They  stated  that  they  had 
come  to  condole  with  their  old  friends,  the  Brethren,  in  their  recent 
losses,  expressed  regret  that  intercourse  with  them  had  for  so  long  a  time 
been  suspended,  brought  greeting  from  old  Paxanosa,  and  a  message 
that  he  and  Mohican  Abraham  intended  to  pay  them  a  visit.  Of  these 
proceedings  Bro.  Spangenberg  prudently  advised  Weisser,  at  Easton, 
in  the  following  letter  : 

"BETHLEHEM,  July  30,   1757- 

«  SIR,— 

"  Last  night,  being  in  Nazareth,  I  heard  that  three  Nanticoke  chiefs, 
John  Curtis,  Tom,  and  Abraham,  were  come  to  Bethlehem,  and  that 
they  had  some  words  to  speak  to  the  Brethren.  Their  captain  intended 
to  go  to  Easton,  and  therefore  I  made  haste  to  return  home  again. 
Enclosed  is  the  compliment  they  made  on  their  way,  and  the  answer 
we  gave  them.  The  reason  of  their  complacence  is  this,  viz.:  they 
were  in  great  want  of  provisions  about  four  years  ago,  when  they  yet 
lived  at  Wayomik.  They  applied  to  the  Brethren  who  then  lived  at 
Gnadenhiitten,  and  wanted  to  be  relieved  in  their  great  hunger.  The 
Brethren  upon  that  gave  them  60  bushels  of  flour,  which  they  fetched 
from  our  mill  at  Gnadenhiitten.  They  then  came  and  gave  us  thanks 
and  told  us  they  would  remove  from  Wayomik  and  go  higher  up  the 
Susquehanna,  but  they  would  pay  us  a  visit  in  two  years'  time  again ; 
and  this  made  a  particular  acquaintance  between  the  Nanticokes  and 
the  Brethren.  I  let  you  know  this  because  I  hope  you  will  acquaint 
the  Governor  and  Mr.  Peters  with  it  if  you  find  it  well  and  think  it 
needful.  I  will  add  no  more,  for  I  suppose  your  time  is  much  taken 
up.  But  be  sure  I  think  often  of  you  and  wish  you  good  success  in 
your  Treaty. 

"  Farewell  sir,  your  humble  servant 

"  SPANGENBERG." 

*  Son  of  Moses  Tatemy. 


WITH   THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


.        . 
1757-  Bro'forW1  ................................  5        T 

July  29.  For  cash  paid  for  mending  a  gun  in  Capin. 

Arndt's  compy  ..............................  2 

"    tobacco  and  leather  for  mends  shoes....  2       6 


Paid  and  delivd  as  above, 

pr.  WM.  EDMONDS,  Storekeeper. 


7- 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
For  sundries  delivd  on  acct.  of  the  Indians 
coming  from  and  going  to  Fort  Allen, 
1757-  pr.  order  of  Mr.  Horsfield  : 

June  15.      "    hire  of  2  men  to  guard  Indian  Gabriel, 

his  wife  and   2  children,  and  sundry      £       s. 

others  to  John  Hays' 6 

1 6.  To  John  Hays,  for  conducting  said  Indians 

to  Uplinger's*  as  per  his  acct 5 

For  stocking  a  gun  pr.  order  of  Col.  Weisser, 

given  about  ye  Ist  treaty jy 

29.      "    mending  a  gun  lock  per  order  of  Captn 

Arndt...  ~ 


Carrd  forwd. 


*  Nicholas  Opplinger  kept  public-house  on  the  road  to  Fort  Allen, 
where  said  road,  on  leaving  the  river  just  above  the  Gap,  skirts  the 
"  Fire-Line  Hill"  along  the  Aquanshicola,  a  mile  from  its  mouth. 
The  house  and  mill-seat  are  now  owned  by  Mr.  Peter  Snyder.  "  We 
arrived  that  night  at  one  Nicholas  Opplinger.  After  I  had  settled  with 
the  landlord  next  day  the  Indian  account,  which  amounted  to  £i.  IQJ. 
lid.,  chiefly  for  sider,  this  being  the  last  place  where  they  could  get  it, 
we  sott  off  and  arrived  at  Fort  Allen  by  10  of  the  clock."—  WeisseSs 
Journal,  Nov.  19,  1756. 


21 


3I4  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 


Bro'  forwd  ...............................        I      10 

July  II.    For  an  express  to  ye  Governor,  with  letters 
of  Col.  Weisser*  and  expences  in  the 
town  for  his  and  his  horse  waiting  3 
days  ..........................................        2 

"    an  express  to  ye  Governor  with  letters  of 
Mr.    Horsfield    concerning   Teedyus- 
cung's  arrival  in  Fort  Allenf  ............        I        5 

"    expences  in  ye  town  ..........................  3 

23.  "  hire  of  a  man  to  go  with  Teedyuscung's 
mother-in-lawj  to  Easton  at  the  re 
quest  of  ye  Governor  ......................  5 


Carrd  forwd. 


*  Weisser  passed  through  Bethlehem  for  Easton  on  July  14.  He  sent 
a  letter  to  the  Governor  by  express,  in  which  he  informed  him  of  his 
arrival,  and,  at  the  same  time,  of  the  friendly  disposition  of  the  Dela- 
wares.  "  The  Indians,"  he  writes,  "  are  altogether  good-natured,  and 
Teedyuscung,  considering  how  much  he  loves  strong  drink,  behaves 
very  well,  and  I  have  not  seen  him  quite  drunk  since  I  came,  to  this 
time.  I  find  they  are  all  desirous  to  come  to  a  lasting  peace." 

f  "  Last  night"  (July  5),  writes  Horsfield  to  the  Governor,  "  an  ex 
press  came  from  Capt.  Arndt,  of  Fort  Allen,  advising  me  of  the  King's 
arrival.  The  captain  writes  as  follows  :  '  These  are  to  inform  you  that 
Detiuscung  is  arriv'd  here  yesterday  evening,  and  there  be  at  present 
about  200  Indians  with  him,  with  young  and  old.  Detiuscung  is  in 
tended  to  stay  here  about  five  or  six  days,  and  in  this  time  he  expects 
100  Senecas  here,  and  then  he  is  intended  to  go  to  Easton  in  hopes  to 
meet  with  his  Honor  the  Governor.'  " 

J  Erdmuth,  mother-in-law  of  Teedyuscung,  formerly  of  Gnaden- 
hiitten,  so  named  for  Erdmuth  Dorothea,  Countess  of  Zinzendorf.  She 
left  for  Easton  at  the  request  of  Governor  Denny,  to  whom  Bro.  Peter 
Bohler  wrote  as  follows  : 

"  MAY    IT    PLEASE   YOUR    HONOUR, — 

"  When  Capt.  Arndt  delivered  your  Honour's  Letter  to  me,  Teedy 
uscung's  Wife's  Mother  was  not  found  at  home,  she  being  gone  out  a 
couple  of  miles  to  seek  Huckleberries,  and  is  not  expected  home  be- 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  3I 

£      s.      d. 

1757-  Brotforwd 5       3 

July  28.  For  hire  of  a  man  for  accompanying  2  Ind. 
men,  4  women,  and  7  children  to  Eas- 
ton,  and  3  Inds.  from  do.  to  Bethle 
hem 7  6 

"    1)4  bush.  Indian  corn  delivd  some   In 
dians  returning  to  Fort  Allen 4       6 

Aug.  i.  "  hire  of  a  man  for  going  with  10  Indn 
men,  2  women,  and  4  children  to 
Easton 


6 
8. 


Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Gunsmith  in  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
1757- 
June  13.  To  mending  3  guns  for  Captn  Wetherhold's    £       s.       d. 

compv I0 

14.     "  mending   i    gun  lock  for  Captn  Arndt's 

compy j 

29.     "  mending  i          do.         for          do 4 

July    9.     «         «          i          do.         for          do i        6 

24.     "  stocking,  repairing,  &c.,   15  guns  and   I 
pistol,  pr.   order   of  Jacob   Schneider, 
Insign,  viz.: 
"  stocking  8  guns,  @  9.5- 3      I2 


Carrd  forwd 486 


fore  night.     Our  Brethren  will  not  be  wanting  on  their  part  to  forward 
her  to  Easton. 

"  I  am  sorry  though  that  yr.  Honour  has  had  such  a  groundless  in 
formation  as  if  we  had  refused  her  going  to  Easton.  None  of  us  did 
ever  hear  that  Teedyuscung  or  his  wife  had  desired  her  mother  should 
come  to  them,  and  therefore  it  could  not  be  that  we  refused  her  to  go. 
Hoping  that  yr.  Honour  will  clear  us  from  such  an  aspersion,  at  least 
in  your  own  mind,  I  am 

"  Your  Honour's  most  obedient  and 

"  most  obliged  humble  servant, 

"PETER    BOHLER." 


3I6  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£       *.     d. 

1757.  Bro*  forwd 486 

July  24.   To  putting  a  piece  on  a  gunstock 4 

"  repairing  2  old  gunstocks  and  making  2 


rammers 


2 


"  cleaning  and  straightening   II   gun  bar- 

rells *        2       6 

"  making  2  new  breech  pins,  and  mende 

several  others IO 

"  mending  and  sodering  a  gun  barrell 2 

"  boring  a  touch  hole I 

"  making  6  new  loops  to  several  barrels.... 
"  making  2  new  brass  loops  to  the  gun 

stocks l 

"  making  7  cross  screws  through  the  breech 

pins  and  4  plates  to  the  triggers 5       6 

"  making  a  sight  and  band  on  a  barrell i       6 

"  cleaning  10  gun  locks 5 

"  repairing  2  plates  for  gun  locks 3       ° 

"  mending  3  cocks  and  hardening  6  ham 
mers 6 

"  hardening,  &c.,  6  hammers  and  making 

2  screws 5 

"  making  7  screws,  &c.  &c 7 

«          "        2  screws    for    tumblers,    and    a 

plate  on  a  cock 

"  making  15  screws  for  gun  locks 7       6 

"         «        i  brass  guard  for  a  pistol 2       6 

July  30.  "  "  I  screw  for  a  tumbler,  and  hard 
ening  a  steel  hammer  for  a  soldier  from 

Fort  Allen l       6 

Aug.  i.  "  making  a  wiper  for  a  rival,  stealing  a 
hammer,  mending  a  screw  for  the  gun 
lock  for  the  Indian  Tonnis,  pr.  order 
of  Mr.  Croghan 4 


946 


DANIEL  KLIEST, 

Locksmith. 
BETHLEHEM,  i  Augs1,  1757. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  3  i  7 

9- 
Province  of  Pensilvania  to  Bethlehem  Tavern,  Dr. 

For  sundries  delivd  ye    In 
dians  coming  from   and 
returning  to  Fort  Allen, 
&c.  &c.,  pr.  order  of  Mr. 
1757.  Horsfield : 

May  27.  To  supper  and   I    quart  of  £       s.       d. 

beer  for  Tatamy £  10 

28.  "  3  meals  and  I  do.  of  do. 

fordo i      10 

29.  "  3  meals  and  i  gill  of  rum 

fordo i      10 

30.  "  2  meals    and    I    qt  beer 

fordo I       4 

"  I  ql  wine  and  2  quarts 
beer  for  8  Indians  with 
Hugh  Crawford* 2  8 

31.  "   i  meal  and  i  gill  of  rum 

for  Tatamy 10 

"  I  quart  and  ^  pint  of 
rum  for  Jo  Peepy  to 
take  on  the  road  to 
Fort  Allen...  I  n 


ii       3 
Sundries    delivd    8    Indians 

and      I     soldier     coming 
from    Lancaster,    as    per 
acct.,  signed  by  Mr.  Hugh 
Crawford : 
June    5.  To    supper    for   3    Indians 

and  I  soldier 2 


Carrdforwd II        3 


*  While  at  Bethlehem,  and  fitting  out  for  his  journey  to  Sir  Wm, 
Johnson. 


3i8  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£       *.     d. 
1757.  Bro*  forwd II 

June  5.    To    2   gills    of    rum   and    2 

quarts  of  cydar  for  do.  £  I       4 

6.  "   i   meal    and  \y2   gill  of 

rum  for  do 2       6 

"  keeping  their  horses  on 

hay  and  oats I 

"   i  supper  for  4  Indians...  2 

7.  "I  meal  for  6  Indians  and 

i  soldier 3       6 

12.  "3  gills  of  rum  and  3  qte 

cydar    for    5    Indians 

and  i  soldier 2 

"   I  supper  for  do 3 

17       4 

13.  "  2  meals  fordo £  6 

"  3  giHs  °f  rum  and  6  qts 

cydar  for  do 3 

15.     "  2  meals  for  5  Indians...  5 

"  2  quarts  of  cydar  for  do.  8 

"   i  pint  and  I  gill  of  rum 

delivd  at  their  return 

to  Fort  Allen I        i 

"  2  meals  for  Moses  Ta- 

tamy      coming      from 

Easton I 

"   yz  gill  of  rum  and  yz  gill 

of  rum  for  do 4 

"  keeping  his  horse 8 

17       9 

17.  "2  meals  for  I  Indian  and 

I  soldier £  2 

"   YZ  giU  °f  rum  and  l  q1 

cydar  for  do 6 

18.  "1)4  gill  °f  rum  f°r  2  In~ 

dians  and  I  soldier....  6 


9 


Carrd  forwd 264 


WITH   THE    COMMISSIONERS.  319 


I  7  C7 

£     *•     d. 
Bro*  forwd   264 

*/:>/• 
June  18. 

To  supper  for  5  Indians  and 
I  soldier                           £           3 

19. 

"  2   meals    for   2    Indians 
and  2  soldiers              ..                4 

22. 

"  2    gills    of    rum    and   2 
quarts  of  cydar  for  do.                I        4 
"   i    meal    and   4  gills  of 
rum  for  6  Indians  and 
I  soldier  .         9       8 

26. 

"   10  quarts  of  beer  for  do.                3       4 
"   I   meal  and  4^  gill  of 
rum  for  do           ....                  5 

"  3  quarts  of  beer  for  do...                 I 

"   I  meal  for  4  Indians  and 
I  soldier                          £           26 

"   3    gills    of    rum    and    4 
quarts  of  beer                               2       4 

27. 
28. 

"  3  meals,  4  gills  of  rum, 
6  qte  of  beer  for  do  10     10 
"   I  meal,  3  gills  of  rum, 
2  ]/2  do  for  do  4       4 

29. 

"    I  meal,  i  *^  gill  of  rum, 
1^2    ql  of  beer  for   2 
Indians  and  I  soldier..                2       6 
i        "       6 

July  3- 

"  supper  and  breakfast  and 
I  gill  of  rum  delivd  to 
an   express  from  Fort 
Allen             .            ....  £           i       4 

"   i    peck   of  oats  for   his 
horse    i 

4-* 

"  supper  for  i,  5  pint  beer, 

Carrd  forwd                                    4     19       2 

*  Amid  the  excitement  prevalent  in  view  of  the  impending  Treaty, 
and  the  passing  and  repassing  of  Indians  and  soldiers,  the  Brethren 


320  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£     *.      d. 
Bro1  forwd 4     19       2 

and  5   half  gill   rum, 

delivd     Tom     Evans* 

and    2    other    Indians 

1757.  coming  from  Easton...  £  I        8 

July  5.  To  supper  and  breakfast  de- 

livd  an    express    from 

Fort  Allen i 

"   I  gill  of  rum  and  I  q1  of 

beer  to  do 8 

"   I  peck  of  oats  and  pas 
ture  for  his  horse. ..  i       6 


7       2 

10.  "  2  meals  for  9   Indians, 

viz.,     Solomon,     Em 
mas,^  &c.  &c.,  coming 

from  Philadelphia £  9 

"  5/4  <lts  beer  and  4^  gill 

of  rum  for  do 3       4 

11.  "  meals  fordo 9 

"  5%  I15  °f  beer  and  ^Yz 

gill  of  rum  for  do 3       4 

"  2  meals  for  Sam  Evans 

and  i  soldier  coming 

from  Easton 2 

11   2  qts  of  beer  for  do 8 


Carrd  forwd 5 


commenced  their  annual  harvest  on  "  July  4,"  without  intermitting 
the  festivities  with  which  they  were  wont  to  mark  the  ingathering  of 
the  fruits  of  the  earth.  The  women  with  sickles,  and  under  an  escort 
of  Indians,  in  one  company,  and  the  men  in  another,  moved  in  pro 
cession,-  amid  the  notes  of  flutes  and  horns,  to  the  fields  that  lay  to  the 
east  and  west  of  the  town. 

*  One  of  the  Harris  family. 

f  Quaere — Amos  Teedyuscung  ? 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


321 


JL      *•     d. 

Bro1  forwd 564 

I757-     To  i  meal  and  i  q*  beer  for  do  I       4 

July  12.      "    keeping  their  horses  on 

hay  and  oats 2       3 

i       10     n 

1 6.  "2  meals  and  I  q*  beer  for 

Abraham*  who  came 

from  Philadelphia I  4 

"  4  qts  beer  and  }/2  gill 
rum  for  3  Indians  and 
i  soldier I  6 

"  i  peck  of  oats  for  their 

horses 6 

17.  "  breakfast  and  %  gill  of 

rum  for  Abraham 8 

25.  "  i  meal,  I  gill  of  rum, 
and  i  q4  beer  delivd 
to  an  express  from 

Easton I       2 

"  y2   peck  of  oats  for  his 

horse  6 

5      8 

27.  "  dinner,  9  qte  cydar,  and 

9  gills  of  rum  delivd 
to    17   Indians   and    I 
soldier  from  Fort  Allen  £         15 
"  supper,   9   qte   cydar,   9 

gills  rum  for  do 15 

28.  "  breakfast,  do.  do.  for  do.  15 
"  dinner  and   10  qte  cydar 

for  17  Indians n      10 

"  supper,    9    qte    cydar,   9 

gills  rum  for  do 14       6 

"  keeping  6  horses  2  days 

and  2  nights  for  do —  12 

434 


Carrd  forwd 11        6       3 


*  Quaere — Mohican  Abraham  ? 


322  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 


1757.  Bro1  forwd  ................................      ii       6 

July  28.  To  2  meals,  6  qts  cydar,  and 
i*/2  gill  of  rum  for  3 
Indians  ...................  £  5  6 

29.  "  dinner,  4  qte  cydar,  and 

4  gills  of  rum   delivd 

7  Indians  and  I  soldier 

from  Fort  Allen  ........  6       8 

"  supper,  2  qts  cydar,  and 

4  gills  of  rum  for  do..  7  4 

"  2  meals,  3  qte  beer,  3 

gills  rum,  3  pint  cydar 

for   Nathanael    and    2 

other     Indians     from 

Easton  ....................  5       6 

30.  "  breakfast,  8*4  gills  rum, 

8^    qte  cydar,   for   17 

Indians  ...................  14       2 


I      19 

"  breakfast,  5  pint  beer, 
and  2%  gill  rum  for  5 
Indians £  4  2 

"  dinner,  5  gills  rum,  and 
5  qte  beer  for  9  In 
dians  and  i  soldier 
from  Fort  Allen 8  4 

"  dinner  and  4  pints  cydar 
for  3  Indians  and  I 
soldier  from  Easton...  2  8 

"  supper  and   10  qts  cydar 

for  20  Indians 13       4 

31.  "  breakfast,  I2j^  q*  cydar, 
and  12^  gill  rum  de- 
livd  25  Indians I  10 


Carrd  forwd 13       5 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  323 

£       J.      * 

1757.  Brotforwd 13       5       5 

July  31.  To  dinner  and  supper  and 
26  qts  cydar  delivd  26 

Indians £  i      14       8 

Aug.   i.      "  breakfast,   14  qte  cydar, 
and  loyz   gill   of  rum 

delivd  28  Indians 122 

"  entertaining  9  horses  2 

days  and  2  nights 126 

"  dinner  and  supper  and 
12    qts    cydar   for    12 

Inds 16 

"  entertaining  9  horses  I 

day  and  i  night 8 


7     12 

2.  "  breakfast,   3   gills    rum, 

and   7   qts    cydar,   de- 

livd  to  14  Indians £  10  4 

"  dinner  and  supper  and 

14  q^  cydar  for  do 18  8 

"  entertaining  8  horses  I 

day  and  i  night 8 

3.  "  breakfast,    I    q*    cydar, 

and  6  gills  of  rum,  de- 

livd  12  indians 8       8 

"  dinner   and   supper,    14 

qts   cydar  and  7  gills 

rum  delivd  14  Indians       i        i 
"  entertaining  8  horses  I 

day  and  I  night 8 


4.  "  breakfast,  3  qte  cydar, 
and  7  gills  rum  for 
14  Indians 


Carrd  forwd 24 


3 24  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£       x. 

1757.  Bro*  forwd...  24     12 

Aug.  4.    To  dinner  and  supper,  9  qte 
cydar,  and  7  gills  rum 

fordo £         19       4 

5.     "  breakfast,  3  quarts  cydar, 

and  7  gills  rum  for  do.  10       4 

"  dinner  and  supper,  6  qts 
cydar,  and  7  gills  rum 
fordo...,  18  4 


18 


27     ii 


BETHLEHEM,  6  August,  1757.  GEORGE  KLEIN.* 

10. 
Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

For   sundries    delivd   the    Indians    opposite 

1757.                 Bethlehem,  since  the  27  last  May,  viz.:  £        s.      d. 

Aug.  5.     To  2377  Ibs.  bread,  @\]^d. 12       7       7^ 

«   293  Ibs.  beef,  @  zy2d 4       5       7X 

"   51  Ibs.      do.   dry,  4^ 19       *X 

"   77  Ibs.  dry  venison,  @  3^/. 19       3 

"   5  Ibs.  bacon,  @  5 %d. 2       3^ 

"   24  Ibs.  veal,  @  2d. 4 

bush.  Indian  corn,  @  3^ 3                4^ 

galls,  milk,  @  6d. 253 

Carrd  forwd 24       3       6 


*  George  Klein.  Born  March,  1705,  in  Riickstadt.  Immigrated 
to  Pennsylvania  prior  to  1742,  and  settled  in  Lancaster  County.  In 
1747  he  donated  a  piece  of  ground  to  the  Brethren,  on  which  a 
church  and  parsonage  were  erected  by  them  in  1748.  In  1749  the 
worshipers  there  were  organized  into  a  congregation,  known  as  the 
"Warwick  Congregation."  In  1755,  Klein  and  his  family  removed  to 
Bethlehem.  He  deceased  there  in  July  of  1783. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  325 

£       J-      * 

1757.                      Bro1  forwd 24       3       6 

Aug.  5.    To  3^"  bush,  white  meal,  @  qs 13 

"    ^  bush5  beans,  @  4^ 2       6 

"    attending  ye  above    Indians    each    day 
from  the  27  May  to  5  August,  1757. 

Beeing  70  days,  @  6d. I      15 

26     14 

BETHLEHEM,  6  August,  1757. 

C.  F.  OUTER.* 


Ephraim  Colver,  Tavern  Keeper,  delivd  to  Hugh  Crawford  for  the  use 

of  the  Province,  being  sent  with  the  Indians  that  came  from  Lan 
caster,  and  in  number  8  : 

I757- 

May  29.   To  dinner  (4*.),  I  pint  wine  (is.),   13  qts.   £  s.      d. 

cydar  (4-r.  4</.) 9       4 

"   supper  for  6  Indians 2 

30.     "   3  qts.  cydar  (u.),  I  pint  wine  (u.) 2 

"   breakfast  for  9  Indians  and  I  white  man  5 

"   dinner  for  8          do.       and  I         do 4 

"   8  qts.  cydar  for  8  do 2       4 

"   supper  (3^.),  4  gills  of  rum  ( I  s.  4^.)  to  do.  4       4 

"   breakfast  for  10  Indians  and  I  white  man  5        6 
"   keeping  3   horses  2  days  on  grass,  hay 

and  oats 4       9 

"   3  qts.  cydar I 


These  recvd  by  me, 

HUGH  CRAWFORD. 
BETHLEHEM  TAVERN,  the  31  May,  1757. 


*  Christian  Frederic  Orter,  studios,  jur'.,  from  Schleiz,  in  Voigtland, 
came  to  Bethlehem  with  the  second  "  Sea  Congregation,"  in  Novem 
ber,  1743.  In  1744,  organist,  and  in  February,  1746,  appointed  book 
keeper  to  "  The  Family."  Deceased  at  Bethlehem,  April,  1793. 


326  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

X.    AN  ACCOUNT  SENT  TO  THE  COMMISSIONERS  IN  PHILADELPHIA, 

DATED   THE   30™    AUGUST,    1757. 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

'757-  £      s.      d. 

Aug.     6.  To  an  account  delivd 91       3       2^ 

10.    "    20  galls,  rum  delivd  French  Margareth, 
per  order  of  Col.  Weisser  and  George 

Croghan.     (See  Voucher  i) 6 

"    saddles,  &c.  &c.,  mending.    (See  Voucher 

2) 9     18       6 

"    Bethlehem    Store,    for   sundries.       (See 

Voucher^ 229 

16.    "    smith  work.     (See  Voucher^] I        i       6 

25.  "    John  Matthew  Otto's  bill.     (See  Voucher 

5) 21     12      3 

"    stocking,    mending,     &c.    guns.       (See 

Voucher  6) 27 

26.  "    Bethlehem  Tavern,  for  sundries    delivd 

the   Indians    from    Fort  Allen.     (See 

Voucher  7) 13       4     JO 

28.  "    sundries  delivd  Teedyuscung  and  compy 

and  Captn  Arndt.     (See  Voucher  8)...      10     18       9^ 

29.  "    sundries  delivd  the  Indians  coming  from 

the  Treaty.     (See  Voucher  9) no       3       8% 

"    sundries    delivd    the     Indians    opposite 

Bethlehem.    (See  Voucher 10) 9     15       9 


303 

Teedyuscung's  wife  desired  Mr.  Horsfield 
to  have  a  cabbin  to  live  by  herself,  which 
he  ordered  to  be  built,  for  which  we  charge  i 


304       i     10 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


327 


GENTLEMEN — 

The  Indians  that  came  from  the  Treaty*  and  many  others  that  since 
that  Time  Come  and  Go  have  ransack't  and  plundered  Our  Orchard, 


*  In  the  nfternoon  of  the  8th  of  August  the  Indians  began  to  pass 
through  Bethlehem  on  their  return  from  the  Treaty.  Upwards  of  one 
hundred  came,  among  them  Paxanosa,  the  Shawanese  King  of  Wyo 
ming,  and  French  Margaret.  Colonel  Weisser,  with  a  detachment  of 
Provincials  under  Captain  Arndt,  was  their  escort.  On  the  next  day 
the  King  and  his  family,  Mohican  Abraham,  and  Isaac  Nutimus  ar 
rived.  Some  of  these  unwelcome  visitors  halted  for  a  few  days,  and 
some  proceeded  as  far  as  Fort  Allen  and  then  returned,  undecided  as 
to  where  to  go  and  what  to  do.  During  the  month  full  two  hundred 
were  counted,  men  women,  and  children,  among  them  lawless  crowds 
who  annoyed  the  Brethren  by  depredations,  molested  the  Indians  at 
the  Manakasy,  and  wrangled  with  each  other  over  their  cups  at  "  The 
Crown." 

Toward  evening,  on  Sunday  the  7th  of  August,  Governor  Denny 
and  his  retinue  arrived  unexpectedly  at  Bethlehem,  crossed  the  ferry, 
and  spent  the  night  at  "  The  Crown."  He  declined  accepting  the 
hospitalities  of  the  Brethren  on  this  side,  although  he  was  waited  on  in 
their  behalf  by  Bro.  Bohler.  The  young  men  accordingly  entertained 
him  with  the  music  of  wind  and  stringed  instruments,  from  boats  on 
the  Lehigh  in  front  of  his  lodgings.  He  set  out  for  Philadelphia  next 
morning. 

The  third  Treaty  at  Easton,  held  between  Teedyuscung  for  the  In 
dians  and  George  Croghan  for  the  English,  opened  formally  on  July 
27th  and  closed  on  August  7th.  Governor  Denny  and  members  of  his 
Council,  and  a  number  of  gentlemen  from  Philadelphia,  among  whom 
the  Friends  were  largely  represented,  were  in  attendance.  There 
were  present  of  the  Indians  159  of  Teedyuscung's  counselors  and 
warriors,  and  119  Senecas ;  among  these,  representatives  of  the  "Ten 
Nations  who  had  only  two  heads  of  Kings  between  them."  Pompshire 
interpreted  for  the  Delaware,  Captain  Thomas  McKee  for  the  Crown, 
and  Conrad  Weisser  for  the  Province.  Teedyuscung  having  demanded 
a  secretary  to  take  down  the  minutes  for  his  revision,  it  was  reluctantly 
granted  him,  and  he  chose  Charles  Thomson,  "  Master  of  the  Public 
Quaker  School  in  the  City  of  Philadelphia" — the  same  Thomson  who 
in  the  "  Enquiry"  pleads  the  cause  of  the  Delawares  with  the  calm 


328  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

going  into  our  Gardens  &c.  shaking  the  Fruit  from  the  Trees  (we  did 
not  think  proper  to  forbid  them  at  this  critical  time  with  the  Indians) 


composure  of  an  advocate  who  is  conscious  of  the  innocence  of  his 
client,  and  of  the  certain  triumph  of  truth  and  justice.  After  an  ex 
change  of  the  compliments  usually  preliminaiy  to  business  on  such  oc 
casions,  and  the  utterance  of  mutual  assurances  of  regret  for  the  past 
and  of  good  hopes  for  the  future,  the  King  stated  that  the  purchase  of 
lands  by  the  Proprietaries  from  Indians  -who  had  no  right  to  sell,  and 
their  fraudulent  measurement  subsequently,  whether  by  miles  or  by  hours'1 
walks,  had  provoked  the  war.  This  charge  he  demanded  should  be 
closely  investigated,  and  on  evidence  appearing  that  injury  had  been 
done  to  the  Indians  they  should  have  redress.  "  In  that  case,"  he 
said,  "  I  will  speak  with  a  loud  voice  and  the  nations  shall  hear  me" 
Hereupon  he  stated  his  purpose  to  settle  with  his  countrymen  in  Wyo 
ming,  adding  that  he  would  build  a  town  there  such  as  the  white  men 
build,  and  provide  for  the  introduction  of  the  Christian  religion  among 
his  countrymen  and  for  the  education  of  their  children.  In  conclusion, 
he  demanded  that  the  deeds  by  which  the  lands  in  dispute  were  held 
should  be  produced,  that  they  be  publicly  read,  and  that  copies  be  laid 
before  King  George  and  published  to  all  the  Provinces  under  his  gov 
ernment.  "  What  is  fairly  bought  and  paid  for,"  he  went  on  to  say,  "  I 
make  no  further  demands  about;  but  if  any  lands  have  been  bought  of 
Indians  to  whom  these  lands  did  not  belong,  and  who  had  no  right  to 
sell  them,  I  expect  satisfaction  for  these  lands.  And  if  the  Proprietaries 
have  taken  in  more  lands  than  they  bought  of  true  owners,  I  expect 
likewise  to  be  paid  for  that.  But  as  the  persons  to  whom  the  Proprie 
taries  may  have  sold  these  lands  which  of  right  belonged  to  me  have 
made  some  settlements,  I  do  not  want  to  disturb  them  or  to  force  them 
to  leave  them,  but  I  expect  full  satisfaction  shall  be  made  to  the  true 
owners  for  these  lands,  though  the  Proprietaries,  as  I  said  before,  might 
have  bought  them  from  persons  who  had  no  right  to  sell  them."  After 
some  hesitation  on  the  part  of  the  Province,  in  consequence  of  differ 
ence  of  opinion  as  to  the  propriety  of  complying  with  the  Delaware's 
request,  in  as  far  as  Sir  William  Johnson  had  been  commissioned  by 
royal  appointment  to  hear  the  particulars  of  the  charge  brought  against 
the  Proprietaries,  and  the  Proprietaries'  defense,  and  in  consequence 
of  Teedyuscung's  reluctance  to  treat  with  the  Baronet  and  his  Indians, 
some  of  whom,  he  alleged,  were  parties,  to  the  unauthorized  sale  of 
lands,  the  deeds  relating  to  the  purchases  north  of  the  Tohickon  were 


WITH   THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


329 


and  Carrying  what  they  pleased  away,  but  as  this  is  a  very  great  Dam 
age  to  us  especially  as  our  Family  is  very  Large,  we  hope  the  Hon- 


produced  and  read.  Agreeably  to  his  request  furthermore,  copies  of 
them  were  promised  him  for  dispatch  to  Sir  William  Johnson,  to  be 
transmitted  by  the  latter  to  King  George  for  his  determination.  Upon 
this  the  Delaware  rose  to  his  feet,  and,  taking  up  two  Belts  tied  together, 
spoke  as  follows  :  "  I  desire  you  would  with  attention  hear  me.  By 
these  two  Belts  I  will  let  you  know  what  was  the  ancient  method 
of  confirming  a  lasting  peace.  This  you  ought  to  have  considered  and 
to  have  done ;  but  I  will  put  you  in  mind.  You  may  remember  when 
you  took  hold  of  my  hand  and  led  me  down,  and  invited  my  uncles 
(several  of  whom  are  present),  with  some  from  each  of  the  Ten  Nations, 
when  we  had  agreed,  we  came  down  to  take  hold  of  one  of  your  hands, 
and  my  uncles  came  to  take  hold  of  your  other  hand.  Now,  as  this 
day  and  this  time  are  appointed  to  meet  and  confirm  a  lasting  peace,  we, 
that  is,  I  and  my  uncles,  as  we  stand,  and  you,  as  you  stand,  in  the 
name  of  the  great  King,  three  of  us  standing,  we  will  all  look  up,  and 
by  continuing  to  observe  the  agreements  by  which  we  shall  oblige  our 
selves  one  to  another,  we  shall  see  the  clear  light,  and  friendship  shall 
last  to  us,  and  to  our  posterity  after  us  forever.  Now,  as  I  have  two 
Belts,  and  witnesses  are  present  who  will  speak  the  same  by  these  Belts, 
Brothers,  in  the  presence  of  the  Ten  Nations  who  are  witnesses,  I  lay 
hold  of  your  hand  (taking  the  Governor  by  the  hand),  and  brighten 
the  chain  of  friendship  that  shall  be  lasting,  and  whatever  conditions 
shall  be  proper  for  us  to  agree  to  may  be  mentioned  afterwards.  This 
is  the  time  to  declare  our  mutual  friendship.  Now  Brother  the  Gov 
ernor,  to  confirm  what  I  have  said  I  have  given  you  my  hand,  which 
you  were  pleased  to  rise  and  take  hold  of.  I  leave  it  with  you.  When 
you  please,  I  am  ready  Brother,  if  you  have  anything  to  say  as  a  token 
of  confirming  the  peace,  I  shall  be  ready  to  hear,  and  as  you  rose  I 
will  rise  up,  and  lay  hold  of  your  hand.  To  confirm  what  I  have  said 
I  give  you  these  Belts." 

"We  now  rise  and  take  you  into  our  arms,"  replied  the  Governor, 
"and  embrace  you  with  the  greatest  pleasure  as  our  friends  and  Breth 
ren,  and  heartily  desire  we  may  ever  hereafter  look  on  one  another  as 
Brethren  and  children  of  the  same  parents.  As  a  confirmation  of  this 
we  give  you  this  Belt."  Gave  a  very  large  white  Belt,  with  the  figures 
of  three  men  upon  it,  representing  his  Majesty,  King  George,  taking 

22 


33° 


ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 


orable  the  Commissioners  will  Generously  consider  this  Affair,  and 
make  us  an  equitable  Allowance  for  the  Damage. 
I  am  in  behalf  of 

the  Brethren,  Gentlemen 

Your  Humble  Servant, 
BETHLEHEM,  Aug  30th,  1757.  C.  F.  ORTER. 

Vouchers  belongs  to  the  foregoing  Account. 

I. 
1757.  Province  of  Pensilvania,  Dr. 

Received  on  acct.  of  the  Province  three  men's 

saddles,  @  35^.  each.     They  being  fifteen 

shillings  dearer  than  the  order,  but  they 

being  good,  I  chose  them  instead  of  2  Ibs. 

vermilion,  rather  than  to  stay  longer.    Also 

2  snaffle  bridles,  @  45-.  each. 

20  galls,  rum,  in  four  caggs,  @  6s.  per 

gall £6 

Her  mark 

X 

FRENCH  MARGARET.* 
BETHM.,  10  August,  1757. 


hold  of  the  Five  Nation  King  with  one  hand,  and  Teedyuscung,  the 
Delaware  King,  with  the  other,  and  marked  with  the  following  letters 
and  figures :  G.R.,  5N.,  D.K.,  for  King  George,  Five  Nations,  Dela 
ware  King. 

*  French  Margaret,  a  Canadian,  and  niece  of  Madame  Montour, 
was  living,  prior  to  1745,  with  her  Mohawk  husband,  on  the  Alle- 
ghany.  In  that  year  Martin  Mack  met  her  at  the  lodge  of  her  cousin, 
Andrew  Sattelihu,  on  an  island  in  the  Susquehanna,  near  Shamokin. 
In  1753  she  was  residing  in  a  village  of  her  own  at  the  mouth  of 
Lycoming  Creek  (quaere — Newbury?)  a  few  miles  west  of  Mon 
toursville.  Scull's  map  of  1759  notes  it  as  "French  Margarefs 
Town"  Here  Mack  called  upon  her  in  the  summer  of  1753.  "At 
9  A.M.  August  28,"  he  writes  in  his  Journal,  "  Bro.  Grube  and  I 
arrived  at  French  Margaret's.  She  received  us  heartily,  conducted 
us  to  her  lodge,  and  set  milk  and  watermelons  before  us.  '  Do  you 
remember  me,  mother  ?'  I  asked.  '  I  do,'  she  said,  «  but  I  have  for 
gotten  where  and  when  I  met  you.'  '  On  the  island  below,  at  Sha- 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS.  331 

2. 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Sadler  in  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

1757-  £    s-    (L 

Aug.  10.  To  3  new  hunting  saddles,  @  35  s  .............       5       5 

"    2  snaffle  bridles  ...............................  8 

delivd    French    Margaret,   pr.   order    of 
Col.  Weisserand  Mr.  George  Croghan. 


Carrdforwd 


mokin,'  I  replied ;  '  eight  years  ago  when  my  wife  and  I  were  spend 
ing  some  time  among  the  Indians  there.'  She  at  once  recalled  the 
occasion  of  our  first  meeting,  and  signified  "her  satisfaction  at  our 
having  traveled  so  far  to  visit  her.  In  course  of  conversation,  for  she 
was  very  communicative,  she  stated  that  her  son  and  son-in-law  had 
been  killed  in  the  winter  while  on  a  maraud  against  the  Creeks.  On 
asking  permission  to  deposit  our  packs  with  her,  until  our  return  from 
the  Delaware  town  of  Quenischachschachky  (Linden),  «  Oh  !'  said  she, 
'  the  Indians  there  have  been  drinking  hard  the  past  weeks,  and  you 
will  likely  find  them  all  drunk.'  On  our  return  she  gave  us  a  refresh 
ing  draught  of  milk,  and  entertained  us  with  family  news,  speaking  of 
Andrew,  and  of  her  husband  Peter  Quebec,  who  she  said  had  not  drunk 
rum  within  six  years.  She  has  prohibited  its  use  in  her  town,  and  yet 
although  she  has  initiated  other  reformatory  measures  within  her  little 
realm,  she  enjoys  the  respect  and  confidence  of  her  subjects.  Marga 
ret's  children  understand  French,  but  are  averse  to  speaking  it." 

This  lesser  Indian  queen  frequently  attended  treaties,  at  Easton, 
Philadelphia,  and  at  Albany.  Sometimes  she  interpreted.  Govern 
ment,  desirous  of  retaining  the  Montour  influence  for  the  English, 
always  met  her  with  marked  deference ;  and  yet  she  was  an  uncer 
tain  ally,  as  appears  from  Weisser's  statement  to  Peters  in  a  letter 
written  to  the  Secretary  in  May  of  1755.  "French  Margaret  with 
some  of  her  Family  is  gone  to  the  English  Camp  in  Virginia,  and  her 
son  Nicklaus  is  gone  to  Ohio  to  the  French  Fort.  I  suppose  they 
want  to  join  the  stronger  Party,  and  are  gone  to  get  information." 

In  July  of  1754,  French  Margaret  and  her  Mohawk  husband  and 
two  grandchildren,  traveling  in  semi-barbaric  state,  with  an  Irish 
groom  and  six  relay  and  pack-horses,  halted  a  few  days  at  Bethlehem 
on  their  way  to  New  York.  During  her  stay  she  attended  divine 


332 


ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 


£    *.      d. 
1757.  Bro1  forwd 5     13 

Aug.   10.  To  repairing  2  saddles  for  Patshenosh* 2 

"    Leather  for  mending  shoes,  &c.  &c 3       6 

"     i  new  saddle  and  bridle  for  Teedyus- 

cung 2 

"    repairing  I  bridle 2 


9     18     6 


GOTTLIEB  LANGE.| 
3- 

Province  of  Pensilvania,  for  sundries  delivd  at 
1757.  Bethlehem  Store,  Dr.  £       s.      d. 

Aug.  8.    To  pipes,  &c 2 

9.      "  6^  yds.    linnen,  @  3.?.  2d.,  to  make  a 

shrowd,  cap,  &c.,  for  Bill  Tattamy 19       9 


Carrd  forwd I        I 


worship,  expressed  much  gratification  at  the  music  and  singing,  and 
was  also  pleased  to  find  Sisters  who  were  conversant  with  French. 
(One  of  these  was  Sister  Judith  Otto,  relict  of  David  Bruce,  and 
daughter  of  John  Stephen  Benezet.) 

*  Paxanosa,  or  Paxnous,  "  in  April  of  1754  the  chief  man  in  Wy 
oming,"  affected  loyalty  toward  the  English  on  the  alienation  of  the 
Delawares  and  his  countrymen,  although  he  maintained  but  a  doubt 
ful  neutrality.  The  chief  was  always  well  inclined  to  the  Brethren, 
and  had  befriended  them  signally  at  the  time  of  the  outbreak  of  hos 
tilities  along  the  Susquehanna.  He  had  not  visited  Bethlehem  since 
the  occasion  of  his  wife's  baptism  in  February  of  1755.  From  her  he 
now  brought  greeting,  and  regrets  that  lameness  prevented  her  from 
coming  to  visit  her  Brethren  and  Sisters.  Paxanosa  set  out  on  his 
return  on  the  I3th,  in  company  of  Mohican  Abraham.  In  May  of 
1758  he  removed  with  his  family  to  the  Ohio  country.  Paxanosa  was 
the  last  Shawanese  King,  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 

•j-  John  Gottlieb  Lange,  master  saddler  for  "the  Family,"  came  to 
Bethlehem  with  Henry  Jorde's  Colony  in  June  of  1750.  On  the  ab 
rogation  of  the  Economy  in  1762,  he  bought  the  saddlery  stock  on 
hand  and  tools,  at  a  valuation  of  ,£144.  Deceased  in  July  of  1764. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  333 

£       '-      d. 

1757.  Bro' forwd i        i       <)% 

Aug.   10.  To  cash  pd  for  4  caggs  to  put  French  Mar 
garet  her  rum  in 8 

"  a  pr  of  spectacles  for  Paxinosa i 

"  fishing  hooks  for  Abraham  and  him 6 

"  a  comb,  snuff,  gingerbread,  and  sope  for 

Teediuscung I     10 

"  a  pr  of  buckles  (is.  &/.),  pipes  and  tobacco 

for  Paxinosa 3 

"  salt  delivd  for  Nicodemus  and  Abraham, 

&c.,  over  ye  water 7X 

"  cash  pd  for  mending  Jo  Davis*  his  sadle.  6 


229 
Errors  excepted,  pr. 

WM.  EDMONDS, 

Bethlehem  Storekeeper. 
4- 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Smith  in  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
1757.  £       s.      d. 

Aug.  12.  To  2  new  tomehakes 6 

"  steeling  6     do 6 

"  shoeing  horses  with  6  new  shoes 6 

"  mending  a  pan 2 

1 6.  "  mending  and  steeling  2  tomehakes,  delivd 
the  Indians  that  came  from  ye  Treaty, 
pr.  order  of  Col.  Weisser I  6 


i        i       6 

5- 
Province  of  Pensilvania  to  John  Matthew  Otto,  Dr. 

1757- 

July  28.  To  visits,  dressing,  and  curing  an  impostume 
in  the  thigh  of  Christoph  Pock,  a  soldier 
of  Captn  Arndt's  Compy,  from  ye  9  to  28      £      s.      d. 
July,  pr.  order  of  Captn  Arndt 2        I 


Carrd  forwd 2        I 


*  A  Delaware. 


334  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 


1757.  Bro1  forwd  ................................       2        I 

Aug.  9.  To  medicines,  visits,  attendance,  &c.  &c.,  for 
the  Indian  Wm.  Tattamy,*  from  ye  8 
July  to  ye  9  August,  who  was  shot 
through  his  thigh  in  the  Irish  settle 
ment,  and  having  lodged  at  Mr.  John 
Jones  ..........................................  16  18 


Carrd  forwd 18     19 


*  A  son  of  Moses  Tattamy.  In  the  forenoon  of  July  8,  this  young 
Delaware  was  recklessly  shot  by  a  Scotch-Irish  lad,  a  few  miles  to 
the  northwest  of  Bethlehem,  as  he  was  straying  from  the  main  body 
of  Indians  who  were  on  their  way  to  Easton,  under  escort  of  Capt. 
Arndt.  This  unprovoked  act  excited  much  remark  among  the  Dela- 
wares,  and  it  was  feared  might  serve  to  embarrass  the  negotiations  at 
the  impending  Treaty.  Dr.  Otto,  of  Bethlehem,  was  called  in  the 
afternoon  to  visit  the  wounded  man,  and  had  him  conveyed  that  even- 
ng  to  the  house  of  Mr.  John  Jones,  a  farmer  living  a  mile  east  of  the 
Bethlehem  tract.  Here  he  attended  him.  Of  this  occurrence,  Capt. 
Arndt  makes  the  following  statement  in  a  letter  to  the  Governor,  dated 

"EASTON,  July  8,  1757. 

"  MAY  IT  PLEASE  YOUR  HONOR  : 

«  SIR, — According  as  Titiuskong  arrifed  att  fort  Allin  the  4th  of 
these  Instend  July,  with  aboud  150  Indins,  with  young  and  old,  and 
aboud  fivety  was  there  allredey  with  young  and  old,  and  according 
as  Titiuskong  hath  Informed  me  that  above  one  houndered  of  the 
Sinekers  Indins  would  Come  after  him,  that  he  was  Intented  to  waid 
fore  them  att  fort  Allin  six  or  seven  Days,  but  as  I  fal  wery  shord 
with  Provisions  I  was  obligd  to  march  with  the  Indins  yesterday  from 
fort  Allin,  there  number  was  150  that  went  with  me  to  Easton,  and 
the  Remainder  Stayd  att  fort  Allin  *  *  •  sum  went  back  with  a 
litle  Provision  fore  there  famly  Down,  and  yeasterday  I  Came  so  fare 
with  them  as  to  John  Haysis,  and  there  Wee  Stayd  all  night  and 
these  Day,  wee  set  off  from  there  and  arrifed  Safe  at  Easton,  with  all 
the  Indins  except  one,  William  Dattame,  an  Indin,  went  withoud  my 
Knowledge,  and  against  my  orders  to  Bathloham,  and  it  hapened  on 
his  Road  Wen  he  had  Turned  off  that  a  foolish  wite  boy,  aboud  15 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  335 

£      '.      *. 

1757.                     Brotforw4 18     19       9 

Aug.  20.  To  ointment   delivd    Lieut.    Engel*   for    a 

wound  in  his  leg 4 

"  medicine    deld    Jo    Peepy's   wife    for   a 

rheumatism  on  the  arm 6 

"  medicines  delivd  and  dressing  Indn  Nico- 

demus's  son,  having  a  sore  leg 10 

"  medicines  for  6  Indians,  and  bleeding...  7       6 


Carrd  forwd 20 


years  of  cage,  folowed  him,  and  Shot  him  in  the  Right  Thigh  of  the 
out  sid  bone,  but  not  morterly,  and  Just  when  I  Came  with  the  Indins 
and  Ten  men  of  my  Company  to  escord  the  Indins  to  Easton,  William 
Hays  Came  after  me  exepress  with  these  Information,  that  William 
Dattamy  was  Shot,  and  according  as  mayor  Parsons  is  absand  from 
Easton,  I  considered  that  it  was  wery  necessecery  to  stay  with  my  men 
att  Easton,  fore  to  Protackt  the  Indins  and  to  hinder  all  Scrobel  and 
*  *  *  which  might  fall  out  between  Wite  People  and  the  Indins, 
until  I  shall  Receve  your  houners  fourter  orders. 
"  I  am  Sir,  with  all  due  Respect, 

"  Your  humble  Servind  att  Command, 

"  JACOB  ARNDT." 

Dr.  Otto  reported  on  the  case  to  Justice  Horsfield  as  follows : 

"  BETHLEHEM,  27th  July,  1757. 
"  MR.  HORSFIELD  : 

«  SIR, — I  yesterday  attended  Wm.  Tatamy  twice  ;  His  Wound  looks 
well,  is  without  inflammation,  and  discharges  its  Pus  regularly.  The 
swelling  is  also  gone.  To  Day  he  turned  himself  alone,  which  he 
has  not  been  able  to  do  before,  so  that  I  believe,  with  good  nursing 
and  attendance,  if  nothing  unforeseen  happen,  he  may,  by  God's  Help, 
recover.  The  violent  Pain  he  complains  of,  at  times,  I  apprehend, 
proceeds  from  some  of  the  bones  in  his  Groin  being  shot  thro',  or  at  least 


*  Andrew  Engel,  commissioned  Lieutenant  in  Capt  Arndt's  Com 
pany  of  ist  Battalion  of  1st  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  January  5,  1756. 


336  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£      s.      'd. 

1757.  Bro*  forwd 20       7       3 

Aug.  25.  To  visits,  medicines,  and  attendance  delivd 
Conrad  Haffner,  a  soldier  of  Lieu1. 
Engel's  compy,  from  ye  10  July  to  25 
August,  having  a  gored  eye i  5 


21        12 


JOHN  MATTHEW  OTTO. 
BETH.,  25  August,  1757. 


the  tendinous  parts  being  much  lacerated.     You  may  depend  upon  it, 
I  shall  do  all  in  my  power  to  perfect  a  Cure. 
"  I  am  Sir, 

"  Your  most  humble  Serv*, 

"JOHN  MATTHEW  OTTO." 

And  to  Governor  Denny  in  these  words  : 

"BETHM.,  July  3ist,  1757. 
"  MAY  IT  PLEASE  YOUR  HONOR  : 

"  By  the  letter  I  sent  last  Thursday,  the  28th  July,  I  gave  your 
Honor  an  Account  how  it  was  with  Wm.  Tatamy,  and  the  Circum 
stances  of  his  Wound  that  Morning.  The  same  Evening  I  found  him 
in  great  Pains,  the  Wound  did  not  look  so  well  as  before,  and  dis 
charged  very  little  of  its  Pus,  and  that  mixt  with  Blood,  and  he  had  a 
very  bad  Night. 

"  Jul.  zqtk.  Tn  the  Morning  came  nothing  from  the  Wound  but  a 
little  Blood,  mix'd  with  Water.  In  the  Evening  he  felt  some  Ease 
from  his  great  Pains,  but  was  Weaker  than  ever  before,  and  his  Pulse 
was  very  low,  in  which  Circumstances  Dr.  Moore  has  seen  him,  who 
promised  me  to  acquaint  your  Honor  therewith.  In  the  Night  there 
upon  he  slept  pretty  much,  but  mostly  out  of  Weakness.  Yesterday 
he  continued  to  sleep  now  and  then,  and  his  Pulse  was  something 
better;  he  slept  also  last  night  better  than  before. 

"This  Morning,  it  being  Sunday,  Jul.  3ist,  I  open'd  his  Thigh  on 
the  lower  part,  where  for  several  Days  I  had  observed  a  gathering, 
and  the  opening  discharg'd  half  a  Pint  of  extravasated  Blood,  with 
some  offensive  Matter.  As  soon  as  I  had  made  the  Incision,  the  In 
dian  said  he  did  feel  himself  much  eased,  and  I  hope  it  will  have  a 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


337 


6. 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Gun  Smith  in  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
For  sundry  work  for  the  Indians  that  came 
from  the  Treaty  at  Easton,  pr.  order  of 
Conrad  Weisser  and  Georg  Croghan,  Esq., 
and  by  the  direction  of  the  Indian  chiefs 
1757.         Pachenosa  and  Abraham,*  viz.: 

Aug.  5.  To  making  a  cock  and  cleaning  and  mending      £      s.      d. 
a  gun  lock 4       6 


Carrd  forwd 4       6 


good  Effect.  His  Hands  and  Feet  which  have  been  almost  continually 
cold,  I  have  found  to-day  in  a  natural  Warmth. 

"  I  shall  further  acquaint  your  Honor  how  I  find  him  from  day  to 
day. 

"  I  am  your  Honor's 

"  Most  obedient  Humble  Servant, 

"JOHN  MATTHEW  OTTO." 

Teedyuscung,  in  the  second  session  of  the  Conference,  on  July  26, 
called  the  Governor's  attention  to  the  outrage  perpetrated  on  William 
Tattamy.  "  One  of  the  messengers,"  he  said,  "who  was  employed  in 
conveying  your  messages  to  us,  sent  to  promote  this  good  work  of 
peace,  is  now  in  a  dangerous  condition,  having  been  shot  by  one  of 
your  young  men.  As  I  desire  to  be  used  with  justice  according  to 
your  laws,  I  insist  that  if  this  young  man  die,  the  man  who  shot  him 
may  be  tried  by  your  laws,  and  die  also,  in  the  presence  of  some  of 
our  people,  who  may  witness  it  to  all  the  nations  that  the  English 
have  done  them  justice." 

The  Governor,  in  reply  to  this  injunction,  after  reminding  the  King 
of  the  uncertainty  of  life  in  times  of  war,  told  him  that  the  man  who 
had  committed  the  act  was  held  in  confinement,  and  promised  that 
in  case  the  Indian  died  of  the  wound,  the  former  should  be  tried  by 
the  laws  of  the  country  which  required  blood  for  blood,  and  in  the 


*  Mohican  Abraham,  or  Captain  Abraham,  or  Abraham  S/iabasch, 
one  of  the  first  converts  from  the  Indians ;  first  of  Shecomeco,  and  then 
of  Gnadenhiitten.  Withdrew  from  that  mission  in  1754.  Deceased  in 
Wyoming  in  December  of  1762. 


338  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

jC      s.        ,/. 
1757.  Bro*  forwd 4       6 

Aug.  9.  To  do.  a  foresight  for  a  soldier  from  Fort 

Allen 6 

"    do.  a  breech  screw  and  steel  for  a  gun...  5       6 

"  drawing  out  ye  barrel  and  making  2  sights 

toit 3       6 

"  stocking  a  long  gun,  a  new  lock,  clean 
ing,  filing,  and  straightening  the  barrel, 

and  making  a  loop  in  it I       6     10 

"  stocking,  cutting  over,  cleaning,  mending, 

&c.,  a  rifle i      16     10 

Aug.  10.    "  mending  sundry  gun  locks 17 

"  stocking   a  gun,   making  a  brass  attire, 
sodaring     the     barrel,    mending     the 

lock,  &c i       9       6 

"  stocking  a  rime,  making  sundry  screws, 

a  breach  pin,  a  screw  plate,  a  wiper,  &c.        i       8       8 

"  mending  and  repairing  a  gun 5 

"  stocking  a  gun,  making  a  sight,  &c 10       6 

II.     "  cutting  over  a  riffle,  making  a  breach  pin, 
mending    the    stock     and     the    lock, 

&c.  &c i       3       4 

"  mending  a  gun  lock 5 

"          "                  "  and  cleaning  the  barrel..  4       6 
"  stocking  a  gun,  making  a  breach  plate,  &c.              18       8 
"  repairing  a  rifle  with  2  barrells  and  mend 
ing  the  locks 7     I0 


Carrd  forwd n        7 


presence  of  such  of  his  countrymen  as  he  the  King  should  depute  to  at 
tend  the  trial.  This  promise  he  confirmed  by  a  string ;  and  turning 
to  the  afflicted  father,  "  Brother  Moses  Tattamy,"  he  said,  "you  are 
the  father  of  the  young  man  who  has  been  unfortunately  wounded.  It 
gives  us  great  concern  that  anything  of  this  kind  should  happen.  We 
have  employed  the  most  skillful  doctor  that  is  amongst  us  to  take  care 
of  him,  and  we  pray  that  the  Almighty  would  bless  the  medicines  that 
are  administered  for  his  cure.  We,  by  this  string  of  wampum,  remove 
the  grief  from  your  heart,  and  desire  no  uneasiness  may  remain 
there." 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS.  339 

£     s    <t- 

1757.  Bro'forw4 n       7       8 

Aug.  II.  To  mending  a  gun  lock 6 

15.    "  mending  a  gun  stock,  making  a  breach 

pin,  and  cleaning  the  barrell 5       9 

"  drawing  a  gun  barrell  and  mending  the 

lock 5 


ii  18     ii 

1 6.     "  mending    a    gun    stock,    repairing    the 

lock,  &c 12       6 

"  mending  a  gun 2 

"  making  a  main  spring,  &c 4       6 

"  repairing  a  gun,  &c 2       6 

"  mending  a  gun  lock,  making  a  steel,  &c.  6       6 

"         "                 "            and  a  barrell 6 

"  repairing  a  rifle  and  a  lock ...  7       6 

"         "                 "             "       ii       6 

"  mending  a  rifle  and  a  lock 9 

"  cutting  over  a  rifle,  mending  the  lock  and 

the  stock 12       6 

"  mending  a  gun  lock,  making  a  breech 

pin,  &c 6       6 

"  mending  a  gun  lock 6 

"         "  ««         making  brass    loops 

to  the  stock 5       6 

"         do.             and             do.          4       6 

"  cutting   over  a  rifle,  mending   the   gun 

lock,  making  2  loops  and  a  wiper,  &c..  16       8 

"  setting  a  piece  on  a  gun  stock 4 

18.     "  mending  a  gun  lock  5 

"  stocking  a  rifle,  &c 15       6 

"  "  cutting  over  the  barrell, 

and  mending  the  lock I       4 

"  mending  a  gun  and  a  lock 18 

"  cutting  over  a  rifle,  and  mending  the  lock  1 1       6 
"                  "                  and  making  a  wiper,  a 

brass  guard,  &c 13 


Carr4  forwd 21      18       I 


340  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

£      *.      d. 
1757.  Bro*  forwd 21      18        I 

Aug.  20.  To  stocking  2  rifles  (£i  8.T.),  cutting  over 

and  cleaning  ( 1 5^) 2       3 

22.     "  mending  2  gun  locks,  and  other  repairs 

to  sundry  guns,  with  some  brass  work.       I      14       4 
24.     "  mending  2  gun  stocks  for  Captn  Arndt's 


25- 


1757- 
Aug.  6. 


10. 

n. 

IS- 

16. 


2 
H 

8 

6 
8 

"           do          for  Lieut.  Engel's  compy  
"  mending  the  locks  for  do  

27 

7 

7- 
Province  of  Pensilvania  to  Bethlehem  Tavern,  Dr. 
For  sundries  delivd  the  Indians  coming  from 
and  going  to  Fort  Allen,  &c.  &c.,  viz.:            £ 
To  breakfast  and  cyder  for  14  Indians  
"  dinner  and  19  pints  cyder  for  19  "      

s, 

9 

12 
12 
12 

19 

19 
13 

12 
12 

3 

4 
3 
3 

d. 

4 
8 
8 
8 
4 
4 
4 
4 

6 
6 

10 

4 

2 

4 

4 

10 

"  dinnerand2O             "       for  20  "      

"  breakfast  and  29        "       for  29  "      
"  dinner  and  20             "       for  20  "      
"  supper,  15  half  gills  rum,  and  15  pints 
beer,  delivd  15  soldiers  from  Easton... 
"  breakfast,  15  half  gills  rum,  and  15  pints 

"  5  half  gills  of  rum  for  5  Indians  from 
Fort  Allen         

"  supper  and  ^  pints  cyder  for  do  

"  breakfast,  5  gills  rum,  and  5  pints  cyder 

"  dinner  and  5  pints  cyder  for  do  

"  supper  and  ^           "           for  do        

"         "     K    S*U-    rum>  and    l   pint    cyder 
for  i  Indian                       

Carrd  forwd...,                                            7 

I.I 

6 

WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


I757-  Brolforwd  ................................  7     13       6 

Aug.  17.  To  breakfast,  6  half  gills  rum,  and  6  pints 

cyder,  for  6  Indians  .........................  5 

"  dinner  and  6  pints  cyder  for  do  ............  4 

"  supper,    6   half   gills    rum,  and    6    pint 

cyder  for  do  ..................................  5 


876 
"  supper,   8  half  gills  rum,   8  pint   cyder 

for  8  Indians 6       8 

1 8.  "  breakfast,  13  half  gills  rum,  and  13  pint 

cyder,  for  13  Indians 10  10 

"  dinner  and  14  pint  cyder  for  14  Indians..  9  4 

"  "  X  giN  rum  for  *  Indian  from 

Fort  Allen 8 

"  supper  and  8  pint  cyder  for  8  Indians....  5  4 

19.  "  breakfast,  18  half  gills  rum,  and  18  pint 

cyder  for  1 8  Indians 15 

"  dinner  and  12  pint  cyder  for  12  Indians..  8 

"  supper  and  18  pint     "       for  18         "   ...  12 

20.  "   1 8  half  gills  rum  delivd  18  Indians  re- 

turnd  to  Fort  Allen 3 

23.  "  dinner  and  supper  and  3  half  gills  rum 
deliver*1  3  Indians  coming  from  Lan 
caster.* 6 


Carrd  forwd 12 


I       10 


*  These  were  the  three  Nanticokes  who  had  passed  through  Beth 
lehem  in  July,  on  their  way  to  Easton.  On  arriving  there  they  de 
sired  of  Major  Parsons  that  the  Governor  would  grant  them  an  escort 
to  Lancaster,  stating  that  they  had  come  to  remove  the  bones  of  their 
friends  that  had  deceased  there  during  the  Treaty,  to  their  own  town 
for  burial.  "  The  presents  were  delivered  to  the  Indians  in  their  camp, 
after  which  Mr.  Croghan  condoled  with  them  on  account  of  some  of 
their  people  who  died  of  Small  Pox  since  they  came,  and  gave  them  a 
piece  of  strowd  to  cover  the  graves  of  the  deceased,  agreeable  to  the 
ancient  custom  of  the  Six  Nations." — Minutes  of  Treaty  at  Lancaster, 
May,  1757. 

On  the  23d  of  August,  the  three  reached  Bethlehem  with  the  re- 


ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN1 


Bro*  forwd  ................................     12       I      10 

Aug.  23  To  supper  and  2  pint   cyder  for  2  Indians 

from  Fort  Allen  .............................  J       4 

24.  "  breakfast  and  2  qts  cyder,  2  half  gills  rum 

for  do  ..........................................  3 

"  breakfast  and  dinner  and  3  pint  cyder  for 

3  Indians  ......................................  3       6 

"  supper  and  3  pint  cyder  for  do  ............. 

25.  "  breakfast  and  12  pint  cyder  for  14  Indians  9 

26.  "  supper  and  4  pint  cyder  for  4  Indians.... 

"  2  gills  of  rum  for  do  .......................... 

"  supper,  I  pint  cyder,  and  yz  gill  rum  for 

I  Indian  ..............................  Io 


13       4     10 

GEORGE  KLEIN. 
8. 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  Bethlehem  Tavern,  Dr. 
For  sundries  delivd  Tattitiskund,  13  soldiers, 
Captn  Arndt,  with  2  waggons,  pr.  order  of 
1757.         Collonel  Weisser,  viz.: 
Aug.    9.  To  supper,  16  half  gills  rum,  and  16  pints     £       s.      d. 

beerfori6 13       4 

"  supper  for  Captn  Arndt  and  I  pint  wine..  2 

10.     "  breakfast,  16  half  gills  of  rum,  and  16 

pints  cyder  for  1 6  do J3       4 

"  dinner,  and  15  pints  beer  for  15  do 10 

Carrd  forwd I      18       8 


mains  of  their  chief,  and  after  a  halt  of  two  days,  set  out  for  the  Indian 
country.  Heckewelder  states  that  "  the  Nanticokes  were  known  to  go 
from  Wyoming  and  Chemung  to  fetch  the  bones  of  their  dead  from 
the  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland,  even  when  the  bodies  were  putrescent, 
so  that  they  were  compelled  to  take  off  the  flesh  and  scrape  the  bones 
before  they  could  carry  them  along.  I  well  remember"  having  seen 
them  between  1760  and  1780,  loaded  with  such  bones,  which  being 
fresh,  were  highly  offensive,  as  they  passed  through  Bethlehem." 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  343 

£      *•      d. 

1757-  Brolforwd I      18       8 

Aug.  10.  To  supper,  15  half  gills  rum,  and  15  pints 

cyder  for  15 12       6 

"  2  meals  for  Captn  Arndt,  and  \yz   pint 

wine 3       3 

11.  "  breakfast,  15  half  gills  rum,  and  15  pints 

cyder  for  15 12  6 

"  dinner,  14  pints  beer  for  14 9  4 

"  supper,  14  half  gills  rum,  and  14  pints 

cyder  for  14 u  g 

"  2  meals  for  Captn  Arndt  and  il/2  pint  of 

wine 3       3 

12.  "  breakfast,  14  half  gills  rum,  and  14  pints 

cyder  for  14 II  8 

"  dinner,  14  pints  beer  for  14 9  4 

"  2  meals,  and  y2  pint  wine  for  Captn  Arndt  3  3 
"  pasture  for  9  horses,  3  days  and  nights, 

@  6d.  per  day  for  each 13  6 

"  40^  peck  of  oats  for  do.,  @  gd.  per  peck       I      10  4^ 

"  hire  of  a  horse  2  days 5 


843^ 
26.     "  sundries  delivd  Taduskund*  and  compy, 

with  wife  and  children,  after  his  return 
from  the  Indian  country,  viz.: 
"  breakfast  for  him,  his  wife,  and  2  children  I        8 


Carrd  forwd 8       5      ny 


*  Immediately  after  the  Treaty,  Teedyuscung  passed  through  Beth 
lehem  on  his  way  to  the  Indian  country.  Thence  he  returned  on  the 
25th  of  August,  bringing  with  him  a  Peace  Belt  which  he  had  received 
from  four  Alleghanies  above  Wyoming.  Bro.  Edmonds  escorted  him 
to  Philadelphia,  whither  he  took  the  token,  for  delivery  to  the  Gov 
ernor.  In  an  interview  with  him,  he  stated  that  the  Alleghanies  had 
told  him  that  they  had  struck  their  brethren  the  English,  at  the  in 
stance  of  the  French.  "  This  belt,"  he  proceeded  to  say,  «  they  gave 
me  to  confirm  these  words,  « We  have  heard,  O  Teedyuscung,  of  the 
good  work  of  peace  you  have  made  with  our  Brethren  the  English, 


ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

£    *•     ". 

1757.  Bro'forwd 8       5     i\y2 

Aug.  26.  To  10  qts  beer,  3  half  gills  rum,  i  #   pint 

wine 5       4 

"  dinner  for  him,  his  wife,  and  3  children.  2 

Carrd  forwd 8     13       3^ 


and  that  you  intend  to  hold  it  fast.  We  will  not  lift  up  our  hatchet 
to  break  that  good  work  you  have  been  transacting.'  " — Colonial 
Records,  vii.  p.  725. 

In  the  afternoon  of  the  27th,  the  Brethren  Spangenberg,  Bohler, 
and  Mack  had  a  conference  with  the  Delaware  King,  Augustus  George 
Rex  acting  as  interpreter.  The  interview  was  sought  by  the  Brethren, 
and  the  following  is  the  substance  of  what  transpired  on  the  occasion  : 
"  In  response  to  an  invitation,  Teedyuscung  and  his  family  met  us 
this  afternoon  at  a  cup  of  coffee.  It  was  plainly  perceptible  that  the 
King  was  gratified  at  the  opportunity  given  him  in  this  way  of  ex 
pressing  his  views  on  the  war,  on  which  the  conversation  soon  turned. 
He  told  us  that  he  was  solicitous  for  peace,  that  the  Six  Nations  had 
empowered  him  to  effect  one,  and  that  the  other  Indians  looked  to  him 
for  its  speedy  consummation.  He  then  produced  a  fourfold  string  of 
wampum  that  had  been  given  him  by  four  Alleghany  Indians  at  Tenk- 
hanneck,  and  also  a  Belt,  both  of  which  he  had  deposited  with  Bro. 
Horsfield  on  his  arrival.  They  signified,  he  told  us,  the  intention  of 
the  senders  to  comply  with  the  decisions  of  the  Treaty  lately  held  at 
Easton,  and  added  that  he  would  carry  these  tokens  to  the  Governor 
in  person,  and  that  he  had  dispatched  his  son  and  the  four  above- 
mentioned  Indians  with  the  large  Belt  given  him  at  Easton,  to  Alle 
ghany.  We  encouraged  him  to  persevere  in  his  purpose  of  bringing 
about  peace,  even  if  he  were  to  imperil  or  lose  his  life  in  the  attempt; 
observing  at  the  same  time,  that  peace  was  an  unspeakable  blessing, 
and  almost  above  price.  We  went  on  to  say  that  we  the  Brethren 
oftentimes  ventured  our  lives  in  bringing  the  Gospel  to  the  Heathen 
who  were  ignorant  of  a  Saviour,  that  we  had  come  to  the  country  for 
this  purpose,  and  not  to  purchase  land  of  the  Indians ;  that  what  land 
we  had,  we  bought  of  the  whites,  and  finally  that  we  had  never  pur 
chased  nor  ever  desired  to  purchase  as  much  as  a  handsbreadth  of  land 
from  his  countrymen. 

"  Bro.  Spangenberg  next  asked  him  for  an  explanation  in  reference 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  345 

£  ft  </• 

1757-                     Bro'forW1 8  13  3^ 

Aug.  26.  To  7  pints  wine,  10  qte  beer 10  4 

27.    "  breakfast  for  him,  his  wife,  and  2  Indians  2 

"  7  pints  wine,  5  qts  beer,  and  2  gills  rum..  9  4 


Carrd  forwd 9     14 


to  a  string  that  had  been  carried  by  Jo  Peepy  to  Lancaster,  accom 
panied  by  the  words  '  I  am  grieved  to  see  my  countrymen  at  Bethle 
hem  and  in  the  Jerseys  held  as  captives,  and  forbidden  to  hunt  where 
they  please.  I  desire  that  they  be  set  free,  that  they  hunt  where  they 
please,  and  that  they  remove  to  Susquehanna' — which  string  and  words 
were  reported  to  have  come  from  him  the  King."  (See  Minutes  of  a 
Conference  held  "with  the  Indians  at  John  Harris"1 ,  April  2,  1757, 
Colonial  Records,  vol.  vii.) 

"Teedyuscung  in  reply  acknowledged  that  he  had  sent  the  message, 
alleging,  however,  that  the  string  and  words  had  been  dispatched  to 
him  for  delivery  by  the  Alleghanies. 

"  Bro.  Spangenberg  hereupon  made  the  following  statement.  '  The 
Brethren  are  not  censurable  for  the  stay  of  the  Indians  in  the  settle 
ments.  Twelve  years  ago  (May  24^/1  to  July  12th,  1745),  I  journeyed 
to  Onondaga  in  company  with  David  Zeisberger  (Anousseracheri), 
purposely  to  treat  with  the  Six  Nations  about  the  removal  of  our  In 
dian  Brethren  and  Sisters  to  the  Susquehanna.  On  my  return  we 
made  a  proposition  to  the  Mohicans  at  Shecomeco  to  remove  there. 
They  expressed  a  disinclination  to  do  so.  On  their  arrival  at  Bethle 
hem  (1746)  we  laid  the  proposition  before  them  a  second  time,  telling 
them  it  would  be  well  for  them  to  entertain  it,  and  that  Bro.  Mack, 
accompanied  by  Abraham  Shabasch  and  Gideon  Mauweesemen,  were 
gone  to  Wyoming  to  perfect  preliminaries.  When  the  time  was  come 
for  them  to  give  a  decisive  answer,  they  told  us  that  they  had  con 
cluded  not  to  go.  We  accordingly  permitted  them  to  plant  at  Bethle 
hem,  and  then  at  Gnadenhiitten  on  the  Mahoning,  where  we  had  pur 
chased  lands  for  them  as  you  the  King  well  know.  Augustus  can 
also  testify  that  we  had  recommended  our  Indian  Brethren  at  Menio- 
lagomeka  to  remove  to  the  Susquehanna ;  and  he  well  remembers  that 
the  Brethren  Mack  and  Grube  and  myself  had  proposed  the  measure 
in  his  lodge  in  the  village.  We  made  this  proposal  to  the  Indians  of 
Meniolagomeka  a  second  time  at  Bethlehem.  Both  offers  were  re- 

23 


346  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

£       *•  'd. 

1757.                      Bro*  forwd  ................................        9  14  n) 

Aug.  27.  To  dinner  for  him  and  3  Indians  ...............  2 

"  2^  pint  wine,  10  qts  beer  ...................                 5  10 

28.     "  breakfast  for  him,  his  wife,  and  3  Indians               2  6 


Carrd  forwd  ..............................      10       5 


jected.  When  some  time  afterward  they  were  compelled  to  vacate 
their  settlement  on  the  Aquanshicola,  we  permitted  them  to  remove 
to  Gnadenhiitten,  as  the  season  was  already  far  advanced  and  the  time 
for  planting  corn  would  be  past  on  their  reaching  the  Susquehanna. 
A  few  years  ago  some  Nanticokes  came  down  from  the  River  and 
asked  us  to  open  our  arms  and  permit  the  Indians  to  remove  to  their 
neighborhood.  We  told  them  that  while  we  would  not  compel  our 
Indian  Brethren  to  remain  at  Gnadenhiitten,  we  would  reluctantly 
have  them  go  and  live  among  savages  who  loved  wickedness  and  not 
the  Saviour,  adding,  that  were  they  to  remove  there  unattended  by  one 
of  the  Brethren  who  could  care  for  them  and  their  children,  the  re 
moval  would  be  ruinous  to  their  souls. 

"  In  the  next  place  we  informed  Teedyuscung  that  we  had  pur 
chased  a  tract  of  land  near  Bethlehem,  on  which  wre  proposed  to  estab 
lish  our  Indian  Brethren  and  Sisters,  and  then  asked  him  whether  he 
objected;  remarking  that  the  whites  were  at  liberty  to  settle  where 
they  chose  and  that  the  Indians  we  thought  were  entitled  to  the  same 
privilege.  He  made  answer  that  probably  the  white  man  was  under 
no  restriction  in  the  choice  of  a  home,  but  that  if  he  settled  in  the 
white  man's  country  he  was  subject  to  the  white  man's  law. 

"  Bro.  Spangenberg  remarked  in  reply  that  his  observations  were 
just,  and  the  inference  to  be  drawn  from  them  was  incontrovertible. 

"  Teedyuscung  resumed  by  asking  the  following  question :  '  Why 
cannot  the  Indians  who  love  the  Saviour  remove  to  the  Indian  country 
and  plant  along  the  Susquehanna?'  and  then  added,  'the  Brethren 
surely  can  visit  them,  preach  to  the  men  and  women,  and  instruct  the 
children.' 

"Bro.  Spangenberg  rejoined  by  saying  that  in  case  our  Indian 
Brethren  and  Sisters  were  to  remove  there,  they  would  require  a 
town  of  their  own,  and  in  it  a  school  and  a  church  where  the  Gospel 
could  be  freely  preached.  For  this  he  would  stipulate  in  advance. 
And  furthermore  he  would  make  it  a  condition,  that  all  Indians  who 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS. 

£>       s. 

1757.                     Bro1  for  wd 10       5 

Aug.  28.  To  3  pints  wine,  2  qts  beer,  and  2  gills  rum..  4 

"  dinner  for  him,  his  wife,  and  4  Indians..  3 

"  2  qts  cyder  and  I  pint  wine I 

Carrd  forwd 10     14 


347 


should  be  desirous  of  hearing  of  the  Saviour,  should  be  at  liberty  to 
come  to  the  town ;  and  on  the  other  hand  all  that  were  disinclined  to 
his  service,  or  did  wickedness,  or  were  seducers,  should  be  excluded. 
There  would  in  fact  be  no  occasion  for  the  latter  class  to  resort  to,  or 
to  take  up  their  abode  in  the  town  under  consideration,  as  the  Indians 
had  ample  lands  and  room  for  settlement  elsewhere  along  the  River. 

"  Teedyuscung  took  no  exception  to  these  conditions,  assented  to  all 
that  had  been  said,  and  then  expressed  a  wish  that  the  Indians  who 
loved  the  Saviour  might  live  together. 

" '  If  there  be  any  likelihood  of  this  coming  to  pass,'  resumed  Bro. 
Spangenberg,  '  I  desire  that  the  settlement  be  made  in  the  valley 
where  the  Shawanese  had  their  seats  fifteen  years  ago ;  and  if  the 
owners  of  the  land  make  us  a  proposal  to  buy,  Bro.  Mack  and  myself 
will  gladly  go  up  to  Wyoming  and  view  the  place  and  select  a  spot. 
Even  in  that  event,  however,  our  Indian  Brethren  must  be  permitted 
to  exercise  the  right  of  preference,  so  that  those  who  choose  to  remain 
at  Bethlehem  can  remain,  and  those  who  choose  to  remove  to  the 
Susquehanna  can  do  so.  I  insist  on  this  demand,  as  it  involves  a  prin 
ciple  which  must  remain  inviolate.' 

"At  this  stage  of  the  interview  Bro.  Spangenberg  informed  Teedyus 
cung  of  the  intention  he  had  had,  soon  after  the  opening  of  hostilities, 
to  repair  to  the  Indian  country,  in  order  to  treat  with  the  Indians  for 
a  peace.  This  cherished  project,  he  added,  he  had  been  obliged  to 
abandon,  as  it  failed  to  meet  with  the  approval  of  Governor  Morris. 

"  In  course  of  conversation,  Teedyuscung  stated  that  during  hostili 
ties  the  wildest  reports  prejudicial  to  the  Brethren  had  been  in  circu 
lation  among  the  Indians.  It  was  currently  believed  by  them, 
among  other  things,  that  the  Brethren  had  decapitated  the  Indians 
that  had  fallen  into  their  hands,  had  thrown  their  heads  into  sacks 
and  sent  them  to  Philadelphia.  This  charge  and  others  equally  ex 
travagant  had  so  exasperated  the  Indians  that  a  number  of  them  had 
conspired  to  attack  the  Brethren's  settlements  and  cut  off  the  inhabit- 


348  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

£  s.     d. 

1757.                     Bro1  forwd  ................................     10  14       3* 

Aug.  28.  To  shoeing  his  horse  .............................  I       6 

"  hay  and  oats  for  do  ............................  3 


10     18 


GEORG  KLEIN. 


ants  without  regard  to  age  or  sex.  That  Paxanosa,  and  he  the  King, 
had  on  one  occasion  persuaded  200  warriors  who  had  banded  together 
for  this  purpose  to  desist  from  their  intention  until  they  had  certain 
assurance  of  the  truth  of  the  charge.  He  also  stated  that  the  Shawa- 
nese  brave  whom  he  had  killed  near  Easton  on  the  way  to  the  Treaty, 
had  led  the  attack  on  the  Mahoning. 

"  In  conclusion,  we  brought  to  his  consideration  the  case  of  the 
strange  Indians  who  since  the  suspension  of  hostilities  had  resorted  to 
Bethlehem,  telling  him  that  while  we  were  disposed  to  feed  the  hungry 
and  to  clothe  the  naked  and  to  entertain  our  friends,  our  means  would 
not  long  permit  us  to  provide  for  these  visitors  in  large  numbers.  To 
this  he  replied  that  as  soon  as  his  countrymen  were  again  settled,  and 
consequently  in  a  condition  to  make  a  livelihood,  they  would  refund 
the  cost  of  their  present  support.  Meanwhile  it  was  the  duty  of  the 
Governor  and  of  the  Commissioners  to  make  proper  provision  for  them 
and  to  reimburse  the  Brethren ;  that  he  would  call  their  attention  to 
this  thing,  and  lest  he  should  forget  to  do  so,  we  should  be  pleased  to 
address  them  a  letter,  and  give  it  in  the  care  of  Mr.  Edmonds,  who 
was  to  be  his  escort  to  Philadelphia. 

"  Throughout  the  interview  the  King  was  animated  and  strictly  at 
tentive.  He  is  naturally  quick  of  apprehension  and  ready  in  reply. 
In  the  course  of  the  conversation  he  frequently  alluded  to  his  baptism, 
and  to  his  former  membership  in  the  mission,  observing  in  this  con 
nection  with  apparent  regret  that  he  had  lost  the  peace  of  mind  he 
once  enjoyed,  that  he  hoped,  however,  it  would  return,  and  that  it  was 
his  sincere  desire  to  remain  in  connection  with  us  in  preference  to  any 
other  people  among  the  whites." 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


349 


9- 
Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  at  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

For  sundries  delivd  ye  Indians  coming  from 
1757.         ye  Treaty,  &c.,  per  order  of  Col1  Weisser. 
Aug.    8.  To  supper  for  75  Indians,  and  each  ]/^  gill     £       s.      d. 

rum  and  I  p*  cydar 326 

9.    "   breakfast  for  75     do.     do.     do.     do 326 

"   dinner  for  170  do.  and  pint  cydar  each..       5      13       4 
"   supper  for  215  do.  ^  gill  rum  and  I  pint 

cydar  each 8     19       2 

10.  "   breakfast  for  215     do.     do.     do.     do....       8     19       2 
"  dinner  for  215,  and  each  I  pint  cydar....       734 
"  supper  for  215,  and   do.   ^  gill  rum  and 

I  pt.  cydar 8      19       2 

"  2  expresses  to  ye  Justices  Craig  and  Wil 
son,  and  Wm  Parson,  Esqr,  to  acquaint 
them  of  Bill  Tattemy's  death,  Mr. 

Horsfield  being  absent 7 

"   a  coffin,  diging  the  grave,  and  burying 

him* 2       2 

11.  "  breakfast  for  215,  and  each  ^  gill  rum 

and  I  pint  cydar 8     19       2 

"   dinner  for  215,  and  each  I  pint  cydar....       734 
"  supper  for  215  and  each  ^  gill  rum  and 

i  pint  cydar 8     19       2 

15.    "  breakfast  for  215,  and  do.  and  do 8     19       2 

"   dinner  for  215,  and  each  I  pint  cydar....        734 


Carrd  forwd 89     12       4 


*  After  lingering  for  a  month,  young  Tattamy  died,  in  the  house  of 
John  Jones,  on  the  9th  of  August.  Meanwhile  he  had  been  visited  by 
Brethren  from  Bethlehem,  and  ministered  to  spiritually  by  Bro.  Jacob 
Rogers,  as  he  had  been  under  John  Brainerd's  teaching  at  Cranberry, 
and  professed  Christianity.  Intelligence  of  his  decease  was  immedi 
ately  expressed  to  Justices  Thomas  Craig  and  Hugh  Wilson,  of  the 
Irish  Settlement.  On  the  nth  the  remains  were  interred  in  the  old 
grave-yard,  near  the  Crown,  in  the  presence  of  upwards  of  two  hun 
dred  Indians,  Bro.  Rogers  reading  the  burial  service. 


35o  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

£      s.     d. 
1757.  Brotforwd  ................................      89     12       4 

Aug.  15.  To  supper  for  70,  and  each  yz  gill  rum  and 

ip'beer  ......................................       2     18       4 

13.    "    70  half  gills  rum  for  do  .....................  II        8 

"   pasturing  42  horses  4  days  and  nights,  at 

6d.  per  day  and  night  for  each  ..........       4       4 

"   2  coffins  for   2   Indians  that  came  sick 

from  Easton  and  died  here*  ..............        I 

"    119  Ibs.  bread,  @  i%d.,  and  I  bush1  In 
dian  corn,  @  3-r.,  delivd  some  Indians 
returning  to  Fort  Allen  ..................  15       4 

"   hire  of  a  man  and  horse  as  a  guard  for 

the  Indians  to  John  Hays  .................  5 

"   a  horse  delivd  to  French  Margareth,  she 
having  lost  2  horses,  as  she  said,  un 
less  helpt  with  one  must  be  detained 
on  the  Province  expence  .................       5 

20.    "   pasturing  20  horses  7  days  and  nights, 

@  6d.  each  per  day  ........................       3     10 

29.    "   do.  6  horses  9  days  and  nights,  @  6d. 

per  day  and  night  ...........................        I        7 

"  sundry  men  watching  in  the  night  when 
the  large  company  of  Indians  was  here, 
some  of  them  coming  over  in  the  night, 
and  made  much  disturbance  by  break 
ing  the  windows,  and  other  mischief...  I 


C.  F.  ORTER. 


*  Immediately  after  Bill  Tattamy's  interment,  Bro.  Schmick,  at  her 
urgent  request,  baptized  a  Delaware  woman  from  Lechawachnec,  as 
she  was  lying  under  a  tree  near  "  The  Crown"  ii»  the  last  stage  of  con 
sumption.  She  received  the  name  of  Johanna.  The  next  night  she 
passed  away,  and  on  the  I3th  received  Christian  burial.  On  the  same 
day  the  remains  of  an  Indian  boy  were  buried  by  the  savages  with 
heathen  rites,  in  one  corner  of  the  consecrated  ground. 


WITH  THE   COMMISSIONERS.  351 


10. 
Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  at  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

For   sundries    delivd   the    Indians    opposite 

1757.          Bethlehem,  since  the  6  August  last.  £       s. 

Aug.  29.  To  1044  Ibs.  of  bread,  @  ll/£d. 5^ 

"    176  Ibs.  of  beef,  mutton,  &c.,  @  ~$d 2       4 

"    *£  bush1  white  meal I 

"    7  bush5  Indian  corn,  @  $d I        I 

"    18  galls,  milk,  @  6d. 9 

"   attending   the    above    Indians    24  days, 

from  the  5  to  29  August,  6d.  per  day. .  1 2 


9     15 
C.  F.  ORTER. 


XI.    AN  ACCOUNT  SENT  TO  YE  COMMISSIONERS  IN  PHILADELPHIA, 
DATED  31  OCTOBER,  1757. 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  at  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
1757.       For  sundries  delivd  accords  to  instruction.        £       s.      d. 
Sept.  15.  To  an  express  to  the  Governor  with  a  letter 
of  Captn  Arndt,*  advising  of  the  ene 
my's  coming  on  the  frontiers,  and  ex- 
pences  and  loss  of  time  in  the  town, 
waiting  3  days  for  an  answer,  @  $s.  pr. 
day 2 


Carrd  forwd 


*  This  letter  brought  the  intelligence  that  a  body  of  French  and  In 
dians  had  been  met  above  Diahoga,  on  the  way  to  the  Minnisinks,  their 
mission  being  to  examine  the  strength  of  the  defenses  along  the  line 
of  the  northern  frontier.  Justice  Horsfield  informed  the  Governor,  by 
this  same  express,  of  Teedyuscung's  request  that  he,  the  Governor, 
without  delay,  fix  the  rewards  on  scalps  and  prisoners,  and  send  him 
a  belt  of  black  wampum  with  an  account  of  it.  The  measure,  the 
King  added,  was  unavoidable. 


352  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£     J.       d. 

1757.  Bro*  forwd 2 

Sept.  20.  To  cash  pd  Lewis  Young  and  Jacob  Folk 
going  with  3  Indians  to  Joseph  Kel 
ler's  place,*  2  days,  at  request  of  Tee- 

dyuscung,  @  2s.  6d.  each  per  day 10 

"   sundries  delivd  in   Nazareth  Tavern  to 

do.     (See  Voucher  \} 10       9 

"   hire   of   a   man   and   horse    to   go  with 

Teedyuscung  to  Easton 5 

"   a  messenger  going  to  John  Hays  to  con 
duct  some  Indians  on  their  journey  to 

Fort  Allen 3       6 

Oct.  13.  "  making  a  coat  and  jacket  for  Teedyus 
cung,  and  sundries  delivd  for  do.  (See 
Voucher  2)  I  13  3 

22.  "   Bethlehem    Store,    for   sundries.       (See 

Voucher  $) I      17       2j 

23.  "   an  express  to  the  Governor,  with  a  letter 

advising  the  enemy  having  tacken  Jo 
seph  Keller's  wife  and  3  children  cap 
tives,  and  expenses  and  loss  of  time  in 
the  town,  waiting  2%.  days,  @  $s.  per 

day I      j6       3 

"   medicines,  bleeding,   &c.,   Indians,   &c. 

(See  Voucher  4) 169 

27.      "   sundry  gun-smith  work.     (See  Voucher 

5) • 5      5      7 

"   leather  delivd  Teedyuscung,  for  mending 

shoes 2 


Carrd  forwd 15 


*  Joseph  Keller  was  a  German  farmer,  and  lived  on  this  side  of  the 
Wind  Gap,  about  five  miles  north  of  Nazareth.  In  an  affidavit 
transmitted  to  the  Governor  he  deposed  "  that  on  the  i6th  of  Septem 
ber,  while  assisting  his  neighbors  at  plowing,  three  Indians  had  car 
ried  off  his  wife  and  three  of  his  sons,  aged  respectively  fourteen,  five 
and  three  years.  They  left  a  child  of  six  months  lying  in  the  cradle 
without  doing  any  damage  to  it,  or  to  anything  in  the  house." 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  353 

£      s-       d. 
1757.  Bro*  forwd  ................................      15     10       3^ 

Oct.  27.  To  sundries  delivd  the  Indians  out  of  the 
Tavern,    coming  and    going    to    and 
from  Fort  Allen,  &c.  (See  Voucher  6)       3     19 
"   sundries  delivd  out  of  the  Tavern  to  Tee- 

dyuscung  and  family.  (See  Voucher*]}     19       3       2 
"   sundry    provisions,    &c.    delivd    to    the 
Indians    opposite    Bethlehem.       (See 
VoiicherS)  ..................................     36     19 


75     ii       5/2 

BETHLEHEM,  31  October,  1757. 

C.  F.  ORTER. 

Vouchers  belonging  to  ye  foregoing  Account. 

Province  of  Pensilvania,  Dr. 

To  sundries  delivd  at  Nazareth  Tavern  to 
Jacob  Folk,  Lewis  Young,  and  3  Indians 
who  was  sent  by  Teedyuscung  to  Joseph 
Keller's  place,  to  satisfy  him  of  the  truth 
of  Keller's  wife  and  children  being  taken 
1757.          captive. 

Sept.  1  8.  To  victuals  and  drink   (4^.   io</.),  ^   peck      £      s.      d. 
oats  (6d.}  .....................................  5       4 

19.     "   do.  do.  (4.y.  4</.),  ^  do.  do.  (6</.)  .........  5       5 

10 


HARTMAN  VERTRIES. 
NAZARETH  TAVERN,*  20  Sept.,  1757. 


*"The  Rose,"  built  in  1752,  one  mile  north  of  the  Whitefield 
House,  on  the  Nazareth  tract,  and  so  called  from  the  red  rose  painted 
on  its  sign-board,  in  remembrance  of  the  condition  on  which  the 
Penns  had  sold  the  manor,  which  condition  required  the  payment,  if 
demanded,  of  "  a  red  rose  in  June  of  each  year  forever." 


354  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BRETHREN 

2. 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
1757.     For  sundries  delivd  Teedyuscung : 
Oct.  13.    To  i^  yds  brown  linnen  for  his  coat  and 

jacket,  given  him  by  the  Friends  in  £      s.      d. 

Philadelphia,*  @  2s.  ^d 4       i 

"   TX  yd  buckram,  @  2s 2       6 

"   2  doz.  coat  buttons,  @  is.  $d. 2       8 

"    \y2  doz.  west  do.,  @  8d.  i 

"   3  sticks  mohair,  best  sort,  @  i  s 3 

"  silk 2 

"  making  the  coat  and  jacket 18 


I      13       3 

3- 

Province  of  Pensilvania,  Dr. 
1757.     To  sundries  delivd  out  of  Bethlehem  Store  :      £       s.     d. 

Sept.  I.      "   I  Ib.  powder  and  3  Ibs.  shot 5       6 

4.      "   2  quires  paper  delivd  Captn  Arndt,  @  is. 

for  making  cartridges 2 


Carrd  forwd 7       6 


*  During  his  two  weeks'  stay  in  Philadelphia,  whither  he  had  gone 
under  escort  of  Mr.  Edmonds,  on  the  6th  of  October.  In  that  inter 
val  he  was  present  at  a  conference  with  deputies  of  the  Cherokees, 
Senecas,  and  Mohawks,  who  were  being  interested  by  the  Governor 
in  gaining  over  other  Indian  tribes  to  the  English  cause.  Teedyuscung 
also  conferred  with  the  Governor  on  the  present  posture  of  the  war, 
and  stated  that  on  reconsideration  he  thought  it  advisable  to  postpone 
sending  the  Black  Belt  until  spring,  adding  that  meanwhile  the  Peace 
Belt  might  be  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the  desired  result.  In 
conclusion,  the  Governor  informed  him  of  the  appointment  of  com 
missioners  to  superintend  the  building  of  a  town  for  him  and  his  In 
dians  at  Wyoming,  agreeably  to  the  stipulations  of  the  last  Treaty. 
"The  Secretary  acquainted  the  Governor  that  yesterday  the  King  ap 
plied  to  him  for  wampum  and  some  money  to  pay  his  reckoning,  and 
that  he  had  given  him  three  belts,  ten  strings,  and  two  pieces  of  eight." 
— Prov.  Records,  vol.  vii.  p.  756. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  355 


1757.  Bro'  forwd  ................................  7       6 

Sept.  1  6.  To  X  bush1  salt  for  the  Indian  over  the  water  I       3 

"    i  Ib.  powder  delivd  the  white  men  and 

Indians  sent  to  Keller's  ..................  3       6 

"    \y2  Ibs.  of  shot,  @  &/.,  6  pipes,  @  i</. 

todo  ...........................................  i       6 

"    ^  bush1  salt  delivd  Paxino's  son*  .........  7 

20.    "   check  for  a  pair  trowsers  for  Teedyuscung  7       i 

"   pipes  and  tobacco  for  do  ........  6 

"    %  Ib.  of  powder  for  do  ........  1  1 

"   shot,  sugar,  and  couckeys  for       do  ........  3     10 

Oct.   n.     "   cash  gave  to  bring  home  the  horse  at  our 

return  from  Philadelphia  ..................  6 

22.  "  cash  gave  for  expences  to  the  messenger 
sent  to  Pumpshire  and  Tatemy,  pr.  or 
der  Mr.  Hughesf  ...........................  10 


I       17 

WM  EDMONDS,  Storekeeper. 


*  He  had  arrived  at  Bethlehem  on  September  I5th,  with  the  intelli 
gence  that  the  French  Indians  had  been  compelled  to  halt  at  Diahoga, 
the  Delawares  refusing  to  permit  them  to  pass  that  point.  The  Shawa- 
nese  set  out  on  his  return  on  the  igth,  taking  with  him  two  belts  from 
Teedyuscung  for  the  Ten  Nations  who  had  taken  hold  of  the  Peace 
Belt  at  Easton.  The  first  was  sent  to  testify  to  his  command  that  they 
discover  the  perpetrators  of  the  late  assaults  on  the  settlers  south  of  the 
mountain,  and  that  they  restore  all  captives ;  and  the  second  to  notify 
them  of  his  residence  at  Bethlehem,  where,  should  their  chiefs  come 
from  Alleghany,  they  would  be  referred  to  him,  and  he  would  give 
them  safe  escort  to  Philadelphia. 

f  John  Hughes,  one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Gov 
ernor,  on  October  5th,  to  build  "  Teedyuscung's  Town"  and  erect  a 
fort  at  Wyoming.  (See  Col.  Records,  vol.  vii.  p.  754,  for  the  Commis 
sion.)  At  the  King's  request,  he  was  come  to  escort  him  to  Wyoming 
to  consult  with  the  commissioners  about  the  settlement.  On  the  27th  the 
two,  accompanied  by  a  number  of  Indians  from  "The  Crown,"  set  out 
on  the  journey,  and  the  Brethren  entertained  the  hope  that  this  exodus 


356  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

4- 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  John  Matthew  Otto,  Dr. 
1757- 
Oct.  8.      To  medicines  for  Henry  Arndt,  Captn  Arndt's    £       s.      d. 

brother,  being  in  his  company 4       6 

22.       "  medicines   for  Teedyuscung's  wife   and 

children,  and  bleeding  at  sundry  times  7       3 

"   curing  an  impostume  on  his  son's  thigh..  6 

"  bleeding  7  Indians  opposite  Bethlehem, 

and  medicines  for  do.  at  sundry  times.  9 


BETHLEHEM,  23  Octr,  1757. 

JOHN  MATTHEW  OTTO. 

5- 
Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Gunsmith  in  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

For   sundry   work  done   for  Captn  Arndt's 
1757.          Compy  on  the  Province  arms,  viz.:  £         s.     d, 

Sept.  3.    To  putting  a  piece  on  a  gun-stock 4 

"  making  3  loops  on  ye  barrell i 

"   mending  2  do.  to  the  stock 6 

"   making  a  screw  to  the  strap  ring 6 

"   cutting  of  the  barrell  and  mending  the 

sight 6 

9.      "  boring  and  drawing  out  a  gun  barrell 5 

"  putting  a  piece  on  the  stock 3       6 


Carrd  forwd 15 


would  be  followed  by  others,  and  ere  long  by  a  full  release  from  the 
presence  of  their  troublesome  Indian  neighbors.  Teedyuscung  returned 
December  I,  hastened  to  Philadelphia,  and  there  acquainted  Governor 
Denny  of  his  wish  that  the  work  of  building  the  town  be  postponed  to 
the  following  spring.  Stating  that  he  intended  to  go  to  Burlington  on 
some  business,  he  desired  his  passport  and  an  order  on  the  commis 
sioners  "  to  allow  him  ten  pounds  for  his  journey,  and  something  proper 
for  Pompshire  and  Moses  Tatamy." 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  357 

£    *.      d. 

1757.  Bro*  forwd 15 

Sept.  9.  To  boring  the  touch  hole I 

"  mending  the  lock  and  making  a  screw  to 

it I 

"  making  a  main  spring 6 

"   making  a  dog  and  a  screw I       6 

"       do.      a  loop  to  the  stock 9 

"  hardening  the  steel 6 

"   mending  the  briddle I 

"         do.       the  lock  and  tumblers I 

16.    "  putting  a  piece  on  a  gun-stock 3 

"   making  3  loops  to  the  barrell I 

"       do.       2    do.    for  the  ram-rod I       4 

"       do.       i  lock  screw 6 

19.    "       do.      3  screws  for  a  gun I       6 

23.    "   mending  a  gun-lock  plate I 

"  making  4  screws  to  the  lock 2 

"       do.      a  new  cock  on  a  gun-lock 3 

"   mending  the  tumbler  and  making  a  screw 

to  it i 

29.    "   making  2  screws  on  a  gun-lock i 

Oct.    7.      "  boring  a  touch  hole  and  making  a  worm 

on  the  ram-rod i       6 

26.    "   stocking  4  guns,  @  95 I      16 

"  cleaning  2  gun  barrells 2 

"  boring  2  touch  holes 2 

"   making  4  lock  screws 2 

"       do.      a  new  breech  pin 3 

"   cleaning  2  locks I        6 

"   making  a  cock-screw I 

"       do.      a  cross  screw  and  trigger  plate...  I 

"       do.      2  new  breech  plates  of  brass 8 

"       do.      3  loops  for  the  ram-rod 2 

"  repairing  2  guns  for  2  Indians,  pr.  Tady- 
uscung's  desire,  on  their  parting  for 
Wayomik,  viz.: 

"   a  new  tumbler  and  dog  for  a  riffle  lock...  4 


Carrd  forwd 537 


358  ACCOUNT  OF   THE  BRETHREN 

£     J-     d* 

1757.  Bro' forwd 537 

Oct.  26.  To  boring  a  touch  hole I 

"  making  2  lock  screws  I 


5       5       7 

BETHLEHEM,  27  October,  1757. 

DANIEL  KLIEST. 

6. 

Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 
For  sundries  delivd  out  of  the  Tavern  to  the 
Indians   coming  and  going  to  and  from 
Fort  Allen,  not  included  in  the  other  ac- 
1757.          count  for  Teedyuscung.  £         s.      d. 

Aug.  30.  To  supper  for  3  Indians I       6 

"   3  half-gills  of  rum  and  3  pints  beer i 

31.    "  breakfast  for  do I       6 

"   3  half-gills  of  rum  and  3  pints  beer i 

"   dinner  and  supper  and  6  pints  beer  for 

do 4 

Sept.     I.    "  breakfast,  3  pints  beer,  and  3  half-gills 

rum  for  do 2       6 

"   pasture  for  2  horses  for  2  days  and  nights 

for  do 2 

10.    "   do.  for  I  do.  for  8  days  and  nights 4 

15.    "   dinner,  2  half-gills  rum,  and  5  pints  cy- 

dar  for  5  Indians 3       8 

"   supper  and  5  pints  cydar  for  do 3       4 

19.    "   keeping  2  horses  7  days  and  nights,  @ 

lod.  each n       8 

24.    "   keeping  I  do.  1 1  days  for  an  Indian  from 

Diaogu* 9       2 

"    I  gill  rum  for  do 4 


Carrd  for\vd 2       5 


*"  ''September  24.  Fourteen  strange  Indians  arrived  from  Diahoga." 
— Bethlehem  Diarist. 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  359 

£        '.      d. 

1757.                     Bro'forwd 258 

Sept.  24.  To  dinner  and  I  gill  rum  for  9  Indians  and 

5  children  came  from  the  Pensbury. ...  6       6 

"   breakfast  for  do 6       2 

Oct.     2.      "   supper,  2  half-gills  rum  for  2  Indians I       4 

4.      "  breakfast  and  I  qt.  cydar  for  2  do I       4 

"   keeping  2  horses  2  days  and  nights 3       4 

20.      "   dinner,  4  qts.  cydar,  and  2  gills  rum  de- 
livd  to  10  Indians  and  3  boys  y*  came 

from  Pensbury* 8 

"   supper  for  8  Indians  and  2  boys 4       8 

"      do.      and  I  qt.  beer  for  2  Indians  and 

2  children  yl  came  from  Pensbury 2 

3     19 


N.B. — The  Indians  being  Delawares,  Teedyuscung  said  at  the 
Treaty  he  had  liberty  to  call  them  into  this  Province;  accordingly, 
some  of  them  came  from  the  Jersey  to  Pensbury,  and  afterwards  here. 

ANDREAS  HORN. 

BETHM,  31  Oct.,  1757. 

7- 
Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

For   sundries  delivd  out  of  the  Tavern  to 
1757.          Teedyscung  and  family,  &c.,  viz.:  £        s,     d. 

Aug.  30.  To  I  pint  wine I       6 

Sept.  6. f    "   i  quart  beer 4 

Carrd  forwd....  I      10 


*  " October  20.  Young  Captain  Harris  (Peter)  arrived  with  twenty 
Indians  from  Pennsbury." — Ibid. 

Pennsbury,  a  Proprietary  Manor  in  the  southeast  corner  of  Bucks 
County,  on  the  Delaware,  was  laid  out  pursuant  to  William  Penn's 
directions,  written  to  William  Markham,  in  a  letter  dated  "  ye  13  2d  mo., 
1689,"  as  follows  :  "  I  send  to  seat  my  children's  Plantation  that  I  gave 
them,  near  Pennsbury,  by  Edward  Blackfan." 

f  On  this  day  Teedyuscung  returned  from  Philadelphia,  after  the 
delivery  of  the  Peace  Belt,  sent  him  by  the  Alleghanies,  to  the  Gov- 


360  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 

£.      *.     d. 
1757.  Bro*  forwd I      10 

Sept.     7.  To  breakfast  and  supper  for  him  and  his  wife  2 

"  2  half-gills  rum  and  I  qt.  beer  for  do 8 

8.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  do 3 

"   2  gills  rum 8 

9.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  2  half-gills 

rum  for  do 3       4 

"   3  pints  wine,   2   half-gills  rum,    and    2 

quarts  beer  for  do.  and  other  Inds 5       6 

IO.    "  breakfast  and  dinner  and  2  qts.  beer  for 

him  and  his  wife 2       8 

12.  "   do.  and  do.  and  supper,  and  3  qts.  beer 

for  him,  his  wife,  and  2  children,  the 
grown  people  @  6d.  and  the  children 
@  \d 6 

13.  "   breakfast  and  dinner,  and  3  qts  beer  for 

do 4       4 

14.  "  breakfast  and  dinner,  I  p*  wine,  4  qts  beer 

fordo 6       2 

15.  "I  pt.  wine  for  him,  having  eat  nothing 

that  day I       6 

1 6.  "  breakfast  for  him,  his  wife,  and  2  chil 

dren,  and  i  pt.  wine  instead  of  rum...  3       2 

"  supper  and  I  ql  cydar  for  do 2 

17.  "  breakfast  and  3^  gills  of  rum  for  do 2     10 

"   dinner  and  supper,  3  qts.  beer  for  do 4       4 

"  4  qts.  beer,  and  2  pl  wine  for  do.  and 

other  Indians 4       4 

1 8.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  and  I  gill 

of  rum  for  him,  his  wife,  and  2  chil 
dren 5  4 

"  3X  clts-  beer  and  2^  pints  wine  for  do. 
and  other  Indians  whom  he  sent  to 
Keller's  place  to  inquire  about  a  mis 
chief  done  there....  4  2 


Carrd  forwd 3 


ernor.     He  signified  a  wish  that  the  Brethren  would  permit  him  to 
pass  the  winter  at  Bethlehem. 


WITH   THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


361 


£     s.     d. 

1757.  Bro' forwd 3      12       4 

Sept.  19.  To  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  for  him, 

his  wife,  and  2  children 5 

"  4  gills  rum,  4  qts  beer,  2  qts  cydar,  and 
•2^2  pints  wine  for  do.  and  other  In 
dians 6  4 

20.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  do 5 

"  4  gills  rum,  5  qts.  cydar,  and  I  bowl  of 

punch  for  do.  and  other  Indians 4       6 

"  dinner,  3  qts.  beer,  i  j£  gill  rum,  and  I  pt 
wine  delivd  3  Indians  who  returned 
from  Jos.  Keller's 4  6 

21.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  him,  his 

wife,  and  2  children 5 

"   2  qts  beer  and  2  gills  rum  for  do I       4 

22.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  do 5 

"   2*4  qts  beer  and  \y2  gill  rum  for  do I       4 

23.  "  breakfast  and  supper,  and  \yz  gill  rum 

for  do 3     10 

"   2  pte  wine  for  do.  and  other  Indians 3 

"  12  qts  beer,  n  gills  rum,  and  I  q*  wine, 
when  he  dispatschd  Indians  (i  Paxa- 
nos'  son)  to  Diaogu  with  a  belt  of 
wompum  to  the  chiefs,  to  inquire 
about  the  murder  and  prisoners  made 
at  Keller's 10  8 

24.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  him  and 

his  family 5 

"    I  qt.  beer,  I  gill  rum  for  do 8 

25.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  do 5 

"   2  qte  beer,  I  gill  rum,  and  I  p4  wine  for 

do 2       6 

26.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  him,  his 

wife,  daughter,  and  2  sons,  @  \d. 6       6 

"    I  gill  of  rum  and  I  qt.  beer  for  do 8 


Carrd  forwd 782 

24 


362 


ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN 


1757.  Bro*  forwd 782 

Sept.  27.  To  breakfast  for  him,  his  wife,  and   the   2 

sons 2       2 

"   dinner  for  his  2  children 8 

"    YZ  pint  wine 9 

"   2  bowls  of  punch  for  him  and  his  guests  2 

"   9>£  qts  of  beer  for  do 3       2 

28.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  and  2  qte 

beer  for  himself,  his  wife  and  daugh 
ter,  @  6d,,  and  2  sons,  @  ^d. 7       2 

29.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  and  I   ql 

beer  for  him,  his  wife,  and  2  children  5       4 

30.  "  breakfast,  supper,  and  I  yz  qt.  beer  for  do.  3     10 
"   dinner  for  Teedyuscung's  2  children 

Oct.      I.    "   dinner  and  supper  for  him,  his  wife,  and 

2  children 3       4 

"   3  pts  beer  and  I  gill  rum  for  do 10 

2.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  and  5  pts 

beer  for  do 5     Io 

"  i  pl  of  wine,  4^  gills  rum,  and  3^  qte 
beer  delivd  for  him  and  others  on  his 
sending  2  belts  to  Epulalohend  to 
Diaogu 4  2 

3.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper   for   him, 

his  wife,  and  2  children 5 

"   2^  qte  beer,  I  gill  rum  for  do I       2 

4.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  3  qts.  beer 

and  2  gills  rum  for  do 4 

5.  "   breakfast,  supper,  ij£   qt.  beer,  ^   S111 

rum  for  do 4 

6.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  and  I  gill 

rum  for  do 5       4 

7.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  his  wife, 

daughter,  and  2  child"1 5 

8.  "  breakfast  and  supper  for  do 3      4 

9.  "         do.      and     do.     for  his  wife  and   2 

child™...,  2       4 


Carrdforwd 10     18 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS. 


36. 


£     s.     d. 

1757-  Bro'forwd 10     18       3 

Oct.  10.    To  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  do 3       6 

"  supper    for   Teedyuscung,   and   i    other 

Indian x 

"    2  pts  wine  and  2  qts  beer  for  do.,  on  his 

return  from  Phila ^       $ 

11.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  him,  his 

wife,  and  2  children 5 

12.  "   do.  do.  do.  and  I  gill  rum  for  do.,  I  p* 

beer 5       6 

13.  "   do.  do.  do.  and  I  gill  rum  for  do.,  hay 

for  his  horse  10  days  and  nights,  from 
the  27th  Sept.  to  the  7  October,  @  lod. 

pr  day  and  night 8       4 

"   2  bushls  and  28  qte  of  oats  for  do.,  being 

delivd  in  small  measure  by  the  hostler  1 1       6 

14.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  him,  his 

wife,  and  2  children 5 

15.  "   do.  do.   do.  fordo 5 

16.  "   do.  do.  do.  fordo r 

"  5  gills  rum,  2  pints  wine,  and  4  qts.  beer 

for  do.  and  guests 6 

17.  "  breakfast  for  him,  his  wife  and  2  children  i       8 
"  dinner  and  supper  for  his  wife  and  2 

children 2       4 

1 8.  "  supper  for,  him  and  his  wife,  and  2  chil 

dren,  ^  pc  wine,  2  qts  beer 2       9 

"   breakfast  and  dinner  for  his  wife  and  2 

children 2       4 

19.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  and  i  gill 

of  rum  for  him  and  do 5       4 

20.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  and  2  qts 

beer  and  i  gill  rum  for  do 6 

21.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  and  i  gill 

rum  for  do c        A 

22.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  for  do c 

"   9  gills  of  rum  and  i  ql  beer  for  him  and  14 

Indians,  on  rec1  of  Mr.  Hughes'  letter..  3       4 


Carrdforwd I        Ir      Io 


364  ACCOUNT    OF  THE  BRETHREN 

£     s.     d. 

1757.  Bro4  forwd 15     n      10 

Oct.  22.  To  a  meal  and  I  gill  of  rum  for  an  Indian, 
to  his  order,  whom  he  sent  to  Pump- 
shire  and  Tatemy 10 

23.  "   breakfast  and  dinner  for  him,  his  wife, 

and  2  children 3       4 

"  23  gills  rum  and  3  qts  beer  for  him  and 
his  Indians,  at  their  conclusion  of 
going  to  Wayomig 8  8 

24.  "   breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper,  for  him, 

his  wife,  and  2  children 5 

"    2  qts  beer  and  I  gill  rum  for  do I 

25.  "   breakfast  and  dinner  for  do 3       4 

"    2y^  qts  beer  and  6  gills  of  rum  for  do., 

and  other  Indians 2     10 

26.  "  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper  for  do 5 

"   4^  qte  beer  and  3  gills  rum  for  do 2  6 

27.  "   breakfast  for  do I  8 

"21  gills  of  rum  for  him  and  the  other  In 
dians  that  went  with  him  to  Wayomig  7  8 

"  hay  for  horse  13  days  and  nights,  @  lod. 
(los.  lod.],  and  3  bushl5  of  oats  delivered 

in  small  measure  by  ye  hostler I        2      10 

"    dinner  and  supper  for  his  wife    and    2 

children 2       4 

"   supper,  y2  gill  rum,  I  p*  beer  for  the  Ind. 

that   was    sent    by    Teedyuscung    for 

Bumshire 10 

28.  "   supper   for  Teedyuscung's    wife    and    2 

children I        2 

31.     "   dinner  and  supper  for  do 2       4 

'9 


WITH  THE    COMMISSIONERS.  365 


Province  of  Pensilvania  to  the  Stewards  of  Bethlehem,  Dr. 

For    sundries    deld    the    Indians*   opposite 

1757.          Bethlehem  since  the  30  August  last,  viz.:  £        s.      d. 

Aug.  30.  To  2  coffins I 

Oct.   31.     "  3792  Ibs.  bread,  @  I ]^d. 19     15 

"   590^  Ibs.  meal,  @  $d. 7       7       7 

"    1 8  bushl'3  Indian  corn,  @  3^.,  being  of 

the  old  stock 2     14 


Carrd  forwd 30     16 


*  The  wish  that  had  been  expressed  by  the  Delaware  King  on  the 
8th  of  September,  to  fix  his  residence  at  Bethlehem,  during  the  winter, 
was  granted,  although  reluctantly.  He  accordingly  had  a  lodge  built 
him  near  "  The  Crown."  Here  he  held  court  and  here  he  gave  audi 
ence  to  the  wild  embassies  that  would  come  from  the  Indian  country, 
from  the  land  of  the  implacable  Monsey,  from  the  gates  of  Diahoga, 
and  from  the  ultimate  dim  Thule  of  Alleghany  or  the  Ohio  country. 
Occasionally  he  would  repair  to  Philadelphia  or  to  the  fort  to  confer 
with  the  Governor  or  with  the  commandant  on  the  progress  of  the 
work  of  peace  he  was  apparently  solicitous  of  consummating  without 
delay.  Thus  the  dark  winter  months  passed ;  and  when  the  swelling 
of  maple  buds  and  the  whitening  of  the  shad-bush  on  the  river's  bank 
foretokened  the  advent  of  spring,  there  were  busy  preparations  going 
on  in  "  Teedyuscung's  company  over  the  water,"  for  their  long-ex 
pected  removal  to  the  Indian  Eldorado  on  the  flats  of  the  Winding 
River.  Thus  April  passed ;  and  it  was  the  sixteenth  of  corn-planting 
month,  the  month  called  TAUWINIPEN,  when  the  Delaware  King,  his 
queen,  his  counselors  and  his  warriors,  led  by  the  Commissioners, 
and  under  escort  of  fifty  Provincials,  took  up  the  line  of  march  for 
Fort  Allen,  beyond  there  to  strike  the  Indian  trail  that  led  over  the 
mountains,  by  way  of  Nescopeck,  to  Wyoming  Valley.  Nicodemus  and 
his  family  were  permitted  by  the  Brethren  to  plant  at  Nazareth,  Na 
thaniel  at  Gnadenthal,  and  Jonathan  at  the  Friedensthal  mill. 

And  on  the  going  out  of  these  spirits  "The  Crown"  was  swept 
and  garnished,  and  Ephraim  Colver,  the  publican,  had  rest. 


366  ACCOUNT  OF   THE   BRETHREN. 

£      s.      d. 

Bro*  forwd 30     16 

To  2  qts  linseed  oil  for  lamps 2 

"    i  %  bush1  white  meal,  @  4^ 5 

"    y2  bush1  salt,  @  $s 2 

"    y2  bush1  beans,  @  4^ 2 

"   35^  gall,  milk,  @  6</. 17 

"   attending  the  above   Indians  each   day 
since  30  last  August,  being  62  days, 

@  6d.  per  day I      n 

"   fire  wood  since  the  1 1  last  April,  being 

25  weeks  for  10  fire  places 2     10 

"  boards,  &c.,  railing,  &c.,  to  build  a  cabbin 

for  Sam  Evans 12 


36     19 
BETHLEHEM,  31  October,  1757. 


NOTE. —  Tapescawen^  noticed  in  foot-note  on  p.  299,  was  a  brother  of 
George  Rex.  The  following  is  his  account,  copied  from  the  day-book  of 
the  store  kept  at  Gnadenhiitten,  on  the  Mahoning,  by  Joseph  Powell  : 

1749-  Tapescawen,  Dr.  £      s.      d. 

II.    To  2  yds  blew  strouds 16 

"   3%  vds  checks,  @  is.  gd 6       i^ 

"  4      do.  red  strouds,  @  8s .    i      12 

"   2^  do.  blew  do 18 

"   3l/2  do.  check,  @  is.  yd 16       \}/2 

"  cash 152 

5     13       4/2 


1749-  Tapescawen,  Cr. 

any  6.      By  a  beaver  skin,  weighs  2  Ibs,  @  6s 12 

"   6  drest  deer  skins 2     19 

"   2  fox  skins,  @  I  s.  6d. 3 

"    I  beaver  skin,  5  oz I 

"    I  wild-cat  do 2       3 

"   2  drest  deer  skins I      15       3 

5     13 


ERRATA. 

Page  96.    In  4th  line  from  bottom,  read  Catawbas  for  Catawabas. 
Page  197.  In  I4th  line  from  top,  read  aun  for  dim. 
Page  258.   In  6th  line  from  bottom,  read  Voucher  2  for  Voucher  i. 
Page  359.   Add  to  note. — The    Mansion   House  at  Pennsbury  had 
been  erected  in  1683. 


An  Index  for  vols.  I.  and  II.  will  be  furnished  in  the  second  volume 
of  the  series. 


rec'd 


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